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Art of the Americas before 1300 Nathaniel Thomas 89903 University of Trinidad and Tobago Art History Ms. Elizabeth French 9.12.2021 Introduction This short presentation would brief you the viewer, on the lifestyle of the Americas before the 1300. It will demonstrate the way they lived, interacted, and shared their stories through the artistic view. It will also show how, throughout the ages, how the changes between eras impacted our society in today’s world. Timeline Pueblo Florida Glades Culture Hopewell Mayan Olmec 1500BC 1200BC 900BC Teotihuacan 600BC 300BC 0 300AD Moche 600AD 900AD 1200AD 1500AD Diquis Paracas Chavin Nazca End The New World Hunters appeared in the Americas around 12,000 years ago and inhabited various regions of the two continents Theorized that they came from Asia through a land bridge across the Bering Strait There may have been connections with Europe along the Arctic Coast Different cultures developed Mesoamerica Encompasses the area from north of the Valley of Mexico to present day Honduras, Belize, and western Nicaragua Region ranges in terms of climate The civilizations shared cultural similarities and trade Ritual ball game Built monumental ceremonial buildings Complex system of multiple calendars (260 day ritual cycle and a 365 day agricultural cycle) Divided into elite and commoner classes 3 periods: Formative or Preclassic (1500 BCE-250 CE), Classic (260-900 CE), and postclassic (900-1521 CE) Map of Mesoamerica Mesoamerica-Olmec No form of writing Large sculptures show desire to preserve history (great ruler and events) Large earthen mounds show astronomical significance – possibly indicates a calendar system Religion based on animal spirits – later included natural forces when agriculture began Materials used give evidence of long distance trade Art work classified under Formative/Preclassic period Mesoamerica-Olmec Colossal Head La Venta, Mexico 900-400BCE Carved from large basalt blocks (5-20 tons) 102 heads found at La Venta (5’-12’ tall) Shows large, rounded and soft features Close-fitting skull cap Decorated earlobes Timeline In both cultures, imposing sculptures were used to commemorate rulers and events Mesoamerica-Teotihuacan Largest city in the Americas between 350-650 CE (200,000 people) Wealth based on trade – controlled obsidian mines, made pottery City Center was religious and governmental center. Could hold 60,000 people for religious ceremonies Wealth decreased as you moved away from the city center Houses were traditionally a simple rectangle surrounding a central open court. They had thatched roofs and plastered walls (the wealthy had frescos) Mesoamerica-Teotihuacan Mesoamerica-Teotihuacan Temple of the Feathered Serpent Uses talud-tablero (slope and panel) construction—each platform supports a raised tablero (entablature) that is surrounded by a frame filled with sculptural decorations Made after 350CE Demonstrates characteristics of Teotihuacan art—angular, flat, and abstract Originally painted Olmec vs. Teotihuacan Teotihuacan Bloodletting Ritual Fresco (wet) 600-750 CE Geometric style Flat, no use of perspective Blood revitalizes the earth Timeline Mayan Civilization emerged during late Preclassic period (Tikal) around (250 BCE-250 CE), reached peak during Classic period (Palenque) in the lowlands of Guatemala, and dominated the Yucatan peninsula during the Postclassic period (Itza) (900-1521) Most sculpture depicted elite men and women rather than gods Favored low-relief carvings (seen on steles and buildings) Artists had high status because of the importance of record keeping Most painting has survived on ceramics and a few large murals (books were destroyed) Influence of books seen in codex-style painting on vases Used a sophisticated calendar system Similar societal divisions as Greeks Multiple competing cities Nobles and priests hold higher class with large number of peasants/workers Artisans gained greater prominence Pantheon of Gods Mayan Temple of Inscriptions Late 7th Century CE during Classic period In the Mayan temple complex of Palenque Present day Mexico 9 leveled pyramid (75’) Shrine Vaulted chamber Stucco façade 3 large text panels on back give temple its name Combed roof Stairs lead down through pyramid to underground tomb of Lord Pakal Mayan Portrait of Lord Pakal Mid 7th century CE Meant to show ideal Mayan beauty Elongated features, large nose, full, open lips Originally painted like most Mayan sculpture Portrait Comparison Colossal Head, Olmec Pericles, Classical Greece Mayan Lady Xok’s Vision of a Giant Snake Sculpture 723-726 CE Part of a set 3 of lintels of a palace at Yaxchilan Shown in unusually high relief –allows very detailed carving (Ex. Xok’s garments and jewelry) Queen appears serene and idealized indicating her importance in the court as well as elite Mayan women in general Mayan Late Classical Cylindrical Vessel Painted Ceramic 600-900CE Codex-style (featuring a fluid line and elegance similar to that of manuscripts) May illustrate an episode from a Mayan sacred text, Popol Vuh Hero Twins overcome death by defeating the lords of Xibalba, the Mayan underworld Xibalba sits on a platform with five female deities attending to him Old woman looks out the window to a seen where two men (possibly the Hero Twins) sacrifice a bound victim and then revive him to gain confidence of Xibalba Inscriptions have not been entirely translated Mayan El Castillo Mayan architecture 800-1000CE Made under during Postclassic period when the Itza rose in power Different than previous pyramids--uses pillars and columns also appears lower and broader Columns look like inverted descending serpents Brilliantly colored relief sculpture and animal paintings that emphasize valiant warriors and the skill of ritual ballplayers During spring and fall equinoxes, entering the setting sun casts serpent bodies Timeline Buildings were used to demonstrate power and authority of the city and serve gods El castillo, Itza Temple 1, Tikal Temple of Inscriptions, Palenque Central America People lived in extended family groups in towns led by chiefs—did not live in hierarchical societies Group called Diquis occupied fortified villages lasting from 700-1500 CE Metal work (especially with gold and copper) was widespread through Central America (lost-wax technique developed in present-day Columbia and spread north from there) Diquis Figural Pendant 750-1550 CE Gold pendant depicts eagle ready to attack (wings spread and claw visible) Doubled-headed serpent sprouting from eagle’s head— this may be alluding to the various transformational stages of the Shaman (religious figure with magical powers) According to Diquis mythology serpents and crocodiles occupied a lower world, while humans and birds inhabited the higher one Gold pendant may have been amulets or indicators of high status Worn to evoke fear from opponent Timeline South America Developed complex hierarchical societies with varied artistic traditions Drastic geographical differences in South America--narrow coastal plain is one of the driest deserts in the world, the Andes have high grasslands with sloping areas, and eastern slopes of the Andes descend into the tropical rain forests of the Amazon basin The ecological variations impacted the art that developed in different regions Chavin de Huantar During 1000 to 200 BCE, the Early Horizon period, Chavin style art developed and spread Art style developed at the site of Chavin de Huantar Innovations in metallurgy, ceramics and textiles Chavin people believed in an afterlife and that idea is reflected in their art Chavin Raimondi Stone Low relief sculpture in diorite Found in a ceremonial complex 1000-600BCE Chavin Style art made during Early Horizon period Figure’s headdress has snakes emerging and fills the entire surface Typifies Chavin art style: frontal, symmetrical, curvilinear design and combination of human, animal, bird and reptile parts Timeline Early Christian Manuscript vs. Animal Style Hiberno-Saxon art Classified by intertwining designs with human and animal depictions Paracas—south coast of Peru (1000 BCE-200 CE) Mantle with Bird Impersonators Paracas textile 200BCE-200CE Culture flourished from about 1000 BCE to 200 CE, overlapping Chavin period Known for textiles that were extensively wrapped around the bodies of the dead Textiles were a source of prestige and wealth Textile production was an important factor in the domestication of both cotton and llamas Featured repeating embroidered patterns of warriors, dancers, and composite creators (bird people) Timeline Nazca—South Coast of Peru (200 BCE-600 CE) Earth Drawing of a Hummingbird Nazca geoglyph 100BCE-700CE Nazca’s dominated the south coast of Peru from about 200 BCE to 600 CE Best known for colossal earthworks, geoglyphs. Made on great stretches of desert by removing dark stones and exposing the light underlying stones Each geoglyph was maintained by a clan and at certain times clans would gather and exchange goods and look for marriage partners Purpose of geoglyphs is unclear Timeline Moche North coast of Peru- Moche Valley From Piura Valley to Huarmey Valley 200 B.C.-600 C.E. Pyramid of Sun and Moon Adobe brick Dominating structures of decentralized social government of Moche Performed sacrificial ceremonies Popular icon of art Prisoners of war given as sacrifice Priests would drink blood of the sacrificed Warrior Priest, Bird Priest and Priestess Belief of maintaining good favor with the gods Well-known for their ceramic artwork Created ceramic molds Allowing mass production Moche Moche Lord with a Feline Naturalistic models of humans and animals Portrait of Moche lord Painted ceramic Found in Moche Valley, Peru 100-500 C.E. 7 ½ in. tall Spout and handle in back Power and status in throne and dress Fine-line, decorative painting Mythological narratives and ritual scenes Believed animals to be sacred, anthropomorphic vessels of soul Wears earspools and headdress Lord strokes jaguar cub or cat Luxury item buried with its owner in ceremony Comparison of the Human Form Khafre- Giza, Old Kingdom Kritian Boy- Acropolis Classical Period Moche Earspool Common decorative pieces among Moche people Inserted through holes of the earlobes Used to stretch earlobes Worn in pairs Held in place by thread, connecting the two holes Depiction of warriors Held in high regard Anatomical detail Elaborate dress- wealth Nose ornament, holding club and shield Headdress with crescent shapes Resemble knives used in sacrifices Owl head necklace Gold with turquoise, quartz and shell 5 in. diameter Found in Sipan, Peru 2nd-5th century C.E. Buried with their wearers North America Sparsely populated Limited agriculture Included different cultures Hopewell 100 B.C.- 550 C.E. Part of Woodland Period Traders and mound builders Mississippi, Illinois, and Ohio cultures traded with other North and Central American cultures Traded pipestones and flint-like stones for Floridian shark teeth and turtle shells Used cooper from Upper Michigan and mica from Appalachian Mountains Burial and ceremonial earthworks 300 B.C.-1000 C.E. Buried the dead with jewels and goods Built mounds for shrines, sacred fires and holding homes of chiefs Carved pipes with animal representations using naturalistic observations Hopewell Beaver Effigy Platform Pipe Found in Bedford Mound, Pike County, IL 100-200 C.E. Length 4 9/16 x 1 7/8 x 2” Pipestone, river pearl, and bone Used in trade and social groupings Realism and stylized simplification Beaver crouching on platform White, shiny materials spirituality Pearl eyes= spirit world creature Leaves placed in bowl of beaver’s back and lighted, then smoked from back end Great Serpent Mound Hopewell Located in Adams County, Ohio 1070 C.E. World’s largest effigy mound Mounds of clay and rock, covered by soil Built on meteor site (Permian Period) Created plateau with cryptoexplosion structure folded and faulted bedrock 1,254 ft long, 3 ft high National Historic Landmark- Department of Interior Constructed among three cultures: Adena, Hopewell, and Fort Ancient Undulating, intricate design Great Serpent- mythological creature of Hopewell people Embodied power of the Underworld Contrasted against the falcon or birdman Often horned or winged Serpent holding an egg in its mouth Symbolizes vast eternity Hopewell Great Serpent Mound (continued) Mississippians valued relationship between the universe and mankind Surrounding burial sites 1815 first map 1967 Ohio Historical Society opens Serpent Mound Museum 1886 excavated by Frederic Ward Putnam Head and egg align with summer solstice sunset 1987 Clark and Majorie Hardman Astronomical influences 1054 creation of Crab Nebula 1066 Halley’s Comet Designed after constellation Draco Connecting the land and underground to heavens Honoring significant event Suggested representation of an eclipse Purpose remains unidentified Timeline Florida Glades 500-1500 C.E. Fort Center, Florida Glades Warlike group dominating Southern Florida Mainly hunted and fished Fed off sea mammals, fish and shell fish No agricultural fields Dug waterways and canals Mound temples and shrines Decorated with posts holding animal head carvings Simplified, painted carvings Natural observations Animal head and masks used in sacrifices and ceremonies Sometimes of human features Worn as headdresses by priests Florida Glades Pelican Figurehead 1000 C.E. Key Marco Decorative, architectural element— possibly part of a shrine Wood and paint Black, white, and gray 4 3/8 x 2 3/8 x 3 1/8” Once had wings Found elsewhere later disintegrated Clan symbols for bird or animal cult Other animals include: sea turtle, alligator, fish-hawk, owl, bear, crab, wolf Timeline Pueblo Pueblo 550-1250 C.E. Four Corners Region: Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico Developed irrigation system Known for Pottery Pueblo Bonito of Chaco Canyon D-shaped, over 800 rooms in five or four storied apartment buildings Also dwelled in community caves of canyons and cliffs Protection and insulation Community solidarity and responsibility Pueblo Art of pottery carried through generations Still in practice today Female potters Low-fired ceramics Earthenware, black-and-white pigment 14 ½” diameter 1150 C.E. Designed for seed storage Narrow mouth helps prevent spillage Globular shape allows ample room Holes at top used for hanging Hung off the ground to prevent seeds from being eaten by rodents Dotted square, zigzag pattern Angular design contrasting round form Emphasizes curviness Pottery Comparison Achilles and Ajax Playing a Game Black Figure Vase- Archaic Period Death of Sarpedon (Euphronios Krater) Red Figure Vase- Archaic Period More Comparisons Egyptian Vase- New Kingdom floral garlands, used at funerary feasts, wine jar Maebyeong Bottle-Goryeo Dynasty holding vinegar, wine, liquids Timeline In Conclusion South America Advanced civilizations such as Aztecs, Mayans, Incans Knowledge=power Aztecs maintain good favor with their gods through blood sacrifices Priests perform sacrifices atop step pyramids Pyramid structure Mayans developed calendar and system of writing which includes 800 glyphs Religion Power and wealth symbolized in their building designs and massive city complexes Similar to Mesopotamian Catal Huyuk and Greek civilizations Used in Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Indian art as well Serving similar religious function North America Sparsely populated Hunting, fishing, gathering plants Concentrated populations around Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, Louisiana area Development of agriculture (squash, sunflower, corn) 1000 B.C. nomadic settled communities Earthworks Research Credit Nikhil Shah Grace Ewing Kattie Chen Davíd Carrasco’s
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