Download 1st Term Booklet Grade 6

Classifying Living Things
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ECIS 1st Term
Lesson 1 Classifying Plants and Animals
Characteristics of living things
 living things are made of cells.
Cells are the building blocks of life; they carry out all basic life processes.
An organism can be one cell or it can be made of many cells.
 Living things obtain and use energy.
Plants capture the sun‘s energy and convert it into food, animals take in energy
by consuming plants and other organisms.
 Living things reproduce.
Living things are able to make more of their kind.
Multicellular organisms require two parents to form a new organism.
 Living things grow and develop.
Each organism has a life cycle that involves its change in size, shape, and
feeding behavior.
 Living things respond to the environment.
For instance, sunflowers turn toward the sun to absorb as much sunlight as
possible.
 Organisms with the most characteristics in common are grouped into the
smallest unit of classification, the species.
 A species: is a group of similar organisms that reproduce more of their
own kind.
• Similar species are combined into a genus.
• Organisms in similar genera are combined into families.
• Families that share characteristics are grouped into order.
• Similar orders are grouped into classes.
• Several classes make up a phylum.
• Phyla combine into kingdoms.
• The kingdom: is the largest and most general grouping.
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Kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species
• Scientists classify organisms into six
kingdoms which are (bacteria- archea –
protists - fungi-plants-animals.)
• Linnaeus used the genus and the species
together to form a scientific name.
1-Plants
• Plants use sunlight to make their own
food.
• Most plants have root that anchor the
plant into the ground and help the plant
to absorb water and nutrients.
• Plants are classified into two groups which are (vascular plants and
nonvascular plants).
• Vascular plants have vascular tissues, veins or tubes in roots, stem, and
leaves also, so they can grow tall.
• Vascular plants also classified by how they reproduce, flowering plants
produce seeds inside ovary and some other plants produce seeds inside
cones.
• Nonvascular plants do not have vascular tissues and they do not grow very
tall.
2-Fungi
• They don’t make their own food
• Some species of fungi cause diseases, but others play a vital role in the
environment by breaking down dead organisms.
• Examples: mushrooms, yeasts, and molds.
3-Protists
• Protist kingdom contains some organisms that resemble plants and others
that resemble animals.
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4-Bacteria
• Bacteria can live in almost any environment.
• Bacteria are classified according to their shapes, such as rods, spheres,
or spirals.
5-Archaea
• They can live in extreme conditions such as hot springs, volcanic vents,
and very salty environments.
• They are classified according to where they are found.
6-Viruses
are not a live, they are not made of cells and do not have a source of
energy.
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Questions
Q1. Complete the following sentences by using the words below.
cells
non-vascular
species
viruses
vascular
genes
order
1-Living things are made of building blocks called ……………………………………………
2-……………………………………… is a group of similar organisms that reproduce more of
their own kind.
3-Similar species are combined into …………………………….
4-Families that share characteristics are grouped into ……………………………………
5-……………………………………… are not alive.
6-Plants are classified into two groups …………………………….. and ……………………………….
Q2. Mention two of living things characteristics.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Q3. Write the name of the kingdom.
1-they don’t make their own food like mushrooms, yeast and molds
(
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ECIS 1st Term
2-live in almost any environment and have many shapes rods, sphere or spiral
(
)
3-Some of them resemble plants and other resemble animals (
)
4-they can live in extreme conditions such as hot springs, volcanic vents and
very salty environment (
)
Q4. Match the following terms with the suitable description.
a-non-vascular
(
)plants that don’t have veins or tubes in their roots,
stem and leaves
b-scientific term
(
)a way of describing an organism, using both its genus
and species together
c-phylum
(
)plants that have veins or tubes in their roots, stems
and leaves
d-vascular
(
)the second largest grouping of organisms, made up
of several classes of living things
Q5. Complete the following diagram.
Kingdom
Species
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Lesson 2 Plants
Plants
May be vascular or non-vascular
- Vascular plants draw water from the soil into their roots and up through
their stems to their top branches.
- They use a system of “pipes” called xylem to move water and minerals
from the soil upward.
- The “pipes” that move food back down through plants are called phloem.
- The xylem and phloem are separated by a layer of cells called the
cambium.
- The layer of tissue just beneath the surface of a plant`s roots and stems
is the cortex.
Stem
- Holds a plant up and supports its
leaves.
- Some stems, such as those of
many flowers, are soft stems.
- Woody stems are tough and
strong, with protective bark.
Roots
• Roots are parts that anchor a plant in the ground, store food, and draw
water and nutrients from the soil.
• Root hair is designed for absorption, taking up most of the water and
dissolved minerals.
• They increase the surface area of the root.
• The root cap, a tough layer of cells, protects the tip of each root.
• A taproot is a root that grows deep into the ground.
• Fibrous roots grow near the surface of the soil.
• As roots absorb water, pressure pushes water though the stem and
toward the leaves.
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How do materials move through a plant?
1-Water and minerals from the soil enter root hairs, pass through the cortex,
and then enter the xylem.
2-Transpiration draws water minerals up the stem and into the leaves.
3-The materials enter the leaves and carried to each leaf cell.
4-Leaf cells use the water, along with carbon dioxide from the air, to make
sugars.
Leaves
- Leaves can be many shapes and sizes.
- The outermost layer of a leaf is epidermis. It is covered by a waxy
coating called the cuticle.
- The epidermis on the lower surface of a leaf contains tiny pores called
stomata.
- One pore is called a stoma.
- Guard cells that surround the stomata control the amount of air entering
the plant.
• When the plant has plenty of water, the guard cell swell and pulls the
stomata open.
- The stomata close when the temperature is high in order to minimize
water lose.
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Photosynthesis Process
• Many plants have leaves with board, flat surfaces that capture sunlight.
• Plants use sunlight to make their own food in a process called
photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis occurs within the leaves of the plant.
• In addition to sunlight, plants also use water, minerals, and carbon
dioxide.
• Photosynthesis: occurs in structures called chloroplasts, which are found
mainly in plant cells.
• Chloroplasts use carbon dioxide, water and solar energy to produce food
in the form glucose.
• Oxygen is produced as a waste product of photosynthesis, and it is
released into the atmosphere by the plant.
• Most of the glucose is transported through the phloem to the stems and
roots, where it is stored.
• Water + nutrients+ carbon dioxide + sunlight
glucose + oxygen
How do plants reproduce?
- All living things carry out reproduction, which is the production of more
individuals of the same species.
- Sexual reproduction is a production of anew organism by the union of
male and female sex cells.
- Asexual reproduction is the production of a new organism using only one
type of cells.
- Many plants use both types of reproduction.
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Plants with seeds
• A seed is a structure that contains a young, developing plant and stored
food.
• Under the right conditions, the seed will grow into a new plant.
• Seed plants often reproduce by sexual reproduction.
• The male sex cell, the (sperm), must unite with the female sex cell, the
(egg)
• Sperm cells are located within pollen grains.
• Pollen grains are produced in a flower part called an anther.
• Eggs are located in the flower`s ovary.
• The ovary is located in the bottom of a part called the stigma.
• The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma is called pollination.
• Self-pollination occurs when pollen is
transferred from an anther to a stigma on
the same flower.
• Cross-pollination happens when pollen is
transferred from the anther of one flower
to the stigma of another flower.
• Organisms that transfer pollen from flower to flower, such as birds and
insects, are called pollinators.
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• Once pollen has landed on the stigma, a tube grows from it.
• the pollen then travels down the pollen tube into the flower`s ovary,
where the egg is located.
• At this point, the sperm cell joins with the egg. This joining is called
fertilization.
• A seed develops from the fertilized egg.
• Seed dispersal is the spreading out of seeds away from their source.
• Seeds might blow away, or they might attach to animals` fur and then fall
off in a distant location.
• An animal might eat seeds, pass them through its digestive system, and
then deposit the seeds far from their parent plants.
Plants without seeds
•
•
•
•
•
Some plants are seedless.
These plants grow from spores instead of seeds.
A spore is a cell that can develop into a new organism.
Unlike seeds, spores do not contain food for the young, developing plants.
These tiny structures are produced asexually within spore capsules.
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Questions
Q1. Match the following terms with the suitable description.
a-egg
(
)occur when pollen is transferred from an anther to a
stigma
b-photosynthesis
(
) process in plants that uses sunlight, water, minerals,
and carbon dioxide to make food
c-pollination
(
)anchor a plant in the ground, store food, and absorb
water and nutrients from the soil
d-root
(
)found in the ovary of a flower and when it is
fertilized, a seed grows
e-seed
(
)make more individuals of the same species when male
and female sex cells are united
f-sexual
(
)contain a tiny plant and some stored food to help it
reproduction
grow
Q2. Compare between self- pollination and cross pollination.
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Q3. Give reason. Stomata close when the temperature is high
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q4. Match each word with the suitable description.
1-xylem
(
)the pipes that move food back down through plants
2-phloem
(
)move water and minerals from the soil upward
3-cambium
(
)layer between xylem and phloem
4-root cap
(
)grow near to the surface of the soil
5-taproot
(
)tough layer of cells, protects the tip of each root
6-fibrous root
(
)grow deep into the ground
7-epidermis
(
)waxy coating cover
8-cuticle
(
)the outermost layer of leaf
Q5. Complete the following sentences by using the words below.
seed dispersal
spore
pollinators
stigma
chloroplasts
1-…………………………………… is the spreading out of seeds away from their source.
2-A cell that can develop into a new organism in seedless plants in called
…………………………………………
3-……………………………………. Transfer pollen from flower to flower, such as birds and
insects.
4-The ovary is located in the bottom of a part called ………………………………….
5-Photosynthesis occurs in structure called ………………………………………., which have
found mainly in plant cell.
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Lesson 3 Animals
What are vertebrates?
 Vertebrate is an animal with a segmented backbone.
 Vertebrates are grouped into seven classes and include the largest
animals on land and in the sea.
 Vertebrates are animals with nerve cords running down their backs and
are called chordates.
 A backbone protects the nerve cord.
 Vertebrates also have endoskeletons, or inner skeleton, for protection
and movement.
 An endoskeleton is made of bone and cartilage, soft, bonelike material
that grows with the animal.
Vertebrates Groups
1.Reptiles
- Ex. Snakes, turtles, iguana
- they have jaws, scales and breathe through lungs.
2.
Amphibians
- Ex. Frog, toad
- have jaws, smooth skin, and hard skeletons
- breathe with gills in water and lungs on land
3.Birds
- Ex. Hawks, pigeons.
- have jaws, feathers, breathe through lungs.
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4.Mammals
- including humans, dogs, horses, and whales.
- have jaws, hair or fur, and hard, bony skeletons.
- they breathe through lungs and feed their young on mother`s milk.
- Most mammals live on land.
- Some mammals are bipeds or have two feet or tetra pod and have four
feet.
5. Fish
Jawless fish
have soft skeletons and
gills
Bony fish
have hard, bony
skeleton
Cartilage
have skeletons
made of cartilage
rather than bone.
What are invertebrates?
- Invertebrates are the largest animals, but they are not the most common.
• Arthropods are the largest group of invertebrates, including insects,
spiders, crabs, shrimp, and lobsters.
• Flatworms and roundworms Live in water, in damp soil, or inside other
animals. They have simple structures.
• Segmented worms are unlike flatworms and
roundworms, have bodies that are divided into
compartments.
Most segmented worms, including earthworms, live in damp soil.
Few, such as leeches, can live in water.
 Sponges attach themselves to the ocean floor and filter small food
particles from the water.
• Echinoderms: also live in the ocean.
They have spiny skins and move slowly.
Sea stars and sea urchins are echinoderms.
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• Mollusks include clams, snail, oysters, squid,
and scallops.
Most mollusks live in water, but some, such as
snails, live on land.
What are arthropods?
- Arthropods are invertebrates
with tough exoskeletons, or
outer skeletons that protect
their internal organs.
- The exoskeleton does not grow
with the animal; it must be shed
as the animal grows.
- Arthropods also have joined legs
that help them move and
segmented bodies with
specialized sections.
- The three largest groups of arthropods are crustaceans, insects, and
arachnids.
- Crustaceans live in freshwater, in salt water, or on land.
Insects
- The largest group of arthropods is
insects.
- The insect body consists of a head, a
thorax, and an abdomen.
- Three pairs of legs are attached to
the thorax.
- Antennae and eyes help the insect
sense its environment.
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Arachnids
-
Arachnids include spiders, ticks, scorpions, and mites.
Spiders are predators that feed mainly on insects.
All spiders produce a strong silk fiber.
Some spiders weave this silk into webs that they use to capture prey.
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Questions
Q1. Write (T) for true sentences or (F) for false sentences and correct
the wrong ones.
1-Invertebrates are animals with nerve cords running down their backs. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-Arthropods are the largest group of invertebrates. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-Archinds are the largest group of arthropods. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-All spiders produce a strong silk fiber. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-Arthropods are invertebrates with endoskeletons or outer skeletons.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q2. Label the following diagram.
1-
2-
3-
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Q3. Compare between jawless fish and bony fish.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q4. Complete the following sentences by using the words below.
gills
shed
three
insects
backbone
arthropods
mollusks
arachnids
1-Vertebrates are animals that have segmented ………………………………………
2-Amphibians breathe through …………………………………… when they are young and
through lungs when they are fully grown.
3-Clams, snails, oysters and scallops belong to a group of invertebrates called
…………………………………………………
4-The largest group of invertebrates, the ……………………………………………, includes
insects, spiders, and lobster.
5-Arthropods have a tough exoskeleton, which must be ……………………………… as the
animal grows.
6-The three largest groups of arthropods are crustaceans, …………………………………
and ……………………………………………..
7-Insects have ……………………………….. pairs of legs.
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Lesson 4 Animal Systems
 Organisms must obtain, or ingest food from their environments.
 Each animal has a way of ingestion food, breaking down the food, and
elimination wastes.
 Digestion is the process in which ingested food is broken down into
molecules that are usable by cells.
 After food is broken down into simpler substances, it can be carried to
cells throughout the body.
 Excretion is the removal of wastes from the body.
 These waste materials have no value and can be poisonous to cells and
tissues.
Digestion of Invertebrates
• Invertebrates have several ways to digest food and excrete wastes.
• Sponges are filter feeders.
• The pores of a sponge strain food particles from the water.
• In other organisms, such as cnidarians and flatworms, food enters and
leaves from the same opening.
• More advanced invertebrates such as Earthworm use a “tube-within-atube” system, which has separate openings for ingested food and for
excreted wastes.
Digestion of Vertebrates
• Human digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach,
and small intestine.
• Nutrients are absorbed inside the small
intestine and then move into the blood.
• Solid wastes are processed and are then
eliminated from the body.
• The kidneys, lungs, liver, and skin help
eliminate wastes from the body as well.
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What is respiration?
- Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food molecules such as
glucose.
- This occurs within the cells in the presence of oxygen. All organisms,
including plants, undergo respiration to obtain energy from food.
- Exhaling rids the body of wastes such as the carbon dioxide and water
that are produced during cellular respiration.
- The lungs are organs of the respiratory system
Respiration in Invertebrates
• For some soft-bodied invertebrates, such as flatworms, respiration is a
simple exchange of gases by diffusion.
• Diffusion is the movement of molecules from areas of higher
concentration to areas of lower concentration.
• For oxygen to diffuse across living tissue, surfaces must be moist.
• This is why worms and snails tend to stay in moist locations.
• Invertebrates such as mollusks, crustaceans, and some worms also have
gills, feathery structures that have a rich supply of blood vessels near the
surfaces.
• Gas exchange occurs in these blood vessels.
• Similar to gills are book lungs, which are found in most spiders and their
relatives.
• Book lungs are thin plate like structures that are stacked on top of one
another, like pages in a book.
• Insects and most spiders have branching tubes called tracheas.
• They form a network that connects all of an insect’s cells to oxygen-rich
air.
Respiration in Vertebrates
• Amphibians are animals that live in water when young and on land as
adults.
• Young amphibians exchange gases through their skin and gills.
• Most adult amphibians use their lungs as well as their skin to exchange
gases.
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• In humans, air enters through the nose
and mouth.
• Next it passes into the pharynx and
then into the larynx.
• After entering the trachea, the air
moves into branched bronchi.
• Many bronchioles branch out from the
bronchi.
• Gas exchange occurs in tiny air sacs
called alveoli.
• The diaphragm contracts and expends the lungs to control breathing.
• Digestion and respiration work together to maintain life.
• Digestion provides glucose for cells, and respiration provides the oxygen
that helps convert glucose into usable energy.
• Both systems are necessary for cells.
What is circulation?
- Circulation is the movement of important materials such as oxygen,
glucose, and wastes throughout the body.
- Invertebrates that have a circulatory system have either an open or a
closed system.
- In an open circulatory system, the blood is not entirely enclosed within
blood vessels.
- Instead of moving into smaller vessels, the blood is released by the heart
directly into tissues in the body.
- In a closed circulatory system, the blood remains inside blood vessels.
- Materials diffuse in and out of the blood through the thin walls of the
blood vessels.
- One-way valves keep blood from flowing the wrong direction.
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Body temperature
- Amphibians, reptiles, and most fish are cold-blooded animals. They cannot
control their body temperature.
- Mammals and birds are warm-blooded animals.
Their body temperature stays the same, even when the temperature of
the air changes.
- If these animals become too hot, they give off the excess heat, often by
perspiring.
What are support and movement?
- Cnidarians, roundworm, and some flatworms and mollusks have hydrostatic
skeletons.
- The prefix hydro-means “water” thinks of a water balloon with rubber
bands around it.
By pulling and releasing the rubber bands, you can change the shape of the
balloon.
- A hydrostatic skeleton has no bones.
It is a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscle fibers.
- When the muscle contract, the cavity walls push against the fluid and
produces motion.
Exoskeleton
- The prefix exo-means “outside” an exoskeleton is a hard coating on the
outside of the body.
- Arthropods and many mollusks have exoskeletons.
- Muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton help arthropods move
their joints.
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Endoskeleton
- The prefix endo-means “inside “or inner skeleton.
- Vertebrates have endoskeletons, which are made of hard structures
within the body.
- Besides helping with movement, skeletons also provide protection.
- The hard outer covering of arthropods protects their internal organs.
- Internal ribs protect vital organs such as lungs and the heart.
- A vertebrates’ backbone protects the delicate nerves of its spinal cord.
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Questions
Q1. Complete the following sentences by using the words below.
small intestine
wastes
diffusion
energy
protection
oxygen
1-Living things use …………………………………… from food.
2-The process of excretion involves removing ………………………………… from the
body.
3-Human digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach, and …………………………………………….
4-For some soft-bodied invertebrates, respiration is an exchange of gases by a
process called ………………………………………………
5-Circulation is the system that brings ……………………………………. and glucose to
each cell and takes wastes away from the cells.
6-Whether the skeleton is inside or outside an animal’s body, it is important
because it provides ………………………………………… and support.
Q2. Mention the difference between exoskeleton and endoskeleton.
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Q3. Match the process with the suitable description.
1-digestion
(
)the removal of wastes from the body
2-excretion
(
)the process in which ingested food is broken down
into molecules that are usable by cells
3-respiration
(
)the movement of molecules from areas of higher
concentration to areas of lower concentration
4-diffusion
(
)the process of releasing energy from food
molecules such as glucose
5-circulation
(
)the movement of important material such as oxygen
,glucose and wastes throughout the body
Q4. Write the scientific term.
1-tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs
(
)
2-contracts and expands the lungs to control breathing (
3-branching tubes that insects and most spiders have
)
(
)
4-type of skeleton that round worms and flatworms have (
)
5-the meaning of keeping the body temperature the same (
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Lesson 5 Plant and Animal Adaptations
What are adaptations?
- Organisms respond to their environments that causes a response is called
a stimulus.
Some plant's adaptation
1-Tropism
 The response of an organism toward or away from a stimulus is
called tropism.
 The growth of a plant toward a stimulus is a positive tropism.
 The movement of a plant away from a stimulus is a negative tropism.
 The term tropism comes from a word meaning “to turn” the prefix
photo-means “light”.
• A positive phototropism occurs when a plant turns, or bends, toward the
light.
• Positive hydrotropism when a plant's root growing toward water they are
demonstrating
• Gravitropism is a plant’s response to gravity.
• The roots of a plant show positive gravitropism, and its stem show
negative gravitropism.
2-Carnivorous plants are meat–eating plants.
Plants such as the venus flytrap or the pitcher plant grow in nitrogen-poor soil.
to make up for the lake of nitrogen.
They have adaptive structures to capture and digest insects.
3-A poison-ivy plant protects itself by producing oils that can cause a severe
rash.
4-Other plants have thorns for protections.
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How are animals adapted to their surroundings?
-
Camouflage is a disguise used to make something look like its
surroundings.
- It offers some protection from predators, or animals that hunt and eat
other animals.
- A chameleon can change color; chameleons also move slowly in order to
avoid detection.
- Some animals, such as the stick bug, hide from predators by looking like
something other than a meal.
- Mimicry is an adaption in which an animal
is protected against predators by its
resemblance to a different animal.
For example, hoverflies resemble stinging
bees or wasps, and this helps protect the
hoverflies from predators.
Adapting to climate
• In hot climates, the fennec fox, has huge ears that provide a large
surface area from which heat can escape into the environment.
• The humps of camels are made of fat.
• Camels can live off this stored fat when food is scarce.
• In colder climates, they have insulation.
• Insulation is a material that does not conduct heat well.
• Animals that live in cold climates often have insulating adaptations such as
a thick layer of body fat, called blubber, or a heavy coat of fur.
• The fur closest to an animal`s skin is soft and traps air, which is a good
insulator.
• In birds, this air-trapping layer is often made of soft, thick down
feathers.
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What are some adaptive behaviors of animals?
- Behavioral adaptations can help an animal build a nest or find a home.
- Some adaptive behavioral help animals attract mates.
- Other behaviors help organisms care for their young.
An instinct is an inherited behavioral, one that is not learned but is
instead done automatically.
A new born puppy with its eyes still unopened can find its way to its
mother’s milk.
A spider can weave webs within hours of hatching.
Birds know how to build safe, strong nests.
These animals are not taught how to do these things.
Some adaptations help animals defend themselves.
Ex. turtles tuck their bodies into their protective shells, and skunks spray
attackers with a nasty-smelling liquid.
Seasonal Adaptations
• Some animals are collecting and storing food for winter.
• When temperature drop and days become
shorter, some animals will hibernate.
• Instead of a struggling to keep warm or to
find food and water, they sleep during the
winter.
• Some frogs, hibernation underwater, during
hibernation, all body activities slow down.
• The animal lives on previously stored energy.
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Why do animals migrate?
- Migration is to move from one place to another.
- Some animals migrate seasonally or
periodically in response to their
environments.
- Some organisms, migrations are
round-trip journey.
- Many birds migrate seasonally.
- Parts of the brains of some migratory
birds act much like compasses, responding to earth`s magnetic field.
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Questions
Q1. Write the name of the adaptation.
Q2. Put (T) for true sentences and (F) for false sentences and correct the
wrong ones.
1-When a plant’s root growing toward water, they are demonstrating a positive
phototropism. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-Gravitropism is a plant’s response to gravity. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3-Mimmicry is a thick layer of body fat. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-When temperature drops and days become shorter, some animals will be more
active. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-Parts of the brains of some migratory birds act much like compasses. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q3. Mention some of instinct behavioural.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q4. Complete the following sentences by using the words in the box.
stimulus
tropism
mimicry
instincts
hibernate
1-Something that cause plants and animals to respond to their environments is
called ……………………………………………….
2-An organism’s response to move toward or away from a stimulus is called
…………………………………………..
3-Two adaptations that allow animals to eat without being eaten are camouflage
and …………………………………………………
4-Animals behaviors that are not learned but done automatically are called
………………………………………………
5-When autumn comes some animals respond to the cooler temperatures by
collecting and storing food for winter, some …………………………………… and other
migrate.
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ECIS 1st Term
Revision
Q1. Answer the following questions.
1-What are the five characters of living things.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-Write how are vertebrates classified.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-Why do cells need oxygen?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-How do nesting instincts help an animal survive?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q2. Write the scientific terms.
1- process happens within the leaves of a plant during it plants make their food
(
)
2-the production of more individuals of the same species (
)
3-organisms that transfer pollen from flower to flower (
)
4-the nerve cord running down vertebrates backs. (
5-mammals that have four feet (
)
)
33
ECIS 1st Term
6-removal wastes from the body (
)
7-the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of
lower concentration (
)
8-adaptation in which an animal is protected against predators by its
resemblance into different animal (
)
Q3. Put (T) for true sentences and (F) for false sentences and correct the
wrong ones.
1-Every organism has different respond to the environment. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-Fungi are members of the plant kingdom. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-Non vascular plants pump water through tubes. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-Vascular plants don’t make seeds. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-Fibrous roots store food and grow deep. (
)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6-Bacteria are classified according to their shapes. (
)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7-Plants make their own food during transpiration. (
)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8-A spore is a cell that can develop into a new organism. (
)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34
ECIS 1st Term
9-The liver is a part of the nervous system. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10-The respiratory system releases carbon dioxide from the body. (
)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11-Mammals and birds are cold blooded animals. (
)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12-Skeletal system helps to move important materials such as oxygen and
glucose throughout the body. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13-Camuflage is a type of seasonal adaptation. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q4. Compare between the following terms.
Phototropism
Hydrotropism
35
Gravitropism
ECIS 1st Term
Q5. Choose the correct answer.
1-Plants and animals are similar in ……
a)
b)
c)
d)
belong to the same kingdom
take in food
respond to their environment
contain chloroplast
2-The largest and most general grouping of living things is …….
a)
b)
c)
d)
Phylum
Viruses
Kingdom
Species
3-Plants release water into the atmosphere through their leaves in a process
called ………….
a)
b)
c)
d)
diffusion
transpiration
pollination
absorption
4-All of the following are examples of instincts except…….
a)
b)
c)
d)
a dog plays with a ball
a bird build a nest
a spider weaving a web
a puppy can find its way to its mother’s milk
5-Which of the following organisms is an invertebrate?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Cat
Dog
Snake
Jelly fish
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ECIS 1st Term
6-What do all mammals possess?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Hair and fur
Segmented bodies
Skeleton made of cartilage
Feathers and wings
7-Animals with 2 feet are known as …….
a)
b)
c)
d)
tetra pods
bipeds
vertebrates
invertebrates
8-Respiration is a process that occurs …….
a)
b)
c)
d)
in all cells
only in animals
only in vertebrates
only in self- pollination
9-In addition to support a skeleton also provides ….
a)
b)
c)
d)
a storage site for fats
a way to transport materials
protection for internal organs
place where blood can flow
10-What happens while an animal hibernates?
a)
b)
c)
d)
All body activities stop
All body activities slow down
All body activities speed up
The animal migrates to another place
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ECIS 1st Term
11-The part that contracts and expands the lungs to control breathing is …….
a)
b)
c)
d)
larynx
stomach
nose
diaphragm
12-People, plants, and animals are all ………….
a)
b)
c)
d)
chordates
warm-blooded
tetrapods
organisms
13-A group of similar organisms that reproduce more of their own kind is called
a)
b)
c)
d)
a phylum
a kingdom
a species
an order
14-Plants with veins or tubes in their roots, stems, and leaves are classified as
a)
b)
c)
d)
vascular
seeds
pollinators
arthropods
15-A plant uses sunlight to make food during a process called…………….
a)
b)
c)
d)
mimicry
photosynthesis
reproduction
diffusion
38
ECIS 1st Term
Q6. Label the following diagrams.
12-
3-
45-
39
ECIS 1st Term
Cells
40
ECIS 1st Term
Lesson 1 Cell Theory
• All living things are made of one or more cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
• All cell come from existing cells.
How are cells organized?
- A group of similar cells that work together to perform the same function
makes up a type of tissue.
Animals are mostly comprised of four types of tissue
1. Muscle tissue is made up of cells and fibers that move bones, pump blood,
and push substances through the digestive system.
2. connective tissue Bone, cartilage, tendons, fat, and blood.
3. Nerve tissue carries messages throughout your body.
4. Epithelial tissue includes the outer layer of skin cells and the cells lining
your cheeks and digestive system.
Organs and organ systems
• An organ is a group of two or more types of tissue that work together to
carry out one specific function.
• Your skin is your body`s largest organ.
• The heart is an organ, the brain, lungs, and eyes are examples of other
organs found in animals.
• Plants also have organs.
• The shoots include the stem, leaves, and flowers.
• Shoots are responsible for a variety of a plant`s life functions, including
support, photosynthesis, and reproduction.
• Some organisms are unicellular, or made up of only one cell.
• Bacteria, paramecia, and euglena are unicellular organisms.
• Multicellular organisms are made of more than one cell.
• A group of organs working together is called an organ system.
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ECIS 1st Term
Elements and compounds found in cells
• Many compounds are found in all cells.
• Carbohydrates are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Carbohydrates provide energy to cells.
• Lipids, which include fats, are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Lipids store and release more energy than carbohydrates because of the
way they are structured.
• Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Proteins are needed for cell growth and repair.
• Nucleic acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus.
• Nucleic acid enables cell to build their own proteins.
• Together, these different compounds are used by cells to perform all the
organism`s life functions.
42
ECIS 1st Term
Questions
Q1. Complete the following sentences by the words below.
skin
connective
store
living thing
proteins
1-According to cell theory, all …………………………………… are made of one or more
cells.
2-Animals are mostly made up of epithelial, muscle, ………………………………………., and
nerve tissue.
3-Your …………………………….. is your body’s largest organ.
4-Carbohydrates provide energy to cells, but lipids ………………………………………… and
release more energy because of the way they are structured.
5-The types of compounds needed for cell growth and repair are
………………………………………
Q2. Match the correct word with the descriptions.
1-cell
2-organ
3-organ system
4-tissue
( )group of similar cells that work together to perform
the same function
( )group of organs that work together to perform a
particular life process
( )the basic unit of life and the smallest part of a
living thing
( )a group of two or more types of tissue that work
together to carry out one specific function
Q3. Mention some elements and compounds that found in the cell.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ECIS 1st Term
Q4. Write the scientific term.
1-made up of cells and fibres that move bones, pump blood and push substances
(
2-carry messages throughout your body (
)
)
3-made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
(
)
4-include the outer layer of skin cells and the cells lining your cheeks and
digestive system (
)
44
ECIS 1st Term
Lesson 2 Plant and Animal Cells
Each cell is a tiny system with parts that work together.
1. Every cell has a cell membrane around it that give the cell shape. Like a
protective fence around a factory, it controls what goes into and out of
the cell.
2. A nucleus acts as the control center of the cell .it controls chemical
reactions within the cell and stores important information.
The nucleus has its own membrane. Within the nucleus, long strand of
nucleic acid called chromosomes store direction for all cellular activities.
3. Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance between the nucleus and cell
membrane. It contains a large amount of water.
4. Mitochondria are the power houses of the cell. These rod-shaped
structures perform aerobic respiration, in which chemicals in food are
changed into energy that the cell can then use.
5. Vacuoles are sac like structures that store water and food. They also
store waste material before these substances are passed out of the cell.
The vacuoles in plant cell are much larger than those in animal cell.
Plant Cell
 Plant cell have some structures and chemicals that animal cell do not have,
including cell walls, chloroplast, and chlorophyll.
 The cell wall is a stiff layer that surrounds the cell membrane. Supports
the plant cell, maintains its shape, and protects it from the environment.
 Chloroplasts are found in many plant leaves and stems that trap the
energy of light to make food.
 Chlorophyll is the green pigment inside chloroplast.
45
ECIS 1st Term
What is passive transport?
- The blood delivers constant supplies of food, oxygen and other substances
that the cell needs in order to carry out their activities.
At the same time, the blood carries away waste products such as carbon
dioxide. However, blood does not enter the cell.
- Passive transport is the movement of substance through membranes
without the use of cells energy. The two forms of passive transport are
diffusion, and osmosis.
- The liquid surrounding living cell promotes passive transport. Substances
such as sugar, oxygen, and carbon dioxide pass through cell membranes by
the process of diffusion.
- Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
- Osmosis is the movement of water particles through a membrane
Water like substance in diffusion, tends to move from areas of higher
concentrations to areas of lower concentrations.
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ECIS 1st Term
- Diffusion and osmosis continue until an equal concentration on both sides
of the membrane. When the concentration is equal, diffusion and osmosis
stop. At this point, a state of equilibrium, or balance, has been reached.
Photosynthesis: is the process in which plant and some other organisms use
energy from the sun to produce food in the form of glucose (a type of sugar)
-The main reactant, or ingredients, of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and
water. The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen.
- Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplast. Chlorophyll captures energy
from the sun. The glucose produced in the process is stored inside the
organism.
- Oxygen, waste product of photosynthesis, is released into the
atmosphere.
Respiration and Fermentation
 Plants and animals use energy from glucose through a process called
cellular respiration.
 During cellular respiration, cell break down glucose to release energy.
Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria of cell.
 In plants and animal’s cellular respiration is usually aerobic, meaning”
requiring oxygen”. Cells use oxygen to break down glucose, releasing usable
energy. This process produces water and carbon dioxide as waste.
 Cellular respiration that does not use oxygen is anaerobic, meaning
without oxygen.
 The most common anaerobic process is called fermentation. It is usually
associated with ways to produce or preserve foods such as yogurt.
 Anaerobic respiration occurs in all cells when aerobic cannot take place.
If cells do not get enough oxygen, fermentation releases the energy
needed to power the muscles.
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ECIS 1st Term
 Anaerobic respiration also released a waste product called lactic acid,
which cases a burning or aching sensation in the muscles.
What is active transport?
 Sometimes materials must move from areas of low concentration to area
of high concentration and this requires energy.
 active transport happens when energy is required to move materials
through a cell membrane.
 For example, energy is required to move minerals and nutrients into or out
of a cell. A nerve cell uses active transport to bring potassium in. It also
uses active transport to pump sodium out.
48
ECIS 1st Term
Questions
Q1. Mention some structures that are found only in plant cell.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q2. Complete the following sentences by using the words below.
carbon dioxide
nucleus
oxygen
osmosis
glucose
cytoplasm
water
cell membrane
1-Plant cells and animal cells both have …………………………………………… that give cells
their shape.
2-The part of the cell that is sometimes called the control center is the
…………………………………………
3-Between a cell’s nucleus and its membrane is a gel-like substance called
……………………………………………
4-Diffusion and ……………………………………… are types of passive transport.
5-Osmosis is the movement of …………………………………… through a cell membrane.
6-In order for plants to make food, they need three main ingredients: water,
………………………………………………… and energy from the Sun.
7-The products of photosynthesis are …………………………………. and………………………………
49
ECIS 1st Term
Q3. Write the scientific term.
1-process in which plants and animals access the energy in molecules of glucose
(
)
2-the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration (
)
3-the process in which plant and some other organisms use energy from the sun
to produce food (
)
4-happens when energy is required to move materials through a cell membrane
(
5-the most common anaerobic process (
)
)
6-movement of substances through membrane without the use of cell energy
(
)
Q4. Give reason.
a-mitochondria are the power of the cell
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b-nucleus acts as the control center of the cell
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50
ECIS 1st Term
Lesson 3 Cell Division
- The cell cycle is the ongoing process of growth, division, and
replacement.
- The cell cycle can be fast or slow, depending on the type of organism
and the type of tissue in which cells are located.
Limits on cell size
- Each cell requires oxygen, sugar, and other nutrients.
- The cell must also get rid of wastes.
- These materials pass into and out of the cell through the cell
membrane.
- As a cell grows, its volume (the space inside) increases.
- To fill this growing volume, the cell needs to obtain more nutrients.
- The cell also needs to remove more wastes.
- As the cell becomes larger, the cell membrane also grows that it is
large enough to carry out these functions.
- The amount of space on the outside of the cell is the surface area.
Cancer and cell cycle
- Cell’s growth and division so usually controlled by proteins and
chemicals in the bloodstream.
- When cell growth and division are uncontrolled, they can use serious
problems.
- One of these problems is cancer.
- Cancer occurs when cells divide faster and more frequently than they
normally would.
What is mitosis?
- Most human’s cells contain 46 chromosomes.
- If a cell simply divided equally in half, each new cell would have only half
of the chromosomes of the original.
- This would cause serious problems for most kinds of cells.
- Before dividing, a regular cell copies its chromosomes so it has a second
set.
- Then as the cell’s nucleus divides, each new cell receives a full set of
chromosomes.
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ECIS 1st Term
- This process is called mitosis.
- When the cell is not in mitosis, it is in interphase, the stage between cell
divisions.
- Most of a cell’s time in the cell cycle is spent interphase.
Cell Division
- During interphase, the cell`s genetic material is copied.
- The copies of the genetic material are pulled apart.
1. The first stage of mitosis is called prophase.
During this stage, the genetic material shortness and thickens into
chromosomes.
Also, the membrane that surrounds the nucleus disappears.
2. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.
3. Then, during anaphase, they separate and move to opposite ends of
the cell.
4. In telophase, a nucleus forms for each new cell.
Finally, after mitosis is complete, the original cell divides to from two identical
cells.
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ECIS 1st Term
What is meiosis?
- Most human body cells have 46 chromosomes.
- In meiosis, the nucleus of a cell divides twice.
- The end result of this process is the production of four cells, each with
half as many chromosomes as are found in the original cell.
- Every mature sex cell has only half as many chromosomes as the regular
cells of an organism.
- Human sex cells each contain 23 chromosomes.
- As a result of sexual reproduction, these sex cells combine to from a
zygote with 46 chromosomes, just like the regular cells of each parent.
- The offspring or the organism that results from reproduction, receives
chromosomes from both parents.
- As a result, it receives characteristic and genetic information from both
biological parents.
Comparing mitosis and meiosis
Both processes begin in the nucleus, after chromosomes have been copied.
• Both results in more cells than previously existed.
• Mitosis produces cells with the same number of chromosomes as the
original cell, but meiosis produces cells with half as many chromosomes
as the original cell.
• Two cell divisions occur in meiosis, compared with one in mitosis.
• The final result of mitosis is two cells, but the final result of meiosis is
four cells.
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ECIS 1st Term
How do organisms reproduce?
Asexual reproduction: is the production of a new organism from one parent.
- The offspring is identical to the parent.
- Asexual reproduction is an advantage for some organisms.
- It enables them to increase their numbers quickly.
These are several methods of asexual reproduction:
1. Some organisms use a form of
asexual reproduction called
budding.
During budding, an outgrowth, or
bud, develops the bud is a product
of cell division.
2. For some organisms, such
as sea stars, a piece that
has broken off can
sometimes grow into a
new organism, this
process is known as
regeneration.
Sexual reproduction
• Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins an egg cell.
• In external fertilization the sperm and eggs cells come together outside
the female’s body.
• Most fish and some amphibians reproduce in this way.
• Their external fertilization requires a water environment.
• The sperm and egg cells are released into the water, and the sperm cells
swim to egg cells.
• In internal fertilization the sperm and egg cells join inside the female`s
body. Ex reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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ECIS 1st Term
What is a life span?
- The stages of an organism’s growth and development make up its life
cycle.
- An animal’s life cycle includes birth, youth, reproductive age, old age, and
death.
- Life span is the longest period that an organism can live, even under the
best of circumstances.
- An organism’s life span is a shared characteristic of its species.
- Life expectancy is the average amount of time that an individual of
a species is likely to live.
- Environmental factors, such as the amount of food or water available,
affect life expectancy.
- However, these factors do not affect life span.
55
ECIS 1st Term
Questions
Q1. Complete the following sentences.
four
cancer
sperm
46
zygote
sexual
life span
anaphase
half
chromosomes
1-When cell growth and division run out of control, ……………………… may occur.
2-The number of chromosomes in a typical human cell is ………………………
3-The stages of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, ……………………………..
and telophase.
4-Most animals and plants combine ……………………………………………. from two parents
during a process called ………………………………………. reproduction.
5-When meiosis is complete, there are ……………………………………. cells, each
containing ……………………………………………. as many chromosomes as are found in the
original cell.
6-When the ……………………………………. and an egg join together, the resulting
…………………………………………… contains the correct number of chromosomes.
7-The longest an animal can love under the best of conditions is its
………………………………………………………
Q2. Rearrange the steps of mitosis.
Prophase – telophase – metaphase – anaphase
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ECIS 1st Term
Q3. Write the scientific term.
1-(
)the process that occurs when a sperm cell join an
egg cell
2-(
)the special kind of cell division that produces sex
cell
3-(
)the male sex cell
4-(
)cell division that produces two cells identical to
the original cell
5-(
)the type of cell formed when a sperm and an egg
join together
6-(
)the female sex cell
Q4. Match the following term with the suitable.
1-life expectancy
(
)the sperm and egg cells join inside the female’s
body
2-internal fertilization (
)the longest period that an organism can live, even
under the best of circumstances
3-external
(
)the production of a new organism from one parent
(
)the production of a new organism from two
fertilization
4-cancer
parents
5-sexual reproduction
(
)the sperm and egg cells join outside the female’s
body
6-asexual reproduction (
)happen when cells divide faster and more
frequently
57
ECIS 1st Term
Lesson 4 Microorganisms
What are microorganisms?
- A microorganism is an organism that is microscopic, or not visible to the
unaided eye.
- Another term for a microscopic organism is microbe.
- Microorganisms can be unicellular or multicellular.
1. Microscopic Fungi
- Microscopic fungi include mold and yeast.
- They absorb dissolved nutrients from their surroundings.
- Yeast feeds on the starches in the flour, producing tiny gas bubbles of
carbon dioxide. These bubbles then expand the flour, causing it to rise
and increase in volume.
- Some types of microscopic fungi are used to make antibiotics to cure
disease.
- However, some microscopic fungi can also cause problems.
2. Microscopic Protists
• Most protists are unicellular, microscopic organisms.
• Protists cannot easily be classified as plants
or animals.
• Plantlike protists, such as euglena, make
their own food.
• Diatoms, another group of plantlike protists,
live in lakes and oceans.
• Protists that cannot make their own food
often have structures that help them move to obtain food. Some have
whip like tails called flagella. Others have tiny hairs called cilia.
• Amoebas have structures called pseudopods or “false feet “that extend
and contract for movement.
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ECIS 1st Term
3. Bacteria and Archaea
• Bacteria are unicellular organisms.
• Although some kinds of bacteria are harmful, many are not.
• Some cause disease; others help keep us well.
• Sphere-shaped streptococcus bacteria cause strep infections.
• L. acidophilus bacteria in yogurt are important for good health.
• Archea were once classified as bacteria, but scientists discovered that
they are genetically different.
• Archaea are often found in some of the harshest conditions on earth.
• Some archaea live in hot springs, where temperatures are hot enough to
boil water.
• Other archaea live in anaerobic, oxygen-free, environments. These
environments include areas such as volcanic vents on the ocean floor.
How do microorganisms reproduce?
1.Protists
 Most protists reproduce by binary fission.
 Binary fission is a type of
asexual reproduction in which
the organism divides in two.
 Example, a paramecium will
stretch itself out, make
copies of its chromosomes,
and divide in half.
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ECIS 1st Term
 Protists may perform conjugation is a process in which organism’s fuse, or
attach themselves to each other, and exchange some of their genetic
information. Then they break apart.
 They may then divide by fission.
 Other protists, such as sporozoans, reproduce using spores.
 Spores carry genetic information within a protective membrane.
• These spores can survive harsh circumstances until conditions are right
for them to grow.
• Some spores need an organism they can infect in order to grow.
• This is how microorganisms such as plasmodium-the microorganism that
causes malaria-cause disease.
2.Fungi
Some fungi, such as yeast, reproduce asexually by budding.
A bud first forms as a small growth on the parent cell.
As the bud grows, the nucleus in the parent cell divides in two by mitosis.
Other types of fungi reproduce by spore formation.
Male and female cells fuse to share genetic information and produce
spores.
• These spores are protected inside a coating and are the distributed.
•
•
•
•
•
3.Bacteria
• Many bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
• E. Coli, the bacteria that live in human intestines, reproduce in this
manner.
• Other bacteria transfer genetic information by conjugation.
• During conjugation two bacterial cells are connected.
• Genetic information is exchanged between cells. This genetic information
is later passed on when each bacterial cell divides.
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ECIS 1st Term
What is bread mold?
- Mold spores are tiny.
- When these spores land in a favorable environment, they grow quickly.
- Warm, moist environment are ideal for mold growth.
- Bread mold is made up of tiny filaments
called hyphae.
- Just as roots grow out from a plant, hyphae
spread out in a tangled mass that can cover
a large surface area.
- Some hyphea anchor the mold to the bread,
secrete special chemicals, and absorb
nutrients.
- Bread mold lives in its food. The mold
releases chemicals into the bread to digest it and then absorbs the
nutrients.
- The chemicals that mold used to help it digest food are proteins called
enzymes.
- Enzymes cause certain chemical reactions to occur faster.
- Other hyphae grow upward.
- These hyphae contain the structures that are responsible for producing
spores.
- When the spores are fully developed, they are released.
- This is the asexual part of the mold’s life cycle.
- Sexual reproduction occurs when two hyphae fuse and eventually form
a new spore-producing structure.
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ECIS 1st Term
Questions
Q1. Complete the following sentences by using the words in the box.
microorganism fungi
yogurt
microbe
hyphae
budding
binary fission
enzymes
genetic
information
spores
1-An organism that is not visible to the unaided eye is called …………………………………
or ……………………………………..
2-Mold and yeast are two types of microscopic ………………………………………
3-Acidophilus bacteria in ……………………………………… are important for good health.
4-Conjugation is when microorganisms attach to each other and exchange
…………………………………………………………
5-Some fungi reproduce by …………………………………….. and other fungi reproduce by
producing ……………………………………
6-E.coli bacteria that live in your intestine, reproduce by ……………………………………….
7-If you look closely at bread mold, you will see tiny filaments called
………………………………………… that grow down to anchor the mold to the bread.
8-Bread mold releases …………………………………, or special proteins that help it
digest food.
Q2. Define: Enzymes
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ECIS 1st Term
Q3. Match the correct letter with the description.
a-binary fission
(
)produced when male and female cells fuse together,
and carry genetic information within a protective coating
b-budding
(
)type of asexual reproduction in which a
microorganism divides into two equal parts
c-conjugation
(
)an organism that is not visible to the unaided eye
d-protist
(
)a form of sexual reproduction in which organisms
fuse, exchange genetic information, separate and then
divide
e-microorganism
(
)another way to describe a single-celled organism
f-spore
(
)a form of asexual reproduction in which the
offspring first forms as a small growth on the parent
cell
g-unicellular
(
)not a fungus or a bacterium, but microorganism
Q4. Put (T) for true sentences and (F) for false sentences and correct the
wrong ones.
1-Enzymes cause certain chemical reactions to occur slower. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-Some hyphae grow upward. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-Some fungi, such as yeast, reproduce asexually by splitting. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-Microorganism are unicellular only. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-Mold spores are very large in size. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63
ECIS 1st Term
Revision
Q1. Answer the following questions.
1-Outline the steps in metosis.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-Compare between the following.
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Q2. Choose the correct answer.
1-Which of the following is a connective tissue?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Blood
Skin
Nerve
Muscle
2-Which of the following cell part is correctly paired with its function?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Cytoplasm contains cell structures and various chemicals
Mitochondria traps light energy
Vacuole stores genetic information
Nucleus stores water, food and wastes.
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ECIS 1st Term
3-Which process doesn’t involve energy?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Photosynthesis
Osmosis
Active transport
Aerobic respiration
4-Diffusion and ………… are two types of passive transport.
a)
b)
c)
d)
osmosis
blood
water
nucleus
5-Sac-like structure that store water and food inside cells are called …………
a)
b)
c)
d)
cell membrane
chlorophyll
vacuole
nucleus
6-Which statement about mitosis is true?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Chromosome pairs split apart during prophase.
Chromosome pairs line up during telophase.
Chromosomes first become visible.
Chromosomes make copies of themselves during interphase.
7-The space inside a cell is known as its ………
a)
b)
c)
d)
volume
density
surface area
cell cycle
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8-In meiosis, …………..
a)
b)
c)
d)
the chromosomes don’t make copies.
the nucleus of the cell divides twice.
identical cells are formed.
a cell plate forms to divide the cell into two new cells.
9-When cell growth and division run out of control………….. may occur
a)
b)
c)
d)
cancer
volume
cell plate
replace
10-Which structures are not involved in the movement of microorganisms?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Flagella
Cilia
Pseudopods
Hyphae
11-Most fungi are made of many cells that secrete enzymes to………
a)
b)
c)
d)
digest food
cause infection
obtain water
make antibiotics
12-The process that occurs when plants use energy from the Sun to make food
is called …………………
a)
b)
c)
d)
diffusion
active transport
fertilization
photosynthesis
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13-The process that describes the spreading out of molecules from areas of
higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is ……………
a)
b)
c)
d)
reproduction
transpiration
respiration
diffusion
14-The process that occurs when molecules, such as glucose release energy that
cells can use is called …………………….
a)
b)
c)
d)
fermentation
cellular respiration
transpiration
equilibrium
15-The process through which a cell makes an exact copy of itself is called ………
a)
b)
c)
d)
mitosis
meiosis
the cell cycle
a vacuole
16-The process that produces new sex cells is called ……………….
a)
b)
c)
d)
mitosis
meiosis
the sperm
the zygote
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Q4. Put (T) for true sentences and (F) for false sentences and correct the
wrong ones.
1-Cells contain organelles that perform different jobs. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-Chloroplasts are found in plant cells. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-Muscle tissue is made up of cells and fibro that move bones. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-Cell wall is the green pigment inside chloroplast. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-Active transport happens when energy is not required to move materials. (
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q5. Write the type of the reproduction.
1-
2-
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)
Q6. Label the following diagram.
1
1
2
5
3
2
4
4
6
7
1-………………………………………………
5-………………………………………
2-………………………………………………
6-………………………………………
3-………………………………………………
7-………………………………………
4-………………………………………………
1-
2-
4-
3-
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ECIS 1st Term
Ecosystems
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Lesson 1 Earth’s Ecosystems
- Ecosystem is the living things and nonliving things in an area.
- These things interact with their environment and with one another in a
number of ways.
Parts of an ecosystem
- A population is all organisms of the same kind that live in a particular
area.
- If populations do not have adaptations that enable them to survive in
their ecosystems, they will disappear from the area or die out.
- A community is all the populations that live together in the same place .
- The various living things in an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, and
bacteria, are known as biotic factors.
- The nonliving parts of an ecosystem, such as water, minerals, sunlight, air,
and soil, are abiotic factors.
- Abiotic factors determine which kinds of organisms can live in a particular
area.
- Together, the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem help determine
the sizes of the populations that live there.
What are cycles in an ecosystem?
- A cycle is a series of events that happen in the same order over and over
again.
The water cycle
• Living things need water to survive.
• Plants need water to make their food during photosynthesis, animals drink
or absorb water as well.
• Most of Earth’s water is in the oceans.
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• Water on Earth’s surface evaporates, condenses, and forms clouds.
• The water in clouds then returns to the surface as precipitation.
• Water also cycles through living organisms.
• For example, when you exhale, your breath releases water vapor.
• Plants release water too.
• Water exist the leaves of a plant during transpiration.
• This process can produce clouds of water vapor around tall trees in the
rain forest.
The Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide cycle
• Early photosynthetic organisms used water, carbon dioxide, and energy
from the sun to make their own food.
• Overtime, the oxygen released as a waste product of photosynthesis
gradually built up in the atmosphere.
• When you breathe, you take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
• Activities such as burning fossil fuels also release carbon dioxide.
• Plants take in a portion of carbon dioxide from the air to use during
photosynthesis.
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Bacteria are living in the soil, usually attached to plant roots, change
nitrogen into forms plants can use. This process is called nitrogen
fixation.
• Plants absorb nitrogen-containing substances through their roots.
• Legumes, the plant family that includes beans, peanuts, and peas, have
colonies of nitrogen-fixation bacteria attached to their roots.
• The bacteria constantly provide usable forms of nitrogen for the plants.
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• When animals and plants die and decay, living plants absorb some of the
nitrogen-containing substances that are released by the decaying
organisms.
• Other substances containing nitrogen are broken down by bacteria in the
soil.
• The bacteria then release nitrogen gas back into the air.
What kinds of interactions exist in an ecosystem?
- A relationship between two kinds of organisms that lasts over time is
called symbiosis.
1. Parasitism
• A parasitic relationship, an organism of one species benefits at the
expense of an organism of another species.
• The organism that benefits from the relationship is called a parasite, and
the organism that is harmed is called a host.
2. Commensalism
• When one organism benefits without harming the other, a commensal
relationship results.
• One species may use another for transportation, shelter, or some other
purpose.
• For example, clownfish use sea anemones for protection.
• The remora is a fish that attaches itself to sharks and other large fish.
The remora receives protection from predators, and it feeds on scraps from
the larger fish’s meal. The larger fish is neither harmed nor helped by the
presence of remora fish.
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3. Mutualism
• A relationship that is mutualistic benefits both participants.
• The bacteria that grow on the roots of legumes obtain nutrients from the
plants.
• The plants can then build proteins using the fixed nitrogen produced by
the bacteria.
• Both participants help each other survive, and each benefits from the
presence of the other.
• Mutualism is a positive form of symbiosis, because the relationship
benefits both species.
How do organisms compete and survive in ecosystems?
- The amounts of food, water, sunlight, shelter, and other resources are
limited.
- As a result, organisms struggle against one another to obtain what they
need to survive.
- This struggle is competition.
- Competition is the attempt by organisms to obtain a resource that is
available in a limited supply.
- Each species has a different niche or role in the community.
- Each species has adaptations that help it to survive in its own particular
niche.
- For example, animals that eat plants normally have teeth that are good
for grinding fibers.
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- Animals that eat meat often have claws and teeth that are good for
tearing through flesh.
- Animals that hunt or gather food at night often see well in the dark.
- These adaptations help the organisms survive and reproduce.
- Competition among species is reduced because different species obtain
resources in unique ways.
1. All the species in a forest do not eat exactly the same diet or want to
build their homes or nests in exactly the same locations.
2. Some organisms hunt by day, and others hunt by night.
3. Some meat- eating species may not hunt at all, relying instead on eating
animals that have been killed by other predators.
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ECIS 1st Term
Questions
Q1. Compare between biotic and abiotic factors.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q2. Write the scientific term.
1-all organisms of the same kind that live in a particular area (
)
2-all the populations that live together in the same place (
)
3-living things and non-living things in an area (
)
4-series of events that happen in the same order over and over again
(
)
5-process of change nitrogen into forms plant can use (
)
Q3. Give reason: Competition among species is reduced.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Q4. Complete the following sentences by using the words below.
carbon dioxide commensalism
oxygen
compete
bacteria
mutualism
niche
symbiosis
parasitism
resources
1-As part of the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle, green plants use …………………………….
and give off ……………………………
2-As part of the nitrogen cycle, ………………………………… in the soil change nitrogen
into a form that can be used by plants.
3-A relationship between two kinds of organisms that lasts over time is called
………………………………………………………….
4-A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of
the other organism is ……………………………………
5-In a relationship known as ………………………………………… one organism benefits from
another organism without harming it.
6-In ……………………………………… both of the organisms involved benefit from their
relationship.
7-Organisms …………………………….. against one another for limited resources.
8-The role that a species plays in its community is its ………………………………..
9-Competition among species is reduced when different species obtain their
…………………………………….. in unique ways.
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Lesson 2 Food Chains, Webs, and Pyramids
• A food chain is a model of the path that the energy in food takes as it
moves from one organism to the next in an ecosystem.
• A producer is an organism that makes its own food.
• Producers that perform photosynthesis give off oxygen and produce food
that other living things consume to survive.
• Producers use some of the food they manufacture, and they store the
remainder.
• Plants may store food in their leaves, stems, or roots.
• When other organisms eat the plants, they obtain energy from the food
that the plants have made and stored.
• On land, plants are usually the producers in a food chain.
• In ocean producers are usually phytoplankton, they are mostly single
celled organisms and they carry out more than half of photosynthesis that
occurs on Earth.
• Phytoplankton are mostly single-celled organisms that grow in large
numbers near the ocean`s surface.
• Other producer, such as certain types of bacteria living on the ocean
floor, uses chemicals instead of sunlight as a source of energy with which
to make food.
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• A consumer obtains energy by eating producers or other consumers.
• Consumers are classified by the levels they occupy in the food chain.
1. Primary consumers are organisms that eat producers.
• Primary consumers are the second link in a food chain, after producers.
• An insect such as an aphid is a primary consumer.
2. Secondary consumers obtain energy by eating primary consumers.
3. Tertiary consumers are at the top of most of the food chains found in an
ecosystem.
4. When organisms die, their remains contain stored energy.
5. A decomposer is an organism that breaks down the remains of dead
organisms into simpler substances.
6. Decomposers put nutrients back into the soil, where they can be taken up
by producers again.
7. Worms, bacteria, and fungi are decomposers that recycle energy and
other materials from decaying organisms.
8. As a result, decomposers play an important role in any ecosystem.
What are food webs?
- A food web is a model that shows how food chains overlap in an ecosystem.
- The organisms that make up a food
web fill particular roles.
- A food web shows the relationships
among all the species in an ecosystem.
1. Herbivores are primary consumers
that eat only producers.
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ECIS 1st Term
• Herbivores have flat-edged teeth in the front of the mouth for cutting
plant material.
2. Second and tertiary consumers are carnivores, animals that eat other
animals.
• Many carnivores have sharp teeth or hooked beaks that rip into prey.
3. Consumers that eat plants and animals are called omnivores, including
humans.
• Events that occur in one part of a food web can often affect other parts.
Predators and prey
• Living things that hunt and kill other living things for food are predators.
• The organisms that they hunt are called prey.
• Most animals, at one time or another, can be both predators and prey.
• A scavenger is an animal that feeds on the remains of dead animals that it
did not hunt or kill.
What is an energy pyramid?
- Food chains and food webs are models
that show how energy in a system is
transferred from producers to
consumers.
- As energy is passed from producers to
consumers to decomposers, some energy
is used for the internal functions of the
organisms, and some energy is given off
as heat.
- A model that shows how energy flows
through a food chain is called an energy pyramid.
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- Producers form the base of the energy pyramid, because they support all
the other organisms.
- Animals that consume producers occupy the next level.
- Consumers do not absorb all the energy stored in their food.
- Only about 10 percent of the energy from one level of an energy pyramid
is available to organisms at the next level.
- The decrease in energy from one level to the next limits the number of
consumers in a food chain. This is why there are usually more producers
than consumers.
- Changes in an ecosystem can upset the balance of food and energy.
- A decrease in the food supply can cause an increase in competition. This
can affect the population of a species.
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Questions
Q1. Mention the importance of decomposers.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q2. Give reason: producers form the base of the energy pyramids.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q3. Match the following terms with the suitable description.
1-carnivores
(
)consumer that eats the remains of dead animals that
it didn’t hunt or kill
2-producers
(
)organisms that use sun’s energy to make sugar
3-scavengers
(
)animals that eat other animals
4-food web
(
)the path that energy follows
5-food chain
(
)network of food chains
Q4. Put (T) for true sentences or (F) for false sentences and
correct the wrong ones.
1-An ecosystem includes only the nonliving things in an environment. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-Biotic factors are living things. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-Energy flows in one direction in food chains. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82
ECIS 1st Term
4-Omnivores are animals that eat only plants. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-Lions, snakes and crocodiles are some examples of decomposers. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q5. Complete the following sentences by using the words below.
photosynthesis
ten
decomposer
energy pyramid
consumer
scavenger
Producer
food web
1-Organisms that make their own food through ………………………………… are called
…………………………………………….
2-Living things that don’t make their own food and must therefore eat other
organisms are called ……………………………….
3-An organism that breaks down the remains of the other organisms is called
…………………………………....
4-A model that shows how food chains overlap in an ecosystem is called
………………………………………
5-An animal that eats dead animals that it did not hunt and kill is called
…………………………………………………
6-A model that shows how energy flows through a food chain is called
…………………………………………
7-About ………………………………… percent of the energy from one level of an energy
pyramid is available to consumers at the next level.
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Revision
Q1. Answer the following questions.
1-What makes up an ecosystem?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-How does mutualism differ from commensalism?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q2. Choose the correct answer.
1-If a tick sucks blood from a dog then the dog is a -----------a) Predator
b) prey
c) host
d) parasite
2-During nitrogen fixation,---------a) plants release nitrogen into the air
b) bacteria change nitrogen into a form that plants can use
c) living things use to build proteins
d) animals breath nitrogen
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3-Which process returns water from the atmosphere to Earth?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Precipitation
Respiration
Transportation
Fixation
4-Which of the following represents a community in an ecosystem?
a)
b)
c)
d)
All the populations that live in the same place
All the abiotic factors
All the people that live in the same place
All the living and non-living things that are found in the same place
5-An insect feed on plants, a frog eats the insect so the frog is a(n)-------a)
b)
c)
d)
primary consumer
secondary consumer
decomposer
omnivore
6-Competition will increase in an ecosystem if ---------a)
b)
c)
d)
the food supply decreases
one species moves to a different ecosystem
the energy flow through a food chain is increased
more space becomes available for the organisms that live there
7-Herbivores, carnivores and scavengers are all examples of ------a)
b)
c)
d)
decomposers
consumers
omnivores
producers
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8-Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis are ----a)
b)
c)
d)
omnivores
decomposers
producers
scavengers
9-A model that shows how food chains overlap in an ecosystem is called ----a)
b)
c)
d)
food chain
food web
herbivore
primary consumer
10-An organism that eats a secondary consumer is a(n)--------a)
b)
c)
d)
decomposer
producer
tertiary consumer
phytoplankton
12-Food chains in an ocean biome begin with --------a)
b)
c)
d)
plankton
hydrothermal vents
benthos
nekton
13-All of the abiotic and biotic factors in a given area form ------a)
b)
c)
d)
a community
an ecosystem
a population
a species
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14-When two organisms have a relationship from which both benefit, the
relationship is called -----a)
b)
c)
d)
commensalism
competition
mutualism
parasitism
15-Energy for most things on Earth originally comes from ---------a)
b)
c)
d)
the Sun
a producer
the ocean
a community
Q3. Put (T) for true sentences and (F) for false sentences.
1-Almost all organisms depend on sunlight to live. (
2-A decomposer must hunt for its food. (
)
)
3-Food chain is an ecosystem that has consumers but no producer. (
)
4-Plant eaters in a food web have greater amount of energy available. (
5-Competition exists because food, water and habitat are limited. (
6-Competition occurs only between members of species. (
7-In symbiosis both organisms in relationship benefit. (
)
)
)
8-Many resources cycle continuously through ecosystems. (
9-Plants take their nitrogen from the air. (
)
)
)
10-Water vapor, evaporation, precipitation is sequence of the water cycle. ( )
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Q4. Fill in the blanks by using the words from the box.
scavengers – niche – competition – energy pyramid – biotic factor
1-………………………………………… is an animal that feed on remains of dead animals that
it didn’t hunt or kill.
2-……………………………………… is what organisms must go through to obtain a resource
that is available in a limited supply.
3-………………………………………… is a model that shows how energy flows through a
food chain.
4-………………………………………… is the role that a species has in a community.
5-…………………………………………… is any living thing in the ecosystem.
Q5. Write the scientific term.
1-(
) the nonliving things parts of an ecosystem
2-(
) all populations that live together in the same place
3-(
) a relationship between two kinds of organisms that last
overtime.
4-(
) the relationship when one organism benefits without
harming the other.
5-(
)the living thing that hunt and kill other living things for
food.
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Q6. Write the letter of a word from the box to answer each
riddle.
a-community
e-food web
b-ecosystem
f-population
c-energy pyramid
g-predator
1-I include all living things in an ecosystem. What am I? (
d-food chain
h-prey
)
2-I am a diagram that shows the amount of energy available at each level of an
ecosystem. What am I? (
)
3-I am a network of food chains that are connected. What am I? (
4-I am an animal that hunts other animals for food. Who am I? (
)
)
5-I include all living and nonliving things in an environment? What am I? (
6-Predators hunt me for food. Who am I? (
)
)
7-All the members of a single species in an ecosystem are part of me.
What am I? (
)
8-I am the path that energy takes as it moves from one organism to another in
an ecosystem. What am I? (
)
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Conserving our Resources
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Lesson 2 Air and Water
Atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds Earth.
 Air makes life possible.
 It consists mostly of nitrogen and oxygen.
 It also contains water vapour, argon gas, and traces of other gases.
 The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide among living things is called
the oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle.
 Producers take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen.
 Unicellular algae produce most of Earth’s oxygen.
 Animals take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
Earth’s Atmosphere
 Earth’s atmosphere is a major source of nitrogen.
 Plants need nitrogen to make proteins, an important class of food.
 Some bacteria take nitrogen from the air and convert it to a chemical
form that plants can use.
 When consumers produce waste or die, the remaining nitrogen returns to
the soil and air.
 Earth’s atmosphere also protects life from temperature extremes. Clouds
block sunlight during the day. Clouds also stop much of the heat from
escaping into space at night so that Earth does not cool off too much.
 The ozone layer is a layer of Earth’s atmosphere that is made of a special
form of oxygen gas.
 The atmosphere’s moving air or wind is a source of energy.
 Wind generates electricity.
 Wind is also used in recreation. People fly kites, and sail. These activities
use wind as a source of energy.
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Where do we find water?
 Water is one of Earth’s most important resources.
 Fresh water is constantly renewed by the water cycle.
 The water cycle is the continuous movement of water between Earth’s
surface and the air.
 Water evaporates from the oceans and from bodies of water and land.
 Water vapour in the air rises and cools.
 The water then condenses into clouds of tiny droplet.
 When these droplets in the clouds become heavy enough, they fall to the
ground as precipitation. Some water then evaporates. Some seeps into the
ground, becoming groundwater. Some of the water moves downhill. As
runoff and enters streams and river.
 Watersheds; runoff enters streams, which eventually become part of a
river system. In a river system, many channels conduct the water into a
main river. The region that contributes water to a river or a river system
is called watersheds.
 Land forms such as mountain ridges often form the boundaries of a
watershed.
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Runoff
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How is water useful
 The salt in salt water is mostly halite, or rock salt.
 As water evaporates into the air, it leaves behind the dissolved halite and
other materials.
 -This is why the ocean is salty.
Ocean water contains dissolved minerals and carbon dioxide.
 Producers use these materials and sunlight to make food.
 Producers, in turn, become food for people. Seawater contains almost
every element and minerals human need. These elements and minerals
become part of the plants and animals that people eat.
 Scientists have found ways to turn salt water into freshwater. This is
called desalination.
 The oceans have an important effect on the climates of different areas.
 Global ocean currents circulate warm water from the equator and cold
water from the Polar Regions. These currents help form weather patterns
on land.
Desalination
 Sea water enters a desalination plant
and is heated until it is boiling.
 The hot seawater is then pumped to a low
pressure chamber, where it evaporates
rapidly.
 The evaporated water is collected and
condensed as fresh water.
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Drought and Floods
Drought
 When there is a lack of
precipitation such as rain or
snow over an extended period of
time, a drought can occur.
 People learned from difficult
experience. They found ways to
help protect the land during a
drought. For example, farmers
now use contour-plowing methods
to help minimize erosion. They
also plant trees as windbreaks.
Flood
 Sometime an area receives too much water.
 When a stream, a river, or a lake receives more water than its banks can
hold, a flood results. Floods can sometimes be predicted. For example,
floods often occur during wet seasons.
 They also can occur during the spring snowmelt.
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ECIS 1st Term
Questions
Q1. Compare between drought and flood.
drought
flood
Q2. Put (T) for true sentences and (F) for false sentences and correct
wrong ones.
1-Producers take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. (
)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-Unicellular algae produce most of Earth’s nitrogen. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide among living things is called the
oxygen- carbon dioxide cycle. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-Wind can help generating electricity. (
)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-Scientists use evaporation to turn salt water into freshwater. (
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Q3. Complete the following sentences by using words in the box.
atmosphere
nitrogen
desalination
oxygen
oceans
precipitation
water cycle
plants
1-Air is part of the ………………………………………, the layer of gases that surrounds
Earth.
2-Air consists mostly of …………………………………… and oxygen.
3-When people and animals breathe, their cells take in …………………………… from
the air and release carbon dioxide, which ………………………………… take in to make
food.
4-The small amount of Earth’s usable fresh water is renewed constantly by the
………………………………………
5-Water evaporates from ……………………………………. and other bodies of water on
land.
6-When water droplets in clouds become too heavy, they fall to the ground as
………………………………………………
7-The process scientists use to turn salt water into freshwater is called
………………………………………………
Q4. Write the scientific term.
1-a region that contributes water to a river
2-a layer of gases that surrounds Earth
(
)
(
)
3-the special form of oxygen gas found in the atmosphere (
)
4-the continuous movement of water between Earth’s surface and the air
(
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ECIS 1st Term
Lesson 3 Other Land Resources
 Renewable resources; the resources that can be used repeatedly and
replaced naturally.
 Example: water, which is replenished through the water cycle. Solar
energy, another renewable resource, is continuously supplied by the
sun.
 Non-renewable resources; either cannot be replaced or take so long to
replace that they are considered non-renewable. non-renewable
resources exist in limit quantities or are used up more quickly than they
can be replaced. Trees for example, are renewable resources. However,
if trees are cut down more quickly than are replaced, tress maybe
regarded as non-renewable resources. Copper, coal, petroleum, and
other minerals, are non-renewable
Minerals and soil
Minerals make up the solid matter in Earth’s crust. Many minerals form when
magma cools and hardens into a solid beneath the surface of Earth. Some
minerals, such as diamond, form deep within Earth where the carbon that
diamond is made of is under intense heat and pressure.
Minerals include common table salt, gypsum. Minerals are non-renewable
resources.
 Rocks that contain useful substances, such as minerals, are known as ores.
 Gems are minerals that are rare and beautiful. Diamond, emeralds, and
rubies are a few well-known gems.
 Quartz, which is usually found on Earth as sand. Quartz contains silicon,
the elements used in production of computer chip. Pieces of quartz are
used in watches and clocks. Energy from a battery keeps the quartz
vibrating steadily, and this makes the watches or clock keep very accurate
time. Crystals of quartz, mica, and other minerals can be found in granite,
a hard rock used in buildings.
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 Minerals also make up marble, a rock that is a favourite material for
statues and monuments. The minerals give the marble its rich colour and
lustre.
 Most rocks in earth’s land are covered with layers of soils, which is
mixture of weathered rock, decayed plant and animals, air, and water.
How do fuels form?
 Energy; comes from fossils fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
 Fossils fuel is non-renewable resources, because they take so long to form
and their supply is limited.
 once they are burned, the fuel cannot be recovered.
Oil and natural gas
 Oil and natural gas formed from the remains of organisms that once lived
in the ocean. Their remains settled to the ocean floor and were buried by
sand or other sediment. Pressure and heat turned the remains of these
organisms into oil and natural gas.
 Petroleum products are used primarily as fuel for transportation.
How do people affect the environment?
Pollution is a harmful change to the natural environment. Pollution occurs
because Earth’s land, water, and air have a limited capacity to absorb wastes
and to recycle them naturally.
 Oil that leaks from a ship floats on the water’s surface.
 This layer of oil makes feeding difficult for seabirds and coats their
feathers, making it impossible for them to fly.
 Sea mammals can also be covered in oil. Contaminants in oil can sink to the
bottom and cause damage there as well.
 Oil can also wash onto the shore, the coastline and harming the coastal
ecosystem.
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Harming the soil
 The easiest way to remove minerals from the ground is strip-mining.
Involve scraping away large areas of dirt and topsoil. When it rains, the
dirt erodes, and the topsoil washes into streams and lakes.
 When crops are harvested, fields are sometimes cleared as thoroughly as
possibly. When this happens, little plant matter is left to decay and
restore nutrients to the soil. Planting the same crop after year also uses
up soil nutrients. In time, the soil becomes unable to support plant life.
Without plant roots to anchor the soil, wind and rain can carry topsoil
away.
 Cutting down forests without planting more trees also removes roots that
prevent soil erosion.
 Construction will sometimes change the course of a river. This affects all
the organisms that live in the area and may harm the local ecosystem.
How people affect water and air
 Activities such as bathing, washing clothes, and flushing toilets can send
harmful residues into water. Some factories that makes products we use
every day may also dump wastes and chemical into lakes and rivers.
 People working in agriculture usually apply fertilizers and pesticides to soil
and crops. Home owners use fertilizers and pesticides on their lawns and
gardens to promote plant growth and prevent damage by insects. Some of
these chemical soak into the ground or flow into lakes and rivers, harming
fish, birds, and mammals.
 Fertilizers runoff can disrupt entire ecosystems. Increases algae growth
so much that the water turns green. Masses of dead, decaying algae can
use up vital oxygen dissolved in the water, killing the fish and water
plants.
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 When people burn fuels to power factories, that heat homes, or drive
vehicles, they also produce air pollution. smog is a type of air pollution
that can form over urban or industrial areas. Smog is a combination
of smoke and fog.
 Acid rain occurs when air pollution mixes with moisture in the
atmosphere. Nitrogen and sulphur gases produced by burning fossil fuels
combine with water vapour in the air to form acids. These acids fall to
earth as acid rain or snow. Acid rain can pollute water and soil, kill
plants and fish, and damage the stone and metal used in building and
statues.
How do people affect the land?
 People produce large quantities of garbage every day. Most of the garbage
ends up in landfills, specially designed places where garbage is
deposited into lined pits. The garbage in landfills decomposes slowly and
safely. However, in some areas, garbage is simply dumped into open pits
and left to rot. In other areas, garbage is burned in incinerators that give
off large amounts of smoke.
 Household garbage may contain harmful substances, weed killers.
 Biodegradable garbage able to break down naturally over a short period
of time. For example, banana peels and paper are biodegradable. Other
materials, cups and plastic containers, are non-biodegradable because
these materials do not break down easily, they add to the amount of trash
that needs to be stored.
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 Toxic waste a collection of poisonous materials, must be disposed of
carefully so it does not pollute soil, ground water, rivers, and lakes. toxic
waste is poisonous to plants, people, and other organisms.
 Common household items such as paints, cleaners, oils, and batteries can
contain hazardous components. These products, if mishandled, can be
dangerous to the environment.
 Some recycling system breaks down garbage into useful compounds and
elements or convert garbage into energy. these are good ways to dealing
with the garbage that people produce.
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Questions
Q1. Mention some renewable and non-renewable resources.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q2. Why does pollution happen?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q3. Complete the following sentences by using the words below.
toxic waste
biodegradable
smog
incinerators
harmful
coal
water
solar
1-Two examples of renewable resources are ……………………….. and ………………………
energy.
2-Some examples of nonrenewable resources are copper,……………………………,
petroleum and other minerals.
3-Pollution is a ……………………………………. change in the natural environment.
4-Air pollution from burning fuels has caused ………………………………… to form over
some cities.
5-Most garbage ends up in landfills, but in some places it is burned in
……………………………………….
6-Some household garbage breaks down, but some garbage is not
……………………………………………………
7-Industerial waste that contains poisonous chemicals and metals is called
…………………………………………………………
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Q4. Write the scientific term.
1-a natural resource that cannot be reused or quickly replaced
(
)
2-a mixture of smoke and fog that usually forms over cities
(
)
3-a place with a special lining where garbage is collected, and get covered with
soil (
)
4-form when nitrogen and sulfur from burning fossil fuels combine with
moisture in the air (
)
5-a natural resource that can be reused or replaced quickly
(
)
6-the word used to describe garbage that breaks down quickly and naturally
(
)
7-a collection of poisonous materials that must be handled very carefully
(
)
Q5. Match the following term with the suitable description.
1-ores
(
) include common table salt, gypsum
2-acid rain
(
) rocks that contain useful substances
3-landfills
(
) happen when air pollution mixes with moisture in
the atmosphere
4-minerals
(
) most of garbage ends up in it
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Lesson 4 Saving Resources
 People have developed many ways to protect the soil. After harvesting
crops, farmers add humus, or decomposed organic material, to the soil.
This replaces minerals removed by the crops as they grow.
 Many farmers spread manure on fields where they grow their crops. The
manure adds organic matter to the soil to help crops grow.
 Farmers also can rotate their crops, growing a different crop each year
in a given field
 This way, the same substances and nutrients are not removed from the
soil year after year. Some crops add substances to the soil that other
crops remove.
 Some farmers plant grass between rows of crops. Other plant crops in
“steps” known as terraces. Still other farmers plant trees in a row across
the top of a hill. All these methods help trap run off and prevent the
soil from being washed or blown away.
Water purification
1) Chemical treatments cause particles in the water to form clumps. The larger
particles then sink to the bottom.
2) The water flows through layers of gravel and fine sand. The gravel and sand
filter out smaller particles from the water.
3) Air may be bubbled through the water to improve the taste.
4) Chlorine is added to kill bacteria. Many cities also add fluoride, which helps
prevent cavities in teeth.
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Recycling
 Recycling trash reduces the amount that goes into landfills. Many
communities have recycling centers to collect materials such as paper,
glass, metals, and plastic that can be used again. Using objects made of
recycled materials helps reduce waste even more.
Conserving water
 Water can be purified in water-treatment or water-purification plants. In
these plants, polluted water is treated with chemicals.
 The water is then filtered to remove impurities. Finally, the water is
treated with chemicals such as chlorine to kill bacteria and make the
water fit to drink once again.
 Some countries have passed laws to keep sewage, chemicals, and other
wastes out of the oceans.
How can we reduce the burning of fossil fuels?
 Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas form from the remains of
living things. Supplies of fossil fuels are limited because they are
nonrenewable. People burn fossil fuels to power their cars, heat their
homes, and generate electricity. As our population increases, so does our
use of fossil fuels. It is important to conserve current supplies of fossil
fuels so that they will last longer.
Alternative energy sources are sources of energy other than fossil fuels. Many
alternative energy sources exist.
1) Some energy can be found within Earth. Earth’s interior is hot. In some
places this heat rises to the surface in the form of steam or hot water.
The steam or hot water provides geothermal energy, heat from below Earth’s
surface. Geothermal energy can be used in some areas to heat homes and
produce electricity.
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2)Wind is now a major renewable alternative energy
source. Windmills use moving air to spin wind turbines
that generate electricity.
3) Biomass, or plant and animal wastes that might otherwise be thrown away,
can also be processed to make fuel. This process, which is known as biomass
conversion, takes place in a waste-treatment plant called a bio refinery. These
plants produce alcohol-based fuels and generate electricity and heat. Corn and
other grains, as well as sugarcane, can also be turned into fuel in this way.
4) Running water has always provided
energy in the United States. The use of
running water to generate electricity is
called hydroelectricity. Many dams have
hydroelectric plants at their bases.
5) The sun provides the largest amount of energy
for earth. The sun heats the atmosphere, causes
the winds to blow, and drives the water cycle.
Plants use energy from the sun to produce food.
People harness the power of sunlight by using
solar cells, devices that use sunlight to produce
electricity. The energy stored in a series of solar
cells is enough to light a house and keep it warm
all night.
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What are the 3 Rs?
 We can help protect earth’s land, water, and air by following the 3 Rs of
conservation: reduce, reuse, and recycle.
1) We can reduce the amount of natural resources we use. We can reduce
the fuel used for heating and air –conditioning by adjusting indoor
temperatures to use less heat in cold weather and less air-conditioning in
hot weather. We can also design cars that are more fuel-efficient and
encourage people to use them.
2) Reusing materials saves resources. We can reuse many products. We can
use washable tableware instead of disposal cups dishes and plates.
3) We can also save resources by recycling materials that can be reused in
new ways. Separate trash from recycling pickup, or bring paper products,
plastic, glass, and metal cans to recycling centers. Recycling reduces the
amount of energy needed to make things and also reduces the amount of
garbage we produce.
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Questions
Q1. Complete the following sentences by using the words in the
box.
waste
energy
recycle
hydroelectric
trees
recycling
grass
alternative
1-To prevent soil from being washed away, farmers can plant ………………………………
between rows of crops or plant ……………………………… in a row across the top of a
hill.
2-Some towns and cities reduce waste by collecting paper, glass and plastic at
……………………………………………………. centers.
3-Geothermal energy and wind are two examples of ……………………………………..
energy sources.
4-Running water is used to produce energy in …………………………………….. plants.
5-The 3 Rs of conservation are reduce, reuse, and …………………………………………
6-Reusing materials saves the ……………………………………… that would have been used
to make new materials.
7-Recycling reduces the amount of ………………………………… that would otherwise be
buried in landfills.
Q2. Mention some alternative energy.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Q3. Write a suitable word that describe each picture.
Q4. Put (T) for true sentences and (F) for false sentences.
1-Wind is now a major renewable alternative energy source. (
)
2-Running water has always provided energy in the United States. (
)
3-The use of running water to generate electricity is called biomass. (
4-Reusing materials saves resources. (
)
)
5-Water is treated with chemicals such as nitrogen. (
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Revision
Q1. Answer the following questions.
1-Describe how Earth’s atmosphere sustains life.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2-Identify the steps in water cycle.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-What are some ways in which farmers try to protect and conserve soil?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-How can people reduce their dependence on fossil fuels?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Q2. Fill in the blanks by using the words in the box.
watershed – oceans – water cycle – atmosphere – nitrogen – fresh water –
oxygen - precipitation
1-The region that contributes water to a river or a river system is called
----------------------------2- -------------------- is less than 3% of the water on Earth.
3-Air is a part of the --------------------------, the layer of gases that surrounds
Earth.
4-Air consists mostly of -------------- and oxygen.
5-When water droplets in cloud become too heavy; they fall to the ground as
------------------------------6-When people and animals breathe, their cells take in ---------------- and
release carbon.
7-The water cycle begins with water that evaporates from ----------------- and
other bodies of water on land.
8-The small amount of Earth’s usable fresh water is renewed constantly by the
--------------------------------Q3.Choose the correct answer.
1-In which process is oxygen considered a waste product?
a-respiration
c-photosynthesis
b-water cycle
d-precipitation
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2-About 95% of the sun’s ultraviolet rays are blocked from reaching Earth
by -------a-clouds
c-ozone layer
b-wind
d- nitrogen
3-Which farming practice help to protect the environment?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Appling as much fertilizer to crops as possible.
Planting different crops each season.
Removing all plants matter before decays.
Clearing the land to grow as many crops as possible.
4-Anthracite and lignite are both forms of…………..
a-coal
c-petroleum
b-minerals
d-natural gas
5-Hydroelectricity is dependent upon …………….
a)
b)
c)
d)
heat from Earth
running water
winds
plants and animals
6-Why is chlorine added to drink water?
a)
b)
c)
d)
To prevent chlorine from entering the soil.
To turn salt water into fresh water suitable for drinking
To kill bacteria
To make it taste better
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7-Which is a conservation method used by farmer?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Planting crops in steps called terraces.
Reducing the amount of humus in soil.
Planting crops on a slope.
Allowing the topsoil to be carried away by runoff.
8-Desalination is a process that ……………..
a)
b)
c)
d)
causes runoff.
replenishes the water table.
turns salt water into fresh water.
turns fresh water into salt water.
9-underground water filled area of rock and soil between two packed layers of
rocks is ……………..
a-aquifer
c-water cycle
b-salt water
d-nitrogen
10-When underground water is blocked by tightly packed rocks, it fills the
space between the rocks and the soil above to form a water – filled space, the
top of which is called ………………….
a-pipelines
b-water table
c-lake
d-ozone layer
11- A natural or man- made lake that stores fresh water is ……………
a-reservoir
c-precipitation
b-atmosphere
d- desalination
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12-Because fossil fuels take millions of years to form, they are considered as
a-coal
b-harmful resources
c-erosion
d-non renewable resources
13-As the time passes, heat and pressure turn peat or decayed plant matter,
into either lignite or ……………….
a-bituminous
b-electrical
c- fossil
d-replaced
14-Strip mining and poor farming practices cause soil …………….
a-smog
b-toxic waste
c-erosion
d-transportation
15-Some household garbage breaks down, but some garbage is not………….
a-biodegradable
b-acid rain
d-renewable resource
d- topsoil
16-Most garbage ends up in landfills but in some places it is burned in …………
a-toxic waste
b-incinerators
c-desalination
d-deposits
17-To produce energy from wind, a windmill spins a wind ………….. that generates
electricity.
a-alternative
c-biomass
b-sewage
d-turbines
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18-Geothermal energy and wind are two examples of …………….. energy sources.
a-alternative
b-fossil fuels
c-windmill
d-heat
19-The 3R’s of conservation are reduced, reuse, and ………………….
a-regeneration
c-recreation
b-recurrent
d-recycle
Q4. Write the scientific term.
1-the layer of Earth’s atmosphere that is made of special form of oxygen gas
(
)
2-the continuous movement of water between Earth’s surface and the air
(
)
3-the region that contributes water to a river or a river system (
4-underground area of rock and soil filled with water (
)
)
5-resources which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally
(
)
6-type of air pollution that can form over urban or industrial areas. It is a
combination of smoke and fog (
)
7-the garbage that able to breakdown naturally over a short time.
(
)
8-plant and animal wastes that used for energy production.(
)
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Q5. Put (T) for true sentences and (F) for false.
1-(
) During photosynthesis producers release oxygen as a waste product.
2-(
) Earth’s atmosphere is a major source of nitrogen.
3-(
) Ground water is salt water.
4-(
)When the water droplets in the clouds become hot enough they fall to
the ground.
5-(
)Most cities and large towns store supplies of fresh water in reservoirs.
6-(
)When a stream , a river or a lake receives more water than its banks can
hold a drought results.
7-(
)Renewable resources either be replaced or take so long to replace.
8-(
) Quartz is usually found on Earth as sand.
9-(
)Oil and natural gas are nonrenewable.
10-(
)Acid rain occurs when air pollution mixes with moisture in the
atmosphere.
11-(
)The steam or hot water provides hydroelectricity.
12-(
)People harness the power of sunlight by using solar cells.
Q6. Label the following water cycle diagram.
2-
31-
4-
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Q7. Write briefly the steps of desalination.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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