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Cellular Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction 2 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction NEW VOCABULARY Use the terms in the left column to complete the paragraph below. autosome A segment of DNA on a chromosome that controls the production of cell differentiation a protein is called a crossing over copies of each chromosome. A sex cell, or diploid .A Gametes form during gamete gamete combines with another is called , the process by which one haploid gene homologous chromosome nondisjunction sex chromosome stem cell telomere . are pairs of chromosomes, one from haploid meiosis , is , meaning it contains one copy of each chromosome. fertilization karyotype cell contains two each parent. One of these pairs include the that determines the individual’s sex. Segments of homologous chromosomes exchange during Prophase I in a process known as . Homologous chromosomes consist of sister chromatids, which sometimes fail to separate properly; this is known as . The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are called . Chromosomes have protective caps called . Homologous chromosomes can be arranged in a micrograph called a , according to size. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education The process by which an unspecialized cell develops into a specialized cell with a defined structure and function is called , which produces and maintains a complex organism. are a type of cell that can be directed to become a specialized cell. Get It? Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. Science Notebook • Cellular Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction 119 2 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction (continued) Identify three characteristics that are the same in each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Name one thing that is different. Same Different 1. 1. 2. 3. Compare and contrast the phases of Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Sketch each phase. Meiosis I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Description Sketch Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Description Analyze the chart above to determine the phase of meiosis when crossing over can occur. Mark a star on the correct phase. Science Notebook • Cellular Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction 120 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Sketch 2 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction (continued) Get It? Distinguish between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids. Compare meiosis and mitosis by filling in the chart below. Mitosis Number of DNA replications Meiosis Number of cell divisions Number of daughter cells Chromosome number of daughter cells Organize information on how meiosis produces genetic variation. Meiosis produces Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Compare sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction by completing the paragraph with the terms below. • sexual reproduction • protists • animals • genes • asexual reproduction • mammals • plants • genetic diversity In an organism inherits its genetic material from a single parent. The new organism has the same as its parent. In , an organism inherits genetic material from two different parents. Sexual reproduction increases , whereas asexual reproduction does not. , simple reproduce sexually or asexually. , and most can only reproduce sexually. Science Notebook • Cellular Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction 121 2 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction (continued) Describe telomeres by completing the paragraph. Telomeres are made of and located at . They are . Their function is . Model a picture showing the ways that nondisjunction during meiosis can produce a sex cell with an extra copy of a chromosome. Model a karyotype of a girl with Down syndrome. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Science Notebook • Cellular Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction 122 2 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction (continued) Compare and contrast adult and embryonic stem cells by writing characteristics in the Venn diagram. Adult Both Embryonic Get It? Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Describe some ways that adult stem cells can be used to treat conditions that result from injury or illness. SUMMARIZE Analyze how nondisjunction during meiosis could lead to Klinefelter’s syndrome. Science Notebook • Cellular Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction 123 2 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction (continued) CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1. Explain how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out most of the work of cells. 2. Assess how meiosis contributes to genetic variation, while mitosis does not. 3. Illustrate how nondisjunction occurs during meiosis. 4. Summarize the role differentiation plays in the production and maintenance of a complex organism. 5. Describe a possible application for stem cells. 7. Conduct research on the consequences of nondisjunction other than trisomy 21. Write a paragraph about your findings. Science Notebook • Cellular Reproduction and Sexual Reproduction 124 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education 6. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis by creating a Venn diagram.