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RESEARCH 1
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND
RESEARCH
What is research?
It
is
a
French
word
‘reserchier’ which means to
search and search again.
A scientific approach to
answer research questions
A systematized effort to
gain new knowledge
A voyage of discovery
A process of knowing the
unknown
A search for knowledge
Art
of
scientific
investigation
Critical
Realism
sensations
and images of the real world
can be deceptive, and they
usually do not portray the real
world.
Research is logical
Two approaches:
Deductive and Inductive
FUNCTIONS OF RESEARCH
Explains
and
describe
the
situation through observation,
collecting data, and other
methods.
Explains the complex issues and
answers the questions Why? and
How?
Evaluate and Predict
behavior or event
future
Tries
to
phenomena
future
control
Investigates the relationship
of two or more variables /
phenomena of a context
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Realistic
Logical
Cyclical
Objective
Replicable
Two Groups of Realism:
Direct and Critical
Direct Realism portrays the
world through personal human
space
Research is a cyclical process
because
it
starts
with
a
problem
and
ends
with
a
problem.
The
research
designs
and
procedures are replicated and
repeated
to
enable
the
researcher to arrive at valid
and conclusive results.
Why do we do research? What is
the importance of research in
our daily life?
Errors in our ‘everyday life’
Overgeneralization
Selective Observation
Premature Closure
Halo Effect
False Consensus
How do we do research? What are
the methods of doing research?
We
do
research
through
a
scientific method by answering
problems / questions.
Scientific Method
Is a systematic way / process
of arriving an answer to a
question through conducting an
empirical,
logical,
and
experimental procedure.
1. State Problem / Question
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Gather Data
4. Analyze
and
Interpret
Data
5. Conclusion
6. Retest (If necessary)
Seven
Steps
Process:
of
Research
1. Identify and develop your
topic
2. Find
background
information
3. Use catalogs to find books
and media
4. Use
indexed
to
find
periodical articles
5. Look
for
additional
internet sources
6. Evaluate what you have
found
7. Cite what you have found
using a standard format
Social
Entrepreneurship
/
MSMEs
Human Resources
E-commerce
/
Financial
Technology
“You
must
accept
the
responsibility
to
behave
ethically toward those who will
be affected by your research“
- anonymous
Ethics is the study of proper
action.
Research ethics concerns the
responsibility of researchers
to be honest and respectful to
all individuals who may be
affected by their research
studies
CREATING AND CHOOSING A
RESEARCH TOPIC
Research
Topic
-issue
one
wants
to
investigate
-idea
or
subject
the
researcher
he's
interested
in,
or
a
problem
in
our
society
that requires
solutions
which
research can
help identify
-general area
of inquiry
Research Topic:
Education
online
Online
behavior
Research
Title
-prefaces is
the study by
providing
a
summary
of
the main idea
-usually
short
and
concise
-the general
problem
of
the research
or
the
specific
question that
the
researcher
intends
to
answer, when
rewritten in
a
statement
form,
can
serve as the
title.
readiness
purchasing
Research Title:
Online Learning Readiness
of UST First Year High
School during the CoViD19 Pandemic
Influence
of
Facebook
Advertising on the Online
Shopping
Behavior
of
Grade 12 ABM Students of
the University of Santo
Tomas
How to choose a research topic:
Strategies
in
Research Topic
Choosing
a
The following strategies may
help in selecting research
topic:
1. Look
into
your
personal experience
2. Read literature in
field of study
own
your
3. Reflect
on
existing
issues in society
Narrowing Down a Research Topic
Strategies in narrowing down a
topic:
Aspects – consider just
looking at one facet of
the research topic.
Components – see if the
different aspects of your
research can be made more
specific.
Methodology – the way you
collect
data
will
determine how you will
conduct data analysis
Place
–
consider
identifying
the
particular
geographic
unit of analysis you want
to look into.
Relationship
–
determining the kind of
relationship
you
would
like to investigate
Time – identify the time
period of the study.
Type – consider focusing
your
research
on
a
particular
type
of
people,
place,
or
phenomenon
Combination – use one or
a
combination
of
the
strategies
mentioned
above to narrow down your
topic.
General Topic
Interesting; aligned with your
STRAND
Research
Existing study about your topic
Narrow Down
By generating specific
about your topic
EXAMPLE:
ideas
Research Title
Research
title
is
an
“orienting device” which
aids the researcher in
focusing
his
or
her
investigation. It helps
convey
to
others
the
central idea of research.
Drafting a research title
is a key task in research
as it will capture the
essence of what you wish
to do in your inquiry.
Drafting a Research Title
Identify the main ideas
behind
your
research
topic and how these are
related to one another.
Completing the sentence
“My student is about…” can
also aid in thinking of a
research title as it asks
you to capture the essence
of your research in one
sentence.
Mention several features
of your research such as
its
purpose,
approach,
and methods.
Create the research as
title as brief as possible
and to avoid “unnecessary
words”
You may develop a single
title or a two-part title.
Characteristics of a Research
Title
A research title prefaces
the study by providing a
summary of the main idea
and is usually short and
concise.
The general problem of the
research or the specific
question
that
the
researcher
intends
to
answer, when rewritten in
a statement form, can
serve as the title.
A research title should
have
the
following
characteristics.
1. Summarizes
the
main
idea of the paper.
2. A concise statement of
the main topic.
3. Includes
the
major
variables
of
the
research study.
4. Self-explanatory
5. Describes or implies
the participants of the
study.
Research Question
Focuses the inquiry
Stems from the research
topic and asks specific
things
the
researcher
wants to find out
Always
phrased
as
a
question
How do we know if our research
questions are good or not?
1. A good research question
should be focused.
2. It
should
be
researchable.
3. It needs to be feasible.
4. It should be specific.
5. The
research
question
should also be complex
enough.
6. The
problem
must
be
relevant to your field of
study or society!
ABM Strand Research Topics for
Batch 2023
1. Social Entrepreneurship /
Micro-,
Small-,
and
Medium-Sized Enterprises
(MSMEs)
2. Human Resources
3. E-commerce
/
Financial
Technology
REVIEW
OF
LITERATURE
Related Literature
RELATED
Literature sources are books,
journals,
magazine,
novels,
proceedings,
speeches,
development plans, and many
others.
Related Studies
These refer to published and
unpublished research studies
relevant to the studies at
hand.
Purpose of Related Literature
1. It gives the researcher
several ideas on how to
select and formulate his
own research problems.
2. It helps the researcher
identify
studies
that
have been done related to
the topic he is interested
in.
3. It
avoids
possible
duplication
of
similar
studies.
4. It guides the researcher
on
the
possible
theoretical frameworks he
can use for his current
study.
5. It gives direction to the
researcher on how he will
create his own conceptual
framework.
6. It gives a picture of a
comparative
analysis
between variables used in
reviewed
materials
and
those used in the current
study.
7. It allows the researcher
to browse several kinds of
research
designs,
sampling
techniques,
statistical
procedures,
questionnaires,
and
processes of presenting,
analyzing,
and
interpreting data, from
where he could base his
own choice of his paper.
Example Research Problem:
What does social media do for
the marketing business at this
generation?
By Literature Review, you will…
Find out for yourself
what’s
already
known
about the topic
Give
your
reader
a
critical overview of what
you have found
Find out what is missing
(gap)
Buying
Selling
Buying and selling
SAME CATEGORY!
How to Write a Literature
Review
Step by Step Guide by Scribbr
Step 1: Search for relevant
literature on your topic
What different
available?
sources
are
Step 2: Evaluate
Resources
Synonyms
Marketing
and
Select
Gaps
Trend and Patterns
Theories
Methods
Results
Recurring Citations:
Authors
Books
Articles
Step
3:
Identify
dabate, and gaps
themes,
Things to look for:
Trends
and
patters:
theories,
methods,
or
results
Themes
Dabate and contradictions
/ conflicts
Influential
studies
/
pivotal publications
Thematic Approach
Most Common and Convenient Way
of Structuring the RRL:
Step 4: Outline your Literature
Review’s Structure
4
Approaches
o
Literature Review
Structure
RRL may be grouped according to
these categories:
1. Chronological
2. Thematic
3. Methodological
4. Theoretical
Chronological Approach
Older to Recent
Example:
Social
Media’s
Impact
on
Business Marketing at Today’s
Generation
Possible Tags:
Business Marketing
Social Media
YouTube
Instagram
Facebook
Generation Z
Methodical Approach
Survey
Interview
Discuss the scope
e.g. the time period of
your sources
State your objective
e.g. what new insight will
you
draw
from
the
literature?
Theoretical Approach
Theory
Theories
Models
Definitions
Body
Main Body
1. Summarize & Synthesize
2. Analyze & Interpret
3. Critically Evaluate
4. Structured Paragraphs
Summarize & Synthesize
Summarize
Give an overview of the main
points
Make sure that your Literature
Review has…
Introduction
Main body
Conclusion
Research Paper / Dissertation:
Restate
your
research
question
Emphasize the timelines
of the topic
e.g. “many recent studies
have
focused
on
the
problem of X.”
Highlight a gap in the
literature
e.g. “while there has been
much research on X, few
researchers have taken Y
into consideration.”
Stand-alone Paper:
Give background
topic
on
the
Synthesize
Combine sources to
overall point
Similarities
Differences
make
an
&
Perloff (2014) theorizes that
the interactive aspects of
social media may influence its
impact on business marketing,
and it mentions that many
potential customers are active
in their social media platform.
Several empirical studies have
shown
that
Facebook
and
Instagram
are
the
dynamic
platforms
for
advertising
(Tiggermann & Slater, 2013;
Meier & Gray, 2014). And at the
same way, build communication
with
prospect
customers
(Smith, Hames & Joiner, 2013;
Fardouly et al., 2015; Cohen,
Newton-John & Slater, 2017),
while a systematic review by
Holland and Timmerman (2016)
confirmed
a
relationship
between social networking and
business marketing for both the
sellers and buyers.
Analyze & Interpret
Throughout
the
literature,
there is consistent evidence
that business marketing issues
are influenced not by social
media usage in general, but by
engagement with the visual and
interactive aspects of these
platforms.
Critically Evaluate
However, in the era of rapid
changing digital technologies,
the mass media paradigm is no
longer
adequate
for
understanding
how
people
engage with visual images, and
the findings of older studies
may not be relevant to younger
generations.
Use Well-Structured Paragraphs
Business marketing issues
have
been
widely
associated
with
social
media usage, particularly
in new generations. The
relation
between
media
depiction
and
business
marketing
concerns
is
well-established; a metaanalysis by Grabe, Ward
and Hyde (2008) concluded
that…
However, in an era of rapidly
changing digital technologies…
In light of this, researchers
have
become
increasingly
interested…
Conclusion
Review
of
Literature
Research Paper / Dissertation
Show how your research
Addresses gaps
Contributes new knowledge
Stand-Alone Paper
Summarize major findings
& implications
Make
suggestions
future research
for
Pay attention to:
Typos
Overusing passive voice
Repetitive phrasing
Informal language
Etc.
THEORETICAL AND
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS
Theoretical Frameworks
A
general
frame
of
reference
used
for
observation,
defining
concepts,
developing
research
designs,
and
interpreting
and
generalizing findings.
Formulated from existing
theories and serves as the
foundation of the study.
The present study can
adopt the original model
used
by
the
cited
theorist.
Researcher may adopt one
or more theories in a
particular
study.
Combination of theories
are allowed to provide
uniqueness
and/or
originality
to
a
particular research.
Theories
are
developed
by
researchers
to
explain
phenomena, draw connections,
and make predictions.
In the theoretical framework,
you explain the theories that
support your research, showing
that your work is grounded in
established ideas.
Goals of Theoretical Framework
To present and explain
theories and models that
other
researchers
have
already developed.
It
also
involves
evaluating, comparing and
selecting
the
relevant ones.
most
Theoretical
Framework
Strengthens the Study in the
Following Ways:
1. An explicit statement of
theoretical
assumptions
permits the reader to
evaluate them critically.
2. The theoretical framework
connects the researcher
to
existing
knowledge.
guided
by
a
relevant
theory, you are given a
basis for your hypotheses
and choices of research
methods.
3. Articulating
the
theoretical assumption of
a research study forces
you to address questions
of why and how. It permits
you to move from simply
describing a phenomenon
observed to generalizing
about various aspects of
that phenomenon.
4. Having a theory helps you
to identify the limits to
those generalizations. A
theoretical
framework
specifies
which
key
variables
influence
a
phenomenon of interest.
It alerts you to examine
how those key variables
might differ and under
what circumstances.
Finding a Theory for the Study
Look for a theory that
connects with your main
topic
Example Topic:
Human Resource
Possible Theories:
David
Ulrich’s
HR
Model
David Ulrich defined the
basic scope for Human
Resources to become a
strategic partner for the
top executives in the
company. The roles are
strongly interconnected,
but they deliver the real
value
added
to
the
company, which is seen and
valued by both management
and employees.
This may serve as the
foundation
of
your
current study. You need to
fully
understand
the
whole
theory
before
adopting it, the theory
should then be related to
the
expectations
and
objectives of your study.
Using Two or more Theories for
the Study
You may use more than one
theory for your study.
This allows it to be more
original and unique.
Example:
Human Resource
Theory
1:
David
Ulrich’s HR Model
Theory
2:
Transactional Theory
of Work Stress and
Coping
by
Lizard
Lazarus
The Transactional Theory
of
Stress
and
Coping
(TTSC) it's a framework
which
focuses
on
assessments in order to
evaluate damages, threats
and
challenges.
The
product or the result of
this
evaluation
is
a
description
of
the
process used to handle
stressful situations.
Using two or more theories
required emerging of the
assumptions
and
fundamentals
of
the
theories.
What
they
should
be
able
to
complement each other in
connection to the goals
and objectives of your
study.
Normally,
the
first sturdiest should be
broader and more general
than
the
succeeding
theory is to facilitate a
more feasible merging of
concepts.
Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework is
commonly referred to as
the flow chart of the
study
their
yard
illustrates the bird'seye-view of how the study
will
progress.
The
diagram that goes with the
narrative
of
the
framework is known as the
Conceptual Paradigm.
Conceptual
Framework
guides
the
researchers
and leaders on how the
study will proceed after
being presented with the
Literature
Review
and
Theoretical Framework of
this study.
Why should research have a
conceptual framework?
conceptual
framework
serves as a guide period
it keeps you on track by
presenting
and
simplifying
the
relationship between the
variables and the goals of
the study.
Also, people who will read
your research must have a
clear
guide
to
the
variables in your study
and where the research is
heading. Just by looking
at
the
conceptual
framework,
the
readers
can get the gist of the
research concepts without
reading the entire study.
Different Types of Conceptual
Frameworks
Taxonomy
In this type of conceptual
framework, the phenomena p of
your study is grouped together
into
categories
without
presenting
the
relationship
among them. The point of this
type of conceptual framework is
to distinguish the categories
from one another.
Mathematical Description
In this type of conceptual
framework,
the
relationship
between phenomena in variables
of your study are described
using mathematical formulas.
Also,
the
extent
of
relationship
between
these
variables are presented with
specific quantities.
Visual Presentation
in this type of conceptual
framework,
the
relationship
between
the
phenomena
and
variables of your study is
presented.
Using
this
conceptual framework implies
that
your
study
provides
empirical evidence to prove the
relationship
between
variables. This is the type of
conceptual framework that is
usually
used
in
research
studies.
How
to
Framework?
Make
Conceptual
1. identify
the
important
variables of your study
There are two important
variables that you must
identify in your study:
the independent and the
dependent variables.
And independent variable
is a variable that you can
manipulate. It can affect
the dependent variable.
Meanwhile, the dependent
variable is the resulting
variable that you are
measuring.
You may refer to your
research question could
determine your research’s
independent and dependent
variables.
Suppose
that
your
research
question
is
calling
“Exploring
the
Significant Relationship
Between the Quality ff
Customer
Relations
and
the Growth Rate of a
Company” The independent
variable of this study is
the quality of customer
relations
while
the
dependent variable is the
growth rate of a company.
2. Think how the variables
are related
Usually, the variables of
a
study
have
other
regulation ship. If a
change in one of your
variables
leads
to
a
corresponding change to
another
variable,
then
they might have this kind
of relationship.
However, note that having
a
direct
relationship
between
variables
does
not mean that they already
have a cause-and-effect
relationship.
It
takes
analysis
to
prove
causation
between
variables.
Using
our
example
earlier, the quality of
customer
relations
may
have
a
direct
relationship
to
the
growth rate of a company.
However, we are not yet
certain that the quality
of customer relations is
the sole reason for the
changes in the growth rate
of the company.
3. Create a visual diagram or
a
model
(Conceptual
Paradigm)
Create a visual diagram
that
summarizes
the
relationships
of
the
variables, the processes
that will be conducted and
the goal of your study.
Usually, shape such as
rectangles, circles, and
arrows are used for the
model.
There
are
different ways and how
will you make her aid
visual diagram or model
for
a
conceptual
framework. The three most
common models are the
independent-dependent
variable
model,
the
input-process-output
(IPO) model, and concept
maps.
4. Provide a Narrative
Delete
the
interconnections of the
variables and the flow of
the study
The
narrative
should
adequately
relate
the
whole picture and context
by which the study will
transpire.
The conceptual paradigm
should be part of the
narrative and not the
other way around. Hence,
it should merely be a
figure in the narrative.