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Controlled Substances—Depressants 1. Depressants act on the central nervous system and increase the activity of a neurotransmitter called GABA. 2. Increased GABA production results in drowsiness and slowed brain activity. 3. These drugs, consequently, relieve anxiety and produce sleep. 4. Mixing depressants with alcohol and other drugs increases their effects and health risks, possibly leading to coma and death. 1 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances—Alcohols 5. In what way are alcohols toxic? – 6. What are the classic symptoms of a hangover? – 7. 2 Nausea, Headaches, Excessive Thirst, Fatigue What is the effect of alcohol on the central nervous system? – 8. They disrupt the functions of healthy cells. This leads to “intoxication”. Contracts Brain Tissue, Destroys Brain Cells What can chronic abuse of alcohol cause? – It can rot the liver (Livor Cirrhosis). Controlled Substances—Bacterial Toxins Tetanus 9. Lockjaw, as it is sometimes called, is produced by the Clostridium tetani bacteria. Its poison can cause violent muscle spasms. Botulism 10. Produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, botulism paralyzes muscles. It causes irreversible damage to nerve endings. 11. Very small amounts are extremely deadly. Botulism is the most poisonous biological substance. 3 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances—Pesticides and Heavy Metals 12. Pesticides mostly are used to protect plants or food crops. 13. Metal compounds are very poisonous. 4 Controlled Substances—Pesticides and Heavy Metals 5 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances—Bioterrorism Agents Ricin 14. is a poisonous protein in the castor bean. 15. is lethal in extremely small amounts. 16. can enter the body in various ways: – inhaled as a mist or a powder. – ingested as food or drink. – injected into the body. 17. can cause death within a few hours. 6 Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, Chapter 9 Controlled Substances—Bioterrorism Agents Anthrax 18. is caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis, which forms spores. 19. can enter the human body through: – inhalation; causing breathing problems that usually result in death. – ingestion; becoming fatal in 25% to 60% of cases. – absorption via the skin; leading to death in about 20% of untreated cases. 7