Download The Scalp

The Scalp
Head & Neck Unit – Lecture 4
‫ حيدر جليل األعسم‬.‫د‬
The scalp
• part of the head that extends from superciliary
arches anteriorly to the external occipital
protuberance & superior nuchal lines posteriorly.
Laterally, it continues to the zygomatic arch.
• Layers of scalp:
• five layers, the first three layers are intimately
bound together and move as a unit (Scalp Proper)
• S- Skin
• C- Connective tissue (dense)
• A- Aponeurotic layer
• L- Loose connective tissue
• P- Pericranium
(Scalp Proper)
Muscle of the Scalp (Occipitofrontalis muscle)
• It moves the scalp proper, wrinkle
the forehead, and raise the
eyebrows. It Has 2 bellies:
• Frontal belly: (origin) skin &
superficial fascia of the eyebrows
(insertion) aponeurotic tendon & is
innervated by temporal branches
of the facial nerve.
• Occipital belly: (origin) superior
nuchal line of occipital bone &
mastoid process of temporal bone
(insertion) aponeurotic tendon & is
innervated by posterior auricular
branch of the facial nerve.
Scalp Innervation
• Two main sources:
1- Cranial nerves:
(Ant. to ear & vertex)
By Trigeminal nerve
2- Cervical nerves:
(Post. to ear & vertex)
By C2 & C3 nerves.
Scalp Innervation
Trigeminal branches:
(Ant. to ears & vertex)
A- Supratrochlear nerve:
front of the forehead near the midline;
B- Supra-orbital nerve: the scalp as far
back as the vertex of the head;
C- Zygomaticotemporal nerve:
the scalp over a small anterior area of
temporal region (temple)
D- Auriculo-temporal nerve: the scalp
over the temporal region.
Scalp Innervation
Cervical nerves (C2 &C3)
(Posterior to ears & vertex)
A- Great auricular nerve:
small area of the scalp just posterior to
the ear & angle of mandible.
B- Lesser occipital nerve: the scalp
posterior & superior to ear
C- Greater occipital nerve: posterior
scalp as far as the vertex;
D- Third occipital nerve: a small area of
the lower part of the scalp.
Arterial Supply
• The scalp has rich blood supply;
• It arterial supply is from internal and external
carotid arteries.
Internal Carotid Artery Branches:
1- Ophthalmic artery:
2- Supratrochlear artery
3- Supra-orbital arteries
• As fas as the vertex.
External Carotid Artery Branches:
1- Posterior auricular artery (smallest)
area of the scalp posterior to the ear;
2- Pre-auricular artery (superficial temporal
artery (a terminal branch of ECA)in front of the
ear & supplies most of the lateral aspect of scalp.
3- Occipital artery: large part of the posterior
aspect of the scalp.
Venous Drainage
• Usually follows the arteries:
1- Supratrochlear vein
2- Supra-orbital vein
3- Pre-auricular vein
(superficial temporal vein)
3- Posterior auricular vein
4- Occipital vein
Lymphatic drainage
• Lymphatics in the occipital region initially
drain to occipital nodes then into the
upper deep cervical nodes.
• Lymphatics from the upper part of the
scalp drain in two directions:
1- Posterior to the vertex: to posterior
auricular nodes (mastoid nodes) then into
the upper deep cervical nodes;
2- Anterior to the vertex: to pre-auricular
nodes (parotid nodes).
• Lymphatics from the forehead to the
submandibular nodes through efferent
vessels that follow the facial artery.
Good Luck