Download Geological modeling in the light of Deep Oil theory. Training course for specialists

October 29, 2021
Evgeniy Kovalevskiy, MIPT, Moscow, Russia
One-day training course in two parts:
Part 1. Geological modeling based on geostatistics
Part 2. Geological modeling in the light of Deep Oil Theory
GeoEurasia, JSC
Geological modeling in the light of Deep Oil Theory
1. What is the Deep Oil Theory? Conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings"
2. Hydrogen degassing of the Earth
3. Summary of the conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings". An overview of the
upcoming changes in geological modeling with respect to oil and gas
prospecting
4. New requirements for structural modeling
5. New target objects - supplying channels
6. Discovery of "chimneys" in the cube of stacked seismic traces
7. Disasters at oil fields as a search sign of supplying channels
8. About mapping of supplying channels by passive seismic methods
9. Resume and conclusions
The Deep Oil Theory is a theory of deep (abiogenic) oil
origin. The author of this theory is considered to be
N.A.Kudryavtsev. Initially, being an "organic", Nikolai
Alexandrovich independently came to the conclusion about
the inorganic origin of oil. Among his main arguments are
the presence of oil deposits in rocks with a complete
absence of organic matter (including in rocks of the
crystalline basement) and almost universal "multi-storey"
character of oil deposits. Nikolai Aleksandrovich formulated
1893 – 1971
the "Kudryavtsev's law":
«The most important of the regularities is that in all oil-bearing regions, without
exception, where oil or gas is present in any horizon of the section, they will
be found in all underlying horizons (at least in the form of traces of migration
along fractures)» (Kudryavtsev, 1973).
Photo – site “wikipedia.org”
Supporters and followers of N.A.Kudryavtsev became a significant number of
Soviet scientists - V.B.Porfiriev, P.N.Kropotkin, E.B.Chekalyuk, K.A.Anikiev,
V.V.Sozansky, V.A.Krayushkin and others. After that, recalling also
D.I.Mendeleev, the abiogenic theory began to be called “Russian”. Recently,
as part of the mentioned authors are Ukrainians, it has begun to be called
"Russian-Ukrainian" (Kenney, 1996).
Since 2012, the annual conference "Kudryavtsev Readings (KR)" held at the
Central Geophysical Expedition (CGE, Moscow) has become the center of
inorganic theory. The initiator of the conference and the permanent chairman
of its organizing committee is A.I.Timurziev. Speakers at the KR were and are
V.N.Larin, R.Kh.Muslimov, A.I.Timurziev, B.M.Valyaev, V.A.Trofimov,
S.A.Marakushev, K.S.Ivanov, G.A.Belenitskaya, V.L.Syvorotkin,
V.P.Polevanov and others. The materials of the conference are in the public
domain on the website "deepoil.ru".
At the same time, it is too early to talk about the universal recognition of the
Deep Oil Theory. We, however, will not wait for universal recognition and will try
to move forward. Today we will look at what changes will occur in geological
modeling in the case of a “victory” of the Deep Oil Theory. Some answers to
this question can already be given.
About practical significance of our course. Yes, at present the Deep Oil Theory
is not supported by special methods and technologies. And today we will not
create them. Today we will only assert a new understanding. But this new
understanding will allow us to see something different in our data, something
that we did not notice in them before. And we will get completely new results,
even with the help of quite traditional methods and technologies.
We begin with a brief summary of the Deep Oil Theory. Our starting point will
be the conferences “Kudryavtsev Readings”.
Here are the topics of the Kudryavtsev Readings. The sections of the theory that arose after
N.A.Kudryavtsev are highlighted in font color.
Hydrocarbon deposits in crystalline basement rocks
Explanation of large and super-large hydrocarbon deposits
Synthesis of hydrocarbons in the conditions of the upper mantle and lithosphere of the Earth
Colocation of naphthide and salt basins
The nature of bitumen and coal
Association of oil reservoirs with tectonic faults (including 3D seismic data)
Hydrocarbons in meteorites, as well as on the planets and satellites of the solar system
Replenishment of old deposits
Phenomenon of super productive wells
The nature of abnormally high formation pressure
Data from superdeep wells
Chimneys (according to 3D seismic data)
Gas hydrate accumulations at the bottom of the oceans
Shale oil
Hydrogen degassing of the Earth
Elemental composition of the Earth and other planets of the solar system
Origin of water
Each of these points leads to the conclusion about the deep (abiogenic) origin of
oil. But which item in this list is the main one? Today we can state that the main
item here is "Hydrogen degassing of the Earth". The central place in the Deep Oil
Theory is occupied by the hypothesis of V.N.Larin about the hydride composition
of the Earth. Moreover, according to V.N.Larin, the deep generation of
hydrocarbons is only a small part of a much larger process of hydrogen degassing
of the Earth.
In this regard, it should be noted the increasing mutual convergence of the
"revolutionary" conference "Kudryavtsev Readings" and the much larger
conference "Degassing of the Earth". The latter has been going on since 1976.
And it can not be called "revolutionary". This convergence is surprising because in
the book of N.A.Kudryavtsev there is not a word about the hydrogen degassing of
the Earth.
Since the hypothesis of V.N.Larin occupies a central place in the Deep Oil Theory,
we present its main provisions.
Geological Modeling in the Light of Deep Oil Theory
1. Deep Oil, what is it. Conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings"
2. Hydrogen degassing of the Earth
3. Summary of the conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings". An overview of the
upcoming changes in geological modeling with respect to oil and gas
prospecting
4. New requirements for structural modeling
5. New target objects - supplying channels
6. Discovery of "chimneys" in the cube of stacked seismic traces
7. Disasters at oil fields as a search sign of supplying channels
8. About mapping of supplying channels by passive seismic methods
9. Resume and conclusions
In 1975 V.N.Larin published the book "The Hypothesis of Primordial Hydride Earth"
Frame from the documentary film
"Hypothesis" about V.N.Larin
(Hypothesis, 1984)
Vladimir Nikolaevich Larin (1939 - 2019)
The main provisions of the hypothesis of V.N.Larin (Larin, 2005)
First. During the formation of the Earth and other planets of the solar system, the
separation of ionized chemical elements in the magnetic field of the protoplanetary
cloud took place. The elements were separated according to their ionization potential.
The author of this hypothesis is the English astronomer Fred Hoyle. However, it was
namely V.N.Larin who confirmed it with actual data. From the mentioned position it
follows that the proportion of hydrogen in the composition of the Earth is 4.5% by
mass or 59% by the number of atoms. Which is about 1000 times higher than the
generally accepted view.
Second. The Earth's core consists of superdense metal hydrides (compounds of
metals with hydrogen).
Third. Currently, the process of hydrogen degassing of the Earth's core is underway,
accompanied by decompression and expansion of the Earth.
Let us take a closer look at these provisions.
Statement 1. Separation of ionized chemical elements in the magnetic field
of a protoplanetary cloud
The composition of the chemical elements that make up the Sun is well known
(Wikipedia, article "Sun"). The main elements are hydrogen (≈73% by mass) and
helium (≈25%). The remaining ≈2% of the mass is (in descending order) oxygen,
carbon, neon, iron, nitrogen, silicon, magnesium, etc. However, the composition of
the protoplanetary cloud in the Earth formation zone (according to V.N.Larin) was
completely different. In particular, the proportion of hydrogen (by mass) was not
73%, but only 4.5%, while the proportion of silicon, on the contrary, was as much
as 45%. The reason for this difference was that the atoms of chemical elements in
the protoplanetary cloud were ionized to varying degrees (depending on their
ionization potential), and the Sun's magnetic field worked as a "separator". Neutral
atoms (with a high ionization potential, such as hydrogen and helium) could freely
move away from the Sun, while ionized atoms (with a low ionization potential, such
as silicon, iron, magnesium, and others) could not.
Statement 1. Separation of ionized chemical elements in the magnetic field
of a protoplanetary cloud
Source: Larin, 2005
The fact of this separation is confirmed by
the observed dependence of the content of
chemical elements on the Earth (relative to
their content on the Sun) on their ionization
potential.
The shown diagram was presented by
V.N.Larin at the seminar of the famous
Soviet astrophysicist I.S.Shklovsky, where
he was “well supported”.
Source: Larin, 2005
Consequence: the composition of the Earth according to V.N.Larin
Table 1. Source: Larin, 2005. Supplement: Wikipedia, article "Earth"
Explanation for the calculation of the separation diagram
(text on the next slide)
Table 2 (auxiliary)
For reference: the ionization potential of helium is 24.7 eV
The calculation of the separation diagram (on the left), as well as the
calculation of the Table 1 resulting from it, requires explanation. For this
purpose we use auxiliary Table 2 (previous slide). The second column
of Table 2 shows the composition of the Sun as the number of atoms of
chemical elements per one million of hydrogen atoms (Wikipedia,
article "Earth"). Consider on the diagram a group of elements with an
ionization potential of about 8 eV (iron, magnesium, silicon, and others).
Apparently, they were completely ionized and could not move away
from the Sun. That is, all these atoms remained in the Earth's zone
(fourth column of Table 2). Accordingly, their ratio to the number of the
same atoms on the Sun is approximately equal to 1 (shown in the third
column of Table 2 and as the vertical coordinate of the symbols of the
named elements in the diagram. Now consider elements with an
ionization potential of 10-14 eV (sulfur, carbon, nitrogen) in the same
diagram. They, as can be assumed, were partially ionized, and some of
them could move away from the Sun.The observed number of atoms of
these elements on the Earth (in comparison with the elements of the
first group) is less by 3-4 orders of magnitude, which is shown by
fractional values in the fourth column of Table 2. After that, you can
calculate how much the proportion of these elements has decreased
relative to their initial content on the Sun (shown in the third column of
Table 2) and determine the vertical coordinate on the diagram of these
elements. Repeating these arguments, we, knowing the proportions of
chemical elements on the Sun and on the Earth, can place all chemical
elements on the diagram. And see the dependence that expresses the
separation of chemical elements in the Earth's zone according to their
ionization potential.
The only element that "knocks out" of the general dependence on
the diagram is oxygen. V.N.Larin explains this by saying that the
oxygen content shown on the diagram (on the Earth relative to the
Sun) is overestimated by two orders of magnitude. The high
oxygen content in the Earth's lithosphere is extended to the entire
Earth composition. If we correct the oxygen content in the Earth's
material (as shown by the dotted line), then everything converges.
Looking ahead, we can say that hydrogen purging takes all the
oxygen into the lithosphere.
The main conclusion from the diagram shown concerns the content
of hydrogen in the Earth's material. The ionization potential of the
hydrogen atom is approximately equal to the ionization potential of
the oxygen atom (13.6 eV). That is, relative to the content on the
Sun, the number of hydrogen atoms in the Earth's zone also
decreased by 10**4 times. But, since it was very large initially,
hydrogen (according to Larin) still remains the main (in terms of the
number of atoms) element in the material of the Earth. Which is
shown in Table 1 (and in the last column of explanatory Table 2).
Some discrepancy in the numbers of Table 1 and auxiliary Table 2
is explained by the estimated nature of calculations.
The magnetic separation of chemical elements in the solar system is also
confirmed by the chemical composition of meteorites from the asteroid belt.
In the latter there are more (in comparison with the Earth) elements with a
high ionization potential, in particular - carbon, sulfur, gold, mercury,
beryllium. And fewer elements with low ionization potential - cesium,
uranium, potassium, rubidium.
Statement 2. The core of the Earth consists of metal hydrides
As a result of magnetic separation silicon, magnesium, iron and hydrogen have become the main
elements of our planet. In total they make up more than 90% of its mass. These elements were
originally included in the planet in the form of hydrogen compounds - hydrides. An experimental fact when iron condenses in a hydrogen atmosphere, each atom of metal captures two atoms of
hydrogen.
The interaction of hydrogen with metals proceeds according to the following scheme:
• adsorption on the surface;
• dissolution in the volume of metal (occlusion);
• chemical interaction (hydride formation).
Pressure and temperature affect the interaction of hydrogen with metals in the opposite way. An
increase in pressure leads first to occlusion and then to the formation of a hydride. Under a pressure
of about 60 kbar, all metals saturated with hydrogen are transformed into hydrides. The formation of
hydrides occurs with the absorption of heat. The density of magnesium and silicon hydrides at
pressures of hundreds and thousands of kbar can be (according to V.N.Larin) 25 g/cm3.
An increase in temperature, on the contrary, causes the decomposition of hydrides and the transition
of hydrogen first into a dissolved state, and then its degassing.
Properties of hydrides of some metals
A. Compaction of metals in the form of ionic hydrides at room temperature and atmospheric
pressure. B. Compressibility of potassium in the form of metal and hydride in conventional units. The
unit is taken to be the density of potassium at zero pressure.
Source: Larin, 2005
Density distribution in the mantle and core of the Earth
A. Density distribution in the mantle: dotted line - in the light of traditional ideas about the silicate
composition of the mantle, dashed line - according to our model.
B. Density distribution in the Earth's core: dotted line - in the light of traditional ideas (iron core),
dashed line - according to our model.
Source: Larin, 2005
Statement 3. At present, the process of hydrogen degassing of the Earth's core is
underway, accompanied by the expansion of the Earth
At the end of the Archean, the radiogenic heating of the Earth triggered the decomposition of
hydrides
The internal structure of the Earth at various
stages of its evolution:
1. Outer silicate-oxide shells
2. Oxygen-free intermetallic compounds
(mainly silicides)
3. Metals with hydrogen dissolved in them
4. Metal hydrides
Source: Larin, 2005
Statement 3. At present, the process of hydrogen degassing of the Earth's core is
underway, accompanied by the expansion of the Earth
The rate of expansion of the Earth in time
and the nature of the change in gravity on
its surface
Source: Larin, 2005
Confirmation of the V.N. Larin hypothesis. About the expansion of the Earth
The hypothesis of the Earth expanding appeared and began to develop in the beginning and
middle of the 20th century (i.e., long before Larin). The main argument for the expansion of
the Earth is the observation that the continents along their contours are able to assemble
back into a ball approximately half of the original diameter.
Globes by O. Hilgenberg (Wikipedia, article
"Expanding Earth Hypothesis").
The inscription in German "Expanding Earth".
But it was not clear where, with an increase in
volume, the additional mass of the Earth is
taken. Larin's hypothesis explains this. The
mass of the Earth does not change, the
increase in volume is due to a decrease in its
density.
Confirmation of the V.N.Larin hypothesis. About hydrogen degassing of the Earth
As for the hydrogen degassing of the Earth, there is a large amount of data on this. Such data is
collected, in particular, by Nikolai Vladimirovich Larin (he is the son, also a geologist). The areas of
hydrogen release on the earth's surface have a characteristic shape - the so-called "ring-shaped
structures of subsidence". They are found in large numbers throughout the world. Here are ring
structures in North Carolina, USA (Zgonnik, Larin et al., 2015).
Confirmation of the V.N.Larin hypothesis. About hydrogen degassing of the Earth
Ring-shaped structures of subsidence in Central Russia, near Borisoglebsk-Novokhopersk
(Larin et al., 2014).
In the last article, in addition to Google images, are published the
results of two profile surveys carried out by the authors through
one of the ring structures. The surveys were carried out using a
portable gas analyzer. Hydrogen release was recorded in the
center of the structure (Larin et al., 2014).
Explanation of the concentration graph: "ppm" means "parts per
million". For volumetric concentrations, this is the number of cubic
centimeters per cubic meter. An explosive concentration of
hydrogen in the air is considered to be from 40,000 ppm.
In some cases, the concentration of hydrogen emanated from the
earth is so high that it burns. The most famous example of this
kind is the burning Mount Chimera near the city of Kemer, Turkey.
Many interesting examples of hydrogen emission (including
filming on Mount Chimera) are contained in a video recording of
the report by Larin N.V. et al., 2016
A large number of photographic materials about signs of hydrogen emanation on the earth's surface
were collected by I.A. Dabakhov (Dabakhov, 2018). In particular, according to V.N. Larin, hydrogen
outflows can activate karst processes
Estimates of the amount of the Earth's hydrogen degassing
Estimates of the amount of the Earth's hydrogen degassing vary greatly. There is
practically no hydrogen in the Earth's atmosphere. This is due to the fact that it is
not held by the earth's gravity and escapes into outer space. In a paper Catling et
al., 2009, the Earth’s hydrogen emission is estimated as three kilograms per
second. Which is approximately 100 thousand tons per year. V.L.Syvorotkin, relying
on his own studies of the dynamics of the ozone layer, estimates the Earth's
hydrogen emission as some thousands of terograms per year. Which is equal to
several billion tons per year (Syvorotkin, 2013). V.N.Larin gives an estimate of
300-500 billion tons per year (Larin N.V. et al., 2016). For comparison, the total oil
production on Earth in 2014 amounted about 4.4 billion tons (BP Annual Report,
2015).
Vladimir Larin: The Earth's hydrogen emission is from 300 to 500 billion tons per year
Source: Larin N.V. et al., 2016
Completion of the introductory part and transition to the main topic
Hydrogen emission of the Earth, occurring, judging by many facts, in huge volumes,
explains not only the origin of oil, but also the origin of water. As for oil, V.N. Larin
himself believed that learning how to produce hydrogen is much more important than
learning how to produce deep oil (Larin, 2005). But we, at least today, continue to
produce oil. Therefore, we stop considering hydrogen emissions and move on to our
main topic - deep oil.
Geological Modeling in the Light of Deep Oil Theory
1. Deep Oil, what is it. Conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings"
2. Hydrogen degassing of the Earth
3. Summary of the conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings". An overview of the
upcoming changes in geological modeling with respect to oil and gas
prospecting
4. New requirements for structural modeling
5. New target objects - supplying channels
6. Discovery of "chimneys" in the cube of stacked seismic traces
7. Disasters at oil fields as a search sign of supplying channels
8. About mapping of supplying channels by passive seismic methods
9. Resume and conclusions
A brief summary of the results of the "Kudryavtsev Readings"
First. The main difference between organic and inorganic theories of oil
generation is in the scale of oil generation. The scale difference can be
estimated as the ratio of organic and inorganic matter in the Earth's
material. The order of this ratio is one to a billion. That is, if the inorganic
theory is true, then oil on Earth is one billion times more.
See, for example, Sozansky, 1989.
…….
From the standpoint of the deep inorganic
origin of oil, its reserves on the globe
should be huge, incomparable with those
following from the organic hypothesis. So,
according to the scheme of organic oil
formation, the amount of oil that the entire
organics of the globe can produce can be
represented in the form of a 2.5 mm thick
layer uniformly covering the surface of the
Earth. In the case of the inorganic nature of
oil, such a layer would be 10 km /14/, and
thus the amount of oil on the globe,
according to the inorganic theory of oil
formation, is several million times higher
than the reserves arising from ideas about
its organic nature.
A brief summary of the results of the "Kudryavtsev Readings"
Second. As “inorganics”, we can conclude that modern giant fields (Gulf of
Mexico, Tengiz, Samotlor, Romashkinskoye and others) should be
considered only as prospecting signs of hydrocarbon generation zones and
supplying channels, since under these fields they are definitely there.
See, for example, Ivanov, 2018.
……..
Where is it possible (and where is absolutely needless) to look for deep oil?
... ideas about the inorganic nature of oil give a very high probability of multi-storey deposits within oil fields,
especially large and super-large ones. Therefore, the primary prospecting objects are the lower horizons of
the sedimentary cover and the basement within the oil fields, especially with large deposits.
A brief summary of the results of the "Kudryavtsev Readings"
Third. About the supplying channels. It should be something like vertical
faults or finger-like structures extending from the mantle (the upper
boundary of the asthenosphere under the continents lies at a depth of
about 100 km) to traditional natural reservoirs at depths of 2-5 km. And
these channels, due to the scale and wide distribution of this phenomenon,
should be known to us. What could be the search feature of such
channels? Here we make a third conclusion. Since the channels come from
the depths, that is, from the areas with high temperatures and pressures,
their search feature is the well-known to us abnormally high formation
pressure.
See, for example, Anikiev, 1971.
... In general, there is a pulsating hindered vertical
migration of high-pressure oils, gases and waters through
the covers, especially along the weakened zones and
along the zones of conductive faults. Consequently,
abnormally high formation pressure reflects the ultra-high
pressure of fluids periodically breaking through into the
closed floors of deposits from deeper depths, as well as
tectonic dislocation pressures compressing relatively
closed elastic accumulations of fluids inside the seals
[Anikiev, 1964; Dvali, Anikiev, 1966].
5. Abnormally high formation pressure emerges as a
result of the rise of deep fluids into the sedimentary
cover, which are released in the process of differentiation
and degassing of the Earth's mantle matter; moreover,
the isolated mobile phase, which at a given depth has a
pressure value close to geostatic, is able to create paths
for itself to rise to the overlying horizons [Kropotkin,
Valyaev, 1965].
What general conclusions can we draw from the materials of the Kudryavtsev
Readings regarding the upcoming changes in geological modeling? There are two
general conclusions:
1. Geological models will be built at great depths (up to several tens of kilometers).
Their structure becomes more complex.
2. The objects of modeling, along with the reservoirs, will be the supplying
channels.
Geological Modeling in the Light of Deep Oil Theory
1. Deep Oil, what is it. Conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings"
2. Hydrogen degassing of the Earth
3. Summary of the conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings". An overview of the
upcoming changes in geological modeling with respect to oil and gas
prospecting
4. New requirements for structural modeling
5. New target objects - supplying channels
6. Discovery of "chimneys" in the cube of stacked seismic traces
7. Disasters at oil fields as a search sign of supplying channels
8. About mapping of supplying channels by passive seismic methods
9. Resume and conclusions
In the most general, fundamental terms, a clear association of oil and gas bearing and saline
basins of the world attracts attention (Belenitskaya, 2013).
1 - Mexican
2 - Caspian
3 - East Siberian
4 - West and East
mediterranean
5 - Atlas-Northern Sahara,
6 - Atlantic
7 - Central European
(North Sea)
8 - Persian Gulf
9 - Amu Darya
10 - Canadian Arctic
archipelago
11 - Eastern Brazilian
12 - Western Canadian
13 - Kwanza Cameroon
14 - Krasnomorsky
15 - West Texas
16 - Pripyatsko-Dneprovsky
17 - Ciscarpathian
18 - Amazonian
19 - Sverdrup
The inorganic theory explains this association by the joint upward migration of brine-salt
masses and deep hydrocarbon systems from the bowels of the Earth (Marakushev et al.,
2013). At the same time, G.A.Belenitskaya calls incomparably more voluminous and much
denser salt masses “rams” that pave the way for deep hydrocarbons through impermeable
covers.
A.A.Marakushev and S.A.Marakushev (2013) indicate a possible joint synthesis of
hydrocarbons and salts in the presence of hydrogen under conditions of the upper mantle.
According to the above authors, salt-hydrocarbon paragenesis can be expressed by the
following generalized reaction (to which we will return later):
Geologo-mineragenic profile through the Pre-Caspian salt dome basin (Belenitskaya, 2013)
Illustration and caption G.A. Belenitskaya. Symbols: 1 - cover complex (N2-Q); 2 – post-salt complex of terrigenous and terrigenous-carbonate deposits (Р2-N1); 3 – Kungur halogen formation
of sulfate-potassium type (P1k) with deposits and manifestations of rock and potash salts; 4−6 - subsalt Upper Paleozoic (pre-Kungur, D-P1) sedimentary complex, deposits: 4 carbonate-reef, shelf, 5 - clayey-siliceous-carbonate Domanic type, deep water, 6 - essentially terrigenous; 7 - Riphean-Lower Paleozoic pre-plate terrigenous-carbonate complex of increased
density (R-PZ1); 8 – “granite” layer; 9 – “basalt” (granulite-mafic) layer; 10 - upper mantle; 11 – deep faults (a) and thrust zones (b); 12 - fold-thrust complexes of the Urals; 13−16 - position of
deposits and manifestations: 13 - bischofite, 14 - native sulfur, 15 - borates, 16 - gas sulfur; 17 - generalized intervals of oil and gas content.
Submeridian profile of the Mexican salt dome basin (Belenitskaya, 2013)
Illustration and caption from G.A.Belenitskaya. The stratigraphic base is modeled after McBride B., 1998. Symbols: 1 - salts: at the base of the sedimentary section - parent salts of Loanne,
in the upper part in the composition of the Neogene-Quaternary deposits - allochthonous salt covers, torn off from parental salts; 2 - area of established oil and gas content (a, line above the
profile) and the total interval of established and probable oil and gas content (b); 3 - the area of established modern intensive development of ascending discharges of oils, gases, brines,
mud volcanoes, gas hydrates, and in the underlying section - salt and clay diapirs and multilevel hydrocarbon deposits; 4 - wells; 5 - approximate projections on the well profile: a emergency Deepwater Horizon, 2010, b - emergency 1 and 2 on the northern coast of the bay, c - Challenger-1, 1968, d - wells Jack (D) and St. Malo (S-M), exposed subsalt (undercover)
oil and gas deposits on the continental slope; 6 – approximate position on the profile of the deep-water brine lake Orka; 7 - area of distribution of native sulfur deposits in caprocks of salt
domes (Texas-Louisiana sulfur-bearing province).
The main types of hydrocarbon deposits characteristic for traps associated
with diapiric structures (Belenitskaya, 2013)
Conclusion: the association of
deposits with tectonic faults and
salt diapirs is not accidental and
requires the development of
powerful structural modeling tools
1 - reservoir (oil and gas) horizons; 2 – salt stock; 3 - caprock; 4 - deposits of hydrocarbons;
5 - tectonic faults, arrows - directions of displacements; 6 - unconformity surfaces
Modeling of faults. Salt diapir modeling is a more difficult problem
Geological Modeling in the Light of Deep Oil Theory
1. Deep Oil, what is it. Conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings"
2. Hydrogen degassing of the Earth
3. Summary of the conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings". An overview of the
upcoming changes in geological modeling with respect to oil and gas
prospecting
4. New requirements for structural modeling
5. New target objects - supplying channels
6. Discovery of "chimneys" in the cube of stacked seismic traces
7. Disasters at oil fields as a search sign of supplying channels
8. About mapping of supplying channels by passive seismic methods
9. Resume and conclusions
There are no words "supplying channels" in N.A.Kudryavtsev's book (there are only the
words "vertical migration"). The term "supplying channels" appeared later. First of all, should
be noted the work "Oil supplying channels: spatial position, methods of detection and
methods of their activation" (Trofimov, Korchagin, 2002). Here is a quote from the titled
work:
“The actual oil supplying channels have not yet been discovered, despite the fact that their
existence is confirmed by a number of fairly convincing, in our opinion, evidence (Korchagin,
2001). One of the most compelling arguments is the very long life of a number of oil fields sometimes this period lasts more than 100 years. These are the deposits of the Baku group
in Azerbaijan (Subanchi, Bibiheybat), some deposits of the North Caucasus, Fergana
(Mailisu, Selrokho, Izbaskent), Western Turkmenistan (Cheleken). In the old oil and gas
regions, at the later stages of development, the production level decreases to 20-10% of the
maximum and stabilizes. At this level, the volume of oil produced, obviously, was balanced by
the inflow of new fluid portions through the channels.
Further, the authors, considering the fields of Tatarstan, note the following criteria and
prerequisites for determining the position of oil supplying channels:
1.
Oil supplying channels are almost certainly within the area of the field itself, and they are
vertical or sub-vertical.
2.
The active or passive state of the channels usually manifests itself at a late stage of field
development. At this stage, in fields where fluid inflow is expected, there are wells with
increased total production and relatively high flow rates. In some cases, this fact can be
explained by the structural features of the deposit itself. But of interest are those wells
with anomalous productivity that are not related to the structure of the deposit. Their
increased productivity and flow rates are probably due to their proximity to an active canal
that feeds the field.
3.
The oil that has filled the trap becomes heavier and more viscous over time, while the oil
entering directly through the channel is lighter and less oxidized. Differences between the
quality of oil coming directly from the channel and the oil that previously filled the trap can
be quite significant and, therefore, can be detected by existing laboratory methods. In this
case, one of the ways to determine the position of the oil supplying channel within the
reservoir is to analyze the qualitative composition of oil in production wells.
The authors (Trofimov, Korchagin, 2002) make the following prediction:
“In the near future, we can expect the emergence of detailed seismic
methods, as well as other geophysical methods, with which it will be
possible to identify oil supplying channels.”
And so it happened (see below).
Geological Modeling in the Light of Deep Oil Theory
1. Deep Oil, what is it. Conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings"
2. Hydrogen degassing of the Earth
3. Summary of the conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings". An overview of the
upcoming changes in geological modeling with respect to oil and gas
prospecting
4. New requirements for structural modeling
5. New target objects - supplying channels
6. Discovery of "chimneys" in the cube of stacked seismic traces
7. Disasters at oil fields as a search sign of supplying channels
8. About mapping of supplying channels by passive seismic methods
9. Resume and conclusions
Of great interest from the perspective of Deep Oil is the relatively recent discovery
of so-called "chimneys". Connolly et al. (2008) learned how to detect hydrocarbon
upflows in stacked seismic trace cubes from standard 3D seismic. Flow detection
is performed using a neural network. The authors refer to the detected fluid flows
as "seepage". They show that seepage very often follows tectonic faults. What is
new and very important is that the proposed technology indicates which parts of
the fault are migration routes and which are not.
.
Time slice. An overlay of two seismic attributes, each obtained using its own neural network. White color attribute "faults". The green to yellow color is a "chimney probability" attribute (Connolly et al., 2008).
Gulf of Mexico. The interpreted amplitude cube is overlaid with the chimney
probability attribute cube (Connolly, 2017A)
Chimneys in a cube of stacked seismic traces (Singh et al., 2016)
A large number of publications by Connolly et al. and their followers show that there are chimneys
almost everywhere where there are oil fields
Chimneys are found almost everywhere where there are oil fields
Map from the site “https://dgbes.com/chimney_atlas/“
The “seepage” identified by the neural network corresponds well with areas of
anomalous seismic amplitudes
North Sea. On the left is a vertical section of the seismic trace cube after standard processing.
On the right, the same with the “chimney probability” attribute overlaid (Connolly, 2017B).
Most surprisingly, in demonstrating hydrocarbon
upflows, Connolly et al. remain supporters of the
organic theory. We ask them a simple question:
"Where do the chimneys start?" They say that
hydrocarbon migration goes “from deep thermally
mature source rocks” (Connolly et al., 2008).
But in all of the examples they showed, the
primary sources of chimneys are not visible. You
can always see the flow from below. Connolly et
al. confirm the Kudryavtsev's law.
As has just been said, chimneys correspond with
dynamic anomalies in seismic amplitudes. On the
materials of the unique “Tatseis” profile (record
length 20 seconds, sampling 4 ms) chimneys
(according to the method of Connolly et al.) were
not explored. However, dynamic anomalies of
seismic amplitudes are observed deep in the
basement at depths of about 20 km (illustration
on the right).
Trofimov, 2014
Connolly et al. (2008) write "Gas chimneys are a means by which deep pressures
can be transmitted into the shallow subsurface". Thus, they give the true answer to
the question "Where do the chimneys start?". The outflow of hydrocarbons occurs
from zones of abnormally high formation pressures.
Conclusion: the detection of "chimneys" will become an indispensable part of the
processing and interpretation of seismic survey data.
Geological Modeling in the Light of Deep Oil Theory
1. Deep Oil, what is it. Conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings"
2. Hydrogen degassing of the Earth
3. Summary of the conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings". An overview of the
upcoming changes in geological modeling with respect to oil and gas
prospecting
4. New requirements for structural modeling
5. New target objects - supplying channels
6. Discovery of "chimneys" in the cube of stacked seismic traces
7. Disasters at oil fields as a search sign of supplying channels
8. About mapping of supplying channels by passive seismic methods
9. Resume and conclusions
Studying the topic "Deep oil" one cannot ignore such a phenomenon as super-productive wells.
G.A.Belenitskaya was one of the first to write about such wells in this context. We are talking about
wells that unexpectedly showed fantastically high production rates (about 10,000 tons of oil per day
or more). Which, as a rule, led to accidents and even catastrophes.
Source: Belenitskaya, 2011 (fragment)
More recent disasters (Well 37 at Tengiz and the Deepwater Horizon oil platform) are
described in detail. There is every reason to say that emergency events were caused by wells
entering the zone of a combination of two factors - abnormally high formation pressure (first)
and high permeability (second). This combination is a sign of the supplying channel.
As is known, normal reservoir pressure is close to hydrostatic pressure. It is determined by
the fluid pressure, which is taken as, for example, mineralized water with a density of 1.05
g/cm3. During well drilling, formation pressure is balanced by drilling fluid pressure. As for
rocks, they do not make any contribution to reservoir pressure. For example, when drilling the
Kola superdeep well at a depth of more than 10 thousand meters, a drilling fluid with a
density of 1.12 – 1.15 g/cm3 was used (Kola Superdeep, 1984).
At the same time, when drilling wells (and more often at large depths), zones with abnormally
high formation pressure are found. The anomalous coefficient Ka (which is the ratio of
pressure to normal hydrostatic pressure) can reach two units or even more.
Two alternative views on the nature of abnormally high formation pressure
Above, a view
on the nature of abnormally high formation pressure, shared by supporters of
енить
the inorganic theory, was outlined.
"Organics" believe that abnormally high formation pressure is the result of rock compaction.
The difference between the two mechanisms for the formation of abnormally pressure is the
duration of the process. If in the first case the process occurs, by geological standards,
instantly (as a breakthrough of high-pressure fluids, with the formation of a highly
permeable channel), then in the second case it proceeds gradually and takes many
thousands of years. But a pressure anomaly that persists for many thousands of years is
nonsense. In thousands of years, any such anomaly will disappear due to the microscopic
permeability of rocks, which is always exists.
Risk factors when drilling in the abnormally high formation pressure zone
Let us name three factors, the combination of which makes a disaster during drilling in the
abnormally high formation pressure zone almost inevitable:
1. Drilling depth of 4000 m or more.
2. Pressure anomaly coefficient Ka equal to 1.7 or more.
3. High reservoir permeability.
This paradoxical combination - abnormally high formation pressure and high permeability is a sign of a supplying channel. And it is also a condition for a catastrophe.
An unexpected hit of a bit in a high permeability zone causes heavy drilling fluid to getting
out into the formation, replacing it in the wellbore with a relatively light formation fluid and
subsequent avalanche-like disturbance of hydrostatic equilibrium in the wellbore. In a
matter of minutes, pressure equal to the difference between hydrostatic and formation
pressure (recall that at a depth of 4000 m with Ka equal to 2.0 this difference is 400
atmospheres) comes to the wellhead. And disaster strikes.
Risk factors when drilling in the abnormally high formation pressure zone
Consider, in the light of this understanding, two well-described catastrophes
Disaster at Well 37 of the Tengiz field
Location of the accident
Disaster at Well 37 of the Tengiz field
Frame: Ak Beren, Professional Militarized Emergency Rescue Service, Kazakhstan
Disaster at Well 37 of the Tengiz field
The description of the catastrophe is given in the book "Fiery Year (a diary)" (Igrevsky,
1995). We read on page 9 and further: “... well No. 37-Tengiz has a bottomhole at 4467 m.
A 245-mm intermediate column is cemented at a depth of 4403 m. During boring, drilling
fluid with a density of 2020 - 2040 kg/m3 was absorbed ... The well absorbed at 20:06 on
24.06 .85 (local time) and began to kick into the annulus, then into the pipes. They screwed
a pipe with a ball valve, which took 20 minutes due to disorganization. The valve could not
be closed… The height of the fountain through the drill pipes is 15-20 m… It was decided
to start plugging and try to close the ball valve… In total, 65-70 m3 of drilling fluid remained
to be pumped until the plug approached the bit… When a loud bang was heard, he saw
how ... a stream of fire was running. Instantly there was a strong explosion… The count of
people showed that everyone was alive…”. Page 99, about the flow rate of the emergency
well: "... the flow rate of products (oil + gas) is 10.8 thousand tons per day." End of citation.
We see that the scenario described above has been realized. The well was extinguished
for 400 days. No reduction in emergency flow rate was observed.
Deepwater Horizon explosion
Location of the accident
Deepwater Horizon explosion
Photo: Popular Mechanics magazine, November 2010
Deepwater Horizon explosion
The description of the catastrophe is given in the publication (Final Report …, 2011). Let us go over the most important
details.
Page 19. Six months before the disaster, the Deepwater Horizon platform successfully completed the drilling of the
world's deepest oil well in the Tiber area, with a total depth of 35,000 feet (10,668 m), with a sea depth of about 4,000 feet
(1,219 m).
Page 29. A well in Macondo Square (this is about a disaster) was drilled to a depth (from sea level) of 18360 feet (5596
m). Which was approximately 13,000 feet (3,962 m) below the seabed. Drilling has been completed. It remained to
perform a series of final operations, after which the drilling platform was about to leave.
Page 28. The density of the drilling mud was 14.17 ppg (1.7 g/cm3). That is, the drilling of the well took place in the
conditions of abnormally high formation pressure.
Page 38. After bottomhole cementing, a two-stage overpressure test was performed (successfully). However, later it was
concluded that the test was carried out prematurely, before the time required for the cement to fully set had elapsed.
Page 41. A test for depression was performed. The result was not positive, a leak was detected. The depression test was
repeated. A minor leak was detected. At the end, the result of the depression test was considered as successful. The final
operation was started - pumping out the heavy drilling mud from the wellbore and replacing it with sea water.
When filling the well with sea water, formation fluids burst into the well, which led to a disaster and the death of the
platform. We see that the scenario described above has been realized. The flow rate of the emergency well was,
according to various estimates, from 60,000 to 100,000 barrels of oil per day (from 8,200 to 13,700 tons per day).
In the two cases described, emergency wells were tried to be plugged as soon as
possible. Considering them (primarily) as environmental disasters. Nobody was
interested by phenomenon of super production of these wells. We did not learn
anything about what was the nature of this super production, how long it could have
continued, how it would have ended.
In this regard, two similar cases dating back to the beginning of the 20th century are
of great interest. At that time, no one tried to stop emergency wells, despite the
approximately equal scale of environmental disasters. Thanks to this, we saw how it
all ended.
Lakeview Gusher (California, 1910-1911)
… A roaring column of sand and oil twenty feet in diameter and
two-hundred feet high gushed into the air, and issued a stream of oil
at its base, dubbed the "Trout Stream" which flowed down every
adjacent ditch and gully. Rather than diminishing in force, the gusher
grew stronger each day and eventually buried the engine house in a
mountain of sand. Although the wooden derrick remained standing a
few weeks longer, eventually it too, and all the drilling equipment as
well, were completely swallowed up by a huge crater that formed
around the drill well.
… Lakeview's roaring and spouting began to be measured, not in
days, but months. It seemed little discouraged by the feeble efforts of
humans to control it. Besides the labor of holding the oil, there was
constant anxiety and fear. Adjacent landowners sued. Workmen
cursed the sticky flood and labored in fear that spray from the well,
carried on the wind for up to ten miles, could cause accidental fires.
Preachers and their flocks prayed that oil might not cover the earth
and bring about its flaming destruction. The entire oil industry wilted
as this seemingly inexhaustible fountain brought crude prices down to
30 cents a barrel. Even Union Oil Company, with endless lawsuits,
labor bills and low-priced crude on its hands, began to despair of
having made the "richest" oil discovery in history.
… When the bottom of the hole caved in on September 10, 1911, the well died. Although Lakeview No. 1
produced 9.4 million barrels during the 544 days it flowed, less than half of this oil was saved-the rest evaporating
off or seeping into the ground.
End of quote. Attempts to open the channel for the second time failed. What shows - it was vertical and came from
a great depth.
Sources:
Text - San Joaquin Geological
Society
Photos - Wikipedia, article
«Lakeview Gusher»
Potrero Del Llano-4 (Mexico, 1910-1918)
… In fact this was one of the biggest wells anyone anywhere in the world had ever worked on.
Through the dark hours of Tuesday morning its terrific roar and gas (carbon dioxide, methane,
hydrogen sulfide, butane, and propane) spread fear among the men in the camp that the entire
field would explode. The night sky rained hot oil and chunks of hard, white, flinty limestone. The
air because heavy, foul. By the early light the great gusher was finally visible. From up on the
hillside, oil rain soaking into their skin, the constant roar in their ears, a choking stink in their
nostrils, heads aching, eyes burning, the men saw an 8-inch column of black oil rising from No. 4
some 230 feet into a gigantic black plume of spray 425 feet high. Only parts of the derrick and
rigging still stood. The bull wheels lay broken in two, blown from the floor 24-30 feet away. Oil
slick covered everything for a mile around, and oil streams were running into the reservoir and
down into the Buena Vista, covered from bank to bank by oil on its way down to the Tuxpan River
and on to the Gulf. Measured later, the pressure at the casing head was 850 psi; the oil’s
temperature, 147º. The pressure estimated in the pool 1,911 feet below was 1,555 lbs… The
same day Águila’s general manager arrived. He calculated the well’s flow then at “over 100,000
barrels in 24 hours” …
Source: Womack, 2004
Potrero Del Llano-4 (Mexico, 1910-1918)
… Potrero went completely to salt water at the end of
1918, after producing almost 100 million barrels.
Source: Gerali, Riguzzi, 2016
Thanks to Potrero Del Llano-4, we have seen what oil
production from the supplying channel could be. We
also said that during the mantle synthesis of
hydrocarbons, salt and water can form.
Photo:
Petroleum History, 2016
Let us summarize the interim
Above, we named five types of evidence indicating that the supplying channels are a
reality (very long life of a number of oil fields, differences in quality of oil within the
same field, chimneys, abnormally high formation pressure, super-productive wells).
Can supplying channels (rather than reservoirs) be the target of well drilling? As we
see, with the current technical level of drilling, this is dangerous. But they can (and
should) become objects of research using seismic methods.
First of all, we are interested in such a repeatedly mentioned search feature of
channels as abnormally high formation pressure. Seismic exploration by the method
of reflected waves does not see these abnormally zones. But they should be visible
by passive seismic exploration, since these zones are sources of microseism. Further,
from the viewpoint of deep oil, we will consider what are the real possibilities of
passive seismic exploration. We will cite papers containing detailed descriptions of
observation systems and the results obtained.
Geological Modeling in the Light of Deep Oil Theory
1. Deep Oil, what is it. Conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings"
2. Hydrogen degassing of the Earth
3. Summary of the conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings". An overview of the
upcoming changes in geological modeling with respect to oil and gas
prospecting
4. New requirements for structural modeling
5. New target objects - supplying channels
6. Discovery of "chimneys" in the cube of stacked seismic traces
7. Disasters at oil fields as a search sign of supplying channels
8. About mapping of supplying channels by passive seismic methods
9. Resume and conclusions
In oil and gas exploration, the following two types of passive seismic survey methods are
used:
1. Analysis of the spectrum of natural seismic noise. Non-synchronous short-term
recording of seismic noise at multiple points of the study area is used (Arutyunov et al.,
1997, Dangel et al., 2003). An oil deposit changes the spectrum of seismic noise.
2. Location of subsurface emission centers of natural seismic noise. Synchronous
long-term registration of seismic noise by a large number of receivers is used.
Since we are interested in supplying channels (zones of abnormally high formation
pressure), we will talk only about the second type of methods, i.e., the localization of
underground emission centers. These technologies have long been well developed. First of
all, in seismology (Chebotareva, 2010). Recently, they have been widely used in
connection with the problem of hydraulic fracturing control (Alexandrov et al., 2015). And
finally, they have already begun to be used for the purpose that we are talking about - to
identify highly permeable vertical fluid flow channels in hydrocarbon deposits
(Chebotareva, 2010, Kuznetsov, etc., 2016).
Processing of data from seismic earthquake monitoring stations
Layer-by-layer horizontal images of the lithosphere under the
KNET network according to seismic noise records for depths
0-150 km (P-waves), preliminary frequency filtration in the
band 0.1-2 Hz. The Kyrgyz seismological network KNET
(created with the participation of the Russian Academy of
Sciences) consists of 10 wide-range seismic stations located
along the northern border of the Tien Shan and the Kazakh
platform.
Source: Chebotareva, 2010
Sources of seismic emission in an oil field (Chebotareva, 2010)
The processing of records of natural noise seismoacoustic field in an oil field is described. The
monitoring system consisted of 60 vertical sensors located in boreholes 5-7 m deep. (Records of 20
sensors out of the 60 named were rejected.) The geophones were placed in two areal groups, the
maximum aperture was 3 km. Registration was continuous with a sampling rate of 2 ms. Several time
intervals of 100 seconds each were selected for processing. The images of sources in the subsurface
space of a cubic shape with an edge length of 6 km were calculated.
On the left - area of field observations. Triangles mark the position of the receivers, circles - the position
of the wells. On the right - images of emission sources in the subsurface space of a cubic shape. The
picture allows interpretation in terms of "supplying channels".
Average energy of microseismic emission (Chirkin et al., 2014)
Observation area 14 km2, depth interval 2700–3300 m. Average energy of microseismic emission over
48 hours of continuous monitoring of the seismic wave field using the SLOE technology
Monitoring of hydraulic fracturing (Aleksandrov, 2016). Epicenters of microseismic events
Monitoring of a multi-stage hydraulic fracturing in a horizontal well at a depth of about 2400 m. The ground-based
observation system included 52 three-component sensors installed in pits up to 0.5 m deep. The aperture size was
800x500 m. Observations continued continuously for 18 days, the recording was with a sampling rate of 1 ms. Data
processing consisted in locating emission centers in 3D space. The area of induced microseismic activity (in
projection onto the horizontal) covered an area of approximately 350x300 m
Listening to the underground space with a 3D land seismic system
Of great interest is a new method of passive seismic survey - listening to the
geological environment by a 3D ground seismic survey system without the use
of explosive or vibration sources (Lacazette et al., 2013, Sicking, Malin, 2019).
The initial premise of the authors is that a fragile and fractured geological
environment is in a stressed unstable state, such that even minor external
influences (such as changes in atmospheric pressure or tidal forces) cause
seismic emission from the fracture area. The registration time of natural noises
can be several minutes, hours or even days. After that, the records are analyzed
and the intervals with the least man-made interference are selected. The
processing consists in the fact that for each elementary volume of the medium,
the intensity of the signals outgoing from it is accumulated.
Focusing the trace data (Sicking et al., 2015)
The traces are focused sequentially for each elementary volume of the medium. The focusing lies in the
fact that, using the velocity model of the medium, the travel times of the wave from the considered
volume to each receiving device are calculated. After that, appropriate time corrections are introduced
into the seismic traces. As a result, the hyperbolic hodographs of seismic events are aligned into
horizontal lines (lower right), along which the amplitudes are summed (see the next slide). The number
of receivers in one of the examples is 4650
Signal Intensity Accumulation Algorithm (Sicking, Malin, 2019)
Amplitude summation is performed in two stages. First, by receiving points along horizontal
hodographs for fixed moments of time, then by time within the specified time window
A fragment of the cube of the accumulated intensity of seismic emission (Sicking, Vermilye, 2019)
Fracture selection (Sicking, Malin, 2019)
On the left - a picture
before hydraulic fracturing
On the right - a picture
after hydraulic fracturing
Fracture surfaces (Lacazette et al., 2013). Illustration from the presentation of the report
Fracture surfaces are computed as ridges in the cube of the accumulated intensity. The edge of the
cube is 2000 feet, the top of the cube is at a depth of 3500 feet. The calculation is done in the vicinity
of a horizontal well
Fracture surfaces in the reservoir volume (Copeland, Lacazette, 2015)
Mapping of supplying channels by passive seismic methods
Geological Modeling in the Light of Deep Oil Theory
1. Deep Oil, what is it. Conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings"
2. Hydrogen degassing of the Earth
3. Summary of the conferences "Kudryavtsev Readings". An overview of the
upcoming changes in geological modeling with respect to oil and gas
prospecting
4. New requirements for structural modeling
5. New target objects - supplying channels
6. Discovery of "chimneys" in the cube of stacked seismic traces
7. Disasters at oil fields as a search sign of supplying channels
8. About mapping of supplying channels by passive seismic methods
9. Resume and conclusions
Conclusions
●
Geological models will be built to a great depth (up to several tens of km). Their structure will
become more complicated.
●
The objects of modeling, along with the reservoirs, will be the supplying channels.
●
Detection of "chimneys" will become a mandatory part of processing and interpretation of
reflection seismic data.
●
The use of passive seismic survey methods to map the supplying channels will be expanded.
Unlimited depth of passive seismic survey methods will be used.
●
Processing the materials of the Tatseis profile using the chimney detection method will make it
possible to find out whether the anomalies of seismic amplitudes visible on this profile (at depths
of up to 20 km or more) show channels for hydrocarbon inflow.
Conclusions (continued)
● The combination of passive seismic survey and standard 3D land seismic is an extremely
constructive idea. Firstly, because the oil reservoir (the target object of reflection seismic) is also a
search sign of the oil supplying channel (which is the target object of passive seismic). Secondly,
with minimal additional costs a powerful and well-developed 3D land seismic observation system
is used for passive seismic. Thirdly, when processing passive seismic survey materials, we can
use a velocity model obtained from reflection data. Fourth, you can immediately check whether
the vertical fractured zones are chimneys (and vice versa). Fifth,...
● It is better to study channels where they are most developed. We have clues - several wells in the
world with super production. The most informative may be passive seismic observations (better in combination with 3D reflection seismic) in the area of emergency well 37 of the Tengiz field
(Kazakhstan). Or in Russia, at the site of a similar disaster near the village of Uritskoye, Saratov
Region (see the supplement).
● Channel mapping will enable planned drilling of super productive wells.
Supplement. Disaster near the village of Uritskoye, Saratov Region (1959-1962)
Location of the accident
Supplement. Disaster near the village of Uritskoye, Saratov Region (1959-1962)
Crater from a well explosion. Source: Vince, 2019
Supplement. Disaster near the village of Uritskoye, Saratov Region (1959-1962)
Crater from a well explosion. Source: Tourist Saratov, 2019
Supplement. Disaster near the village of Uritskoye, Saratov Region (1959-1962)
Crater from a well explosion and scorched earth beyond
Supplement. Disaster near the village of Uritskoye, Saratov Region (1959-1962)
… there were planned drilling operations. The entire brigade of oil workers knew that on May 17, 1959, the drill would enter the productive formation. The pressure spat out
the drill pipes, then the well pipes. Within a few hours there was a collapse. Earth, together with the well and the equipment, failed ... an uncontrolled release of oil, hydrogen
sulfide water and gas began, the column was more than 40 meters. Small oil fountains were hammered all over the surface of the earth. The drillers were frightened,
abandoned all their tools and equipment and ran away ... there was a plan to push concrete slabs onto the well, then they tried to drill pits and pump water with cement into
them. Nothing succeeded. The problem was in the huge pressure, it was impossible to approach the well because of the fire ...
… On one side of the crater, traces of a dam are visible, which was supposed to stop the oil spill. The defensive structures could not withstand the pressure. This is
evidenced by the scorched earth outside the funnel. The soil resembles volcanic ash, and melted stones are found in it. Black bald spots stretch to the ravine leading to the
Medveditsa River. A kilometer from the crater, the ravine is blocked by four earthen dams. Judging by the state of the embankments, they also broke through. We assumed
that the oil from the well accumulated in natural storage for a long time, then went into the river ...
… An explosion was heard 7 kilometers from the village where the derrick was located. Then they saw a fountain of oil pour into the sky. He was about 40 meters high. A few
days later, a fire started there. The column of fire was observed for 3 years, until May 1962 …
... About half a million tons of oil went into the ravine and the Medveditsa River in 3 years. More burnt...
Source: Vince, 2019.
... In search of natural gas, prospecting geologists drilled a well at a great depth. Suddenly, quite unexpectedly, a powerful fountain of water burst out of the ground. This was
followed by a dull underground rumble. A dirty green column of water with a pungent odor rose high above the steppe. All drilling equipment, along with the heavy winch,
instantly disappeared into the gaping abyss. Streams of poisoned bitter-salty water rushed rapidly to the Medveditsa River, which supplied water to the surrounding villages.
The river could be poisoned. It was necessary to take urgent measures. Collective farmers built eight large dams in the shortest possible time. With their help, it was possible
to divert the harmful flow to the side. The river has been saved. The fountain, throwing twenty-two thousand cubic meters of water a day, gradually subsided. But several
days passed and the underground element raged again. A deafening explosion was heard over the steppe, after which giant flames burst out of the well. The fire spread
more and more, and soon there was no trace of the well. Instead, there was a huge crater, spewing flames, with a diameter of up to two hundred meters. It was impossible to
put out the fire by conventional means. His hearth was deep underground. Then they decided to drill five wells from different sides to the hearth and through them, under
high pressure, bring jets of water, which would eliminate the fire. It was an extremely difficult, dangerous and unprecedented work in drilling practice. We had to act at a
distance of no more than two hundred meters from the fire, in very hot air. People poured water on each other all the time so that their clothes would not catch fire.
This heroic work has led to success. The flame gradually began to decrease, and then completely subsided. But for a long time thick clouds of steam, mixed with harmful
gas, hovered in the sky. It was lit by rockets and thereby neutralized ...
Source: Tourist Saratov, 2019.
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