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Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ______________________________ EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION Web Quest Go to: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/lines_01" 1. Go%to%Fossil%Evidence% Fossil"evidence"clearly"shows"that"__________________________________________________________."" % What"did"“tongue"stones”"actually"end"up"being?"___________________________."" " Iguanodon The"discover"of"iguanodon"teeth"sent"a"powerful"message"that"__________________________________" _____________________________________________________________________________________." " Each"new"fossil"contains"addiKonal"clues"that"______________________________________________"and" help"us"to"_______________________________________."" Examples"Include:"" • IndicaKon"of"_______________________" • With"which"exKnct"organism"did"the"ammonite"fossil"have"an"interacKon"with?"And"how"do"we" ©"2015"Vanessa"Jason"(“Biology"Roots”)" know"of"these"interacKons?"______________________________________________________" _____________________________________________________________________________."" • Clues"at"the"________________"level"" • What"can"we"tell"from"the"fossilized"bone"of"the"duck"bill"dinosaur"Maiasaura?"______________" _____________________________________________________________________________." Click"on"the"“next”"icon"(TransiKonal"Forms)" 2.%Transi5onal%Forms" ___________"or"__________________"that"show"the"__________________"states""between"an" ____________"form"and"that"of"its"__________________"are"referred"to"as"_________________" ____________."" " How"do"we"know"that'Pakicetus'is"related"to"whales"and"dolphins?"_______________________________" ____________________________________________________________."" " What"was"the"transiKonal"form"between"Pakicetus"and"modern"day"whales?"Why"does"this"make"sense"as" far"as"nostril"locaKon?"___________________________________________________________________" " ________________________________________________________________ " ________________________________________________________________."" " Pakicetus How"does"the"diagram"depicKng"the"evoluKon"of"the"eohippus"into"the""modern"day"horse"include" transiKonal"forms?"______________________________________________________________________" ©"2015"Vanessa"Jason"(“Biology"Roots”)" _______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________."" " Click"on"the"“next”"icon"(Homologies)" " " " Copyright 2015 Vanessa Jason (“Biology Roots”). All rights reserved. 3.%Homologies% EvoluKonary"theory"predicts"that"organisms"will"___________"______________"that"are"derived"from" ____________"_____________."Similar"characterisKcs"due"to"relatedness"are"known"as"________________." % " Homologies"can"be"revealed"by:"" • Comparing"the"________________"of"different"living"things." • Looking"at"______________"similariKes"and"differences."" • Studying"___________________"development." • Studying"______________"_____________"within"individual"organisms."" Even"though"four"different"types"of"leaves"pictured"are"very"different,"why"are"they"considered"homologies" (homologous"structures)?"_________________________________________________________________" _______________________________________________________________________."" " Why"are"the"forelimbs"of"frogs,"birds,"rabbits"and"lizards"considered"homologous?"_____________________" ____________________________________________________________________________________."" " Click"on"the"“next”"icon"(Homologies:"Anatomy)" " ©"2015"Vanessa"Jason"(“Biology"Roots”)" 4.%Homologies:%Anatomy" Click"on"the"link"that"says"“vesKgial”"to"get"a"popXup"definiKon." VesKgial"structure:"a"______________"that"an"organism"______________"from"its"_____________,"but"that" is"now"_______"____________"and"______________"than"in"the"ancestor."Usually,"____________"structures" are"formed"when"a"lineage"experiences"a"different"set"of"____________"___________"than"its"ancestors," and"selecKon"to"maintain"the"elaboraKon"and"funcKon"of"the"feature"_____"or"is"___________"__________."" " Why"are"“dewclaws”"considered"vesKgial"structures?"____________________________________________" _______________________________________________________________________________________." "Click"on"the"“next”"icon" " 5.%Homologies:%Compara5ve%Anatomy%% Organisms"that"are"closely"related"to"each"other"share"many"_______________."" " Dewclaw How"are"whales"and"hummingbirds"related?"___________________________________________________" ____________________________________________________________________________________."" " " 6.%Homologies:%Developmental%Biology% During"some"stages"of"development,"organisms"exhibit"_____________"features"in"__________"or" _____________"form." " Name"two"reasons"why"we"can"tell"that"snakes"had"ancestors"with"hind"legs:"_________________________" _____________________________________________________________."" " ©"2015"Vanessa"Jason"(“Biology"Roots”)" Baleen"whales"(toothless"whales)"possess"__________"in"the"early"________"stage"and"lose"them"before" birth;"this"provides"evidence"of"____________"_____________"with"toothed"whales"and"other"mammals."" Copyright 2015 Vanessa Jason (“Biology Roots”). All rights reserved. 7.%Homologies:%Cellular%and%Molecular%Evidence% The"Cellular"Level" Are"plant"and"animal"cells"more"alike"than"they"are"differentX"or"–"more"different"than"they"are"alike?"Explain" your"reasoning:"__________________________________________________________________________" ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________."" " The"Molecular"Level" Do"humans"share"DNA"with"roundworms?"What"might"this"suggest?"______________________________" _______________________________________________________________________."" " The"DNA"code"is"a"homology"that"___________________________________________________________." " " 8.%Chronology% The"age"of"the"Earth"and"its"inhabitants"have"been"determined"through"two"lines"of"evidence:" 1.%___________%_________:%places"fossils"in"a"temporal"sequence"by"noKng"their"__________"in"_________" of"__________,"known"as"_________."" ©"2015"Vanessa"Jason"(“Biology"Roots”)" " Using"the"diagram"at"right,"label"which"layer"would"be"the"oldest,"and" " which"layer"would"be"the"youngest."" " 2."__________"daKng:"relies"on"the"_________"of"______________"elements" " Which"of"the"two"methods"gives"us"specific"ages"of"fossils"and"rocks?"" _____________________________" " " 9.%GeographyK%The"______________"of"living"things"on"the"globe"provides"informaKon"about"both"the"past" histories"and"the"___________"of"the"Earth."" % Explain"the"distribuKon"of"Marsupials"from"their"place"of"origin"to"their"current"locaKons:"_______________" ________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________."" " " 10."Ar5ficial%Selec5onK%Though"all"domesKcated"dog"species"are"direct"descendants"of"wolves,"it"is"nearly" impossible"to"tell"due"to"the"arKficial"selecKon"that"humans"have"performed"(that’s"why"German"Shepherds," ©"2015"Vanessa"Jason"(“Biology"Roots”)" Bulldogs,"Chihuahuas,"etc."are"so"different.""What"does"arKficial"selecKon"tell"us"about"selecKon?"_________" ________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________."" % % 11.%EcologyK%Give"an"example"of"how"ecology"(specifically"the"environment"in"which"a"species"lives)"can" change"a"species:"_________________________________________________________________________" ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________."% Click"on"the"“next”"icon"(Experiments)" % % 12.%Experiments%% Guppies"in"Trinidad" In"a"populaKon"of"guppies"found"in"Trinidad,"female"guppies"prefer"colorful"males,"however,"colorful"males" were"also"easily"seen"by"____________."" Some"parts"of"the"stream"where"the"guppies"lived"had"fewer"predators"than"others."The"parts"that"had" fewer"predators"had"(circle"one)"["more"|"less"]"colorful"males."Males"in"locaKons"with"more"predators"were" (circle"one)"["more"|"less"]"colorful."" % " What"happened"when"Dr."John"Endler"transferred"predatory"fish"to"the"regions"with"more"colorful"male" guppies?"______________________________________________________________________________" " This"demonstrates"that"persistent"___________"within"a"populaKon"provides"the"raw"material"for"rapid" ___________"when"______________"____________"________."" " " " ©"2015"Vanessa"Jason"(“Biology"Roots”)" 13."Nested%Hierarchies% Nested"hierarchies"is"a"term"biologists"use"to"describe"how"groups"of"related"organisms"share"suites"of" ___________"____________"and"the"number"of"shared"traits"__________"with"______________."" " In"the"diagram"(cladogram),"which"is"most"closely"related"to"snakes?"_________________" Birds?"____________________" Chimpanzees?"______________" " Are"snakes"more"closely"related"to"birds,"or"whales?"______________" Are"crocodiles"more"closely"related"to"lizards"or"camels?"_______________" ©"2015"Vanessa"Jason"(“Biology"Roots”)" " In"this"diagram,"what"determines"how"closely"related"an"organism"is?"_______________________________" _______________________________________________________________________________________."" " " Copyright 2015 Vanessa Jason (“Biology Roots”). All rights reserved. Teacher Key EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION Web Quest Go to: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/lines_01" 1. Go%to%Fossil%Evidence% Fossil"evidence"clearly"shows"that"life%is%old%and%has%changed%over%5me.% % What"did"“tongue"stones”"actually"end"up"being?"Iguanodon%teeth.% Iguanodon " The"discover"of"iguanodon"teeth"sent"a"powerful"message"that"many%fossils%represented%forms%of%life%that% are%no%logner%with%us%today.%% " Each"new"fossil"contains"addiKonal"clues"that"increase%our%understanding%of%life’s%history%"and"help"us"to" answer%ques5ons%about%their%evolu5onary%story."" Examples"Include:"" • IndicaKon"of"interac5ons% 1. With"which"exKnct"organism"did"the"ammonite"fossil"have"an"interacKon"with?"And"how"do"we" know"of"these"interacKons?"Ammonites%interacted%with%mosasaurs%because%we%can%see% fossilized%ammonites%with%bite%marks%that%correlate%with%the%teeth%and%jaws%of%mosasaurs." • Clues"at"the"cellular%level"" • What"can"we"tell"from"the"fossilized""bone"of"the"duck"bill"dinosaur"Maiasaura?"We%can%tell%that% the%bones%were%fast%growing%and%had%a%seasonal%pause%in%their%growth%as%well.%% Click"on"the"“next”"icon"(TransiKonal"Forms)" 2.%Transi5onal%Forms" Fossils%"or"organisms"that"show"the"intermediate"state"between"an"ancestral"form"and"that"of"its" descendants"are"referred"to"as"transi5onal%forms.%% " How"do"we"know"that'Pakicetus'is"related"to"whales"and"dolphins?"They%share%a%number%of% specializa5ons%in%the%ear.%% " What"was"the"transiKonal"form"between"Pakicetus"and"modern"day"whales?"Why"does"this"make"sense"as" far"as"nostril"locaKon?"The%transi5onal%form%is%Ae#ocetus,%which%has%nostrils%at%the%middle%of%the%skull,%% " ,%which%shows%that%the%nostrils%slowly%rose%to%the%top%of%the%head%from% " Pakicetus%to%the%modern%day%Ggay%whale."" " Pakicetus How"does"the"diagram"depicKng"the"evoluKon"of"the"eohippus"into"the""modern"day"horse"include" transiKonal"forms?"It%shows%the%forms%from%the%4Ktoed%eohippus%to%the%single%toed%modern%day%horse;% each%transi5onal%form%in%between%shows%the%slow%reduc5on%of%toes.%% " " Click"on"the"“next”"icon"(Homologies)" " 3.%Homologies% EvoluKonary"theory"predicts"that"organisms"will"share%similari5es%that"are"derived"from"common%% ancestors."Similar"characterisKcs"due"to"relatedness"are"known"as"homologies.%% % " Homologies"can"be"revealed"by:"" • Comparing"the%anatomies"of"different"living"things." • Looking"at"cellular"similariKes"and"differences."" • Studying"embryonic%development." • Studying"ves5gial%structures"within"individual"organisms."" Even"though"four"different"types"of"leaves"pictured"are"very"different,"why"are"they"considered"homologies" (homologous"structures)?"Because%they%share%a%common%ancestor.%% " Why"are"the"forelimbs"of"frogs,"birds,"rabbits"and"lizards"considered"homologous?"Because%they%all%have%the% same%set%of%bones%and%share%a%common%ancestor.%% " " Click"on"the"“next”"icon"(Homologies:"Anatomy)" 4.%Homologies:%Anatomy" Click"on"the"link"that"says"“vesKgial”"to"get"a"popXup"definiKon." VesKgial"structure:"a"feature"that"an"organism"inherited"from"its"ancestor,"but"that"is"now"less%% elaborate"and"func5onal%than"in"the"ancestor."Usually,"ves5gial"structures"are"formed"when"a"lineage" experiences"a"different"set"of"selec5ve%pressures%than"its"ancestors,"and"selecKon"to"maintain"the" elaboraKon"and"funcKon"of"the"feature%ends%or"is"greatly%reduced.%% " Why"are"“dewclaws”"considered"vesKgial"structures?"Because%they%are%nonfunc5onal%and%greatly%reduced% in%size.%." "Click"on"the"“next”"icon" " 5.%Homologies:%Compara5ve%Anatomy%% Dewclaw Organisms"that"are"closely"related"to"each"other"share"many"anatomical%similari5es."" " How"are"whales"and"hummingbirds"related?"They%have%similar%skeletons%evolved%from%a%tetrapod%ancestorK% nearly%ever%bone%in%one%corresponds%to%an%equivalent%bones%in%the%other% " " 6.%Homologies:%Developmental%Biology% During"some"stages"of"development,"organisms"exhibit"ancestral"features"in"whole%or"incomplete%"form." " Name"two"reasons"why"we"can"tell"that"snakes"had"ancestors"with"hind"legs:"Snakes%have%hind%limb%buds% late%in%embryonic%development,%and%there%is%fossil%evidence%of%snakes%with%hind%limbs.% " Baleen"whales"(toothless"whales)"possess"teeth"in"the"early"fetal"stage"and"lose"them"before"birth;"this" provides"evidence"of"common%ancestry%with"toothed"whales"and"other"mammals."" 7.%Homologies:%Cellular%and%Molecular%Evidence% The"Cellular"Level" Are"plant"and"animal"cells"more"alike"than"they"are"differentX"or"–"more"different"than"they"are"alike?"Explain" your"reasoning:"Plant%and%animal%cells%are%more%alike%than%they%are%different.%They%share%all%the%same% structures%except%for%three%(chloroplast,%centriole%and%cell%wall)% " The"Molecular"Level" Do"humans"share"DNA"with"roundworms?"What"might"this"suggest?"Humans%and%roundworms%share%25%% of%the%same%DNA.%This%suggests%that%they%could%share%common%ancestry%somewhere%down%the%line." The"DNA"code"is"a"homology"that"links%all%life%on%earth%to%a%common%ancestor.% % " " 8.%Chronology% The"age"of"the"Earth"and"its"inhabitants"have"been"determined"through"two"lines"of"evidence:" 1.%RelaKve"DaKng:%places"fossils"in"a"temporal"sequence"by"noKng"their"posi5ons"in"layers%"of"rock%known"as" strata.% " " Using"the"diagram"at"right,"label"which"layer"would"be"the"oldest,"and" which"layer"would"be"the"youngest."" " 2."Numerical"daKng:"relies"on"the"decay"of"radioac5ve"elements" youngest" " Which"of"the"two"methods"gives"us"specific"ages"of"fossils"and"rocks?"" Numerical%da5ng.% " oldest" 9.%GeographyK%The"distribu5on"of"living"things"on"the"globe"provides"informaKon"about"both"the"past" histories"and"the"surface"of"the"Earth."" " % Explain"the"distribuKon"of"Marsupials"from"their"place"of"origin"to"their"current"locaKons:"Marsupials%most% likely%originated%on%a%large%land%mass%called%Gondwana%which%has%since%then%separated%to%become%South% America,%Australia%and%Antarc5ca,%all%which%have%living%or%fossilized%marsupials%today.% " " 10."Ar5ficial%Selec5onK%Though"all"domesKcated"dog"species"are"direct"descendants"of"wolves,"it"is"nearly" impossible"to"tell"due"to"the"arKficial"selecKon"that"humans"have"performed"(that’s"why"German"Shepherds," Bulldogs,"Chihuahuas,"etc."are"so"different.""What"does"arKficial"selecKon"tell"us"about"selecKon?"Ar5ficial% selec5on%has%profound%effects%on%popula5ons%and%has%the%ability%to%modify%forms%and%behaviors%to%the% point%that%they%look%and%act%very%unlike%their%ancestors%% % % 11.%EcologyK%Give"an"example"of"how"ecology"(specifically"the"environment"in"which"a"species"lives)"can" change"a"species:"House%sparrows%arrived%to%No.%America%in%the%19th%century%and%have%since%inhabited%the% en5re%con5nent.%Sparrows%that%live%further%north%are%larger%and%darker.%Larger%sizes%avoid%heat%loss%and% darker%colors%absorb%more%sunlight.%% % Click"on"the"“next”"icon"(Experiments)" % 12.%Experiments%% Guppies"in"Trinidad" In"a"populaKon"of"guppies"found"in"Trinidad,"female"guppies"prefer"colorful"males,"however,"colorful"males" were"also"easily"seen"by"predators."" Some"parts"of"the"stream"where"the"guppies"lived"had"fewer"predators"than"others."The"parts"that"had" fewer"predators"had"(circle"one)"["more"|"less"]"colorful"males."Males"in"locaKons"with"more"predators"were" (circle"one)"["more"|"less%]"colorful."" % " What"happened"when"Dr."John"Endler"transferred"predatory"fish"to"the"regions"with"more"colorful"male" guppies?"The%amount%of%colorful%males%declined,%and%most%of%the%males%were%now%a%dull%color.%% " This"demonstrates"that"persistent"varia5on"within"a"populaKon"provides"the"raw"material"for"rapid" evolu5on%"when"environmental%condi5ons%change.%% " " " 13."Nested%Hierarchies% Nested"hierarchies"is"a"term"biologists"use"to"describe"how"groups"of"related"organisms"share"suites"of" similar%characteris5cs%and"the"number"of"shared"traits"increases"with"relatedness.%% " In"the"diagram"(cladogram),"which"is"most"closely"related"to"snakes?"Lizards% Birds?"Crocodiles% Chimpanzees?"Humans% " Are"snakes"more"closely"related"to"birds,"or"whales?"Birds% Are"crocodiles"more"closely"related"to"lizards"or"camels?"Lizards% " In"this"diagram,"what"determines"how"closely"related"an"organism"is?"How%many%traits%they%share.%% " " Thank you! Thank&you&so&much&for&supporting&Biology&Roots!& &I&am&so&excited&that&you&will&be&using&one&of&my&products&in&your& classroom&to&benefit&you&and&your&students.&Listed&below&are&some& general&categories&of&products&that&I&offer&in&my&TpT&store:&& Cells& Cellular&Respiration& DNA&and&Protein&Synthesis& Ecology& Genetics& Evolution& Interactive&Notebook&Supplements& Photosynthesis& Task&Cards& Complete&Units&and&Money&Saving&Bundles& Copyright*Notice*and*Terms*of*Use:** ©*2015*Vanessa*Jason*(“Biology*Roots”)* "All&rights&reserved&by&author.&This&product&is&to&be&used&by&the&original&purchaser&only.&Duplication& for&other&classes&or&by&other&teachers&or&for&use&in&schoolLwide&distribution&is&strictly&forbidden.&&& Posting*Biology*Roots*products*on*the*internet*in*any*form*is*strictly*forbidden*and*violates*the* DMCA.*Not*for*public*display,*including*ANY*websites.*Violations*are*subject*to*the*penalties*of* the*Digital*Millennium*Copyright*Act.* Minor&editing&is&allowed;&the&document&remains&under©right&even&when&edited.