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CUIT 111: COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FOR ENGINEERS INSTRUCTOR: P.MASTARA CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION / IT Overview CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: Types of computers • Mainframe • Minicomputer • Micro Computer • Super Computer CHAPTER 2: Basic components of a computer • Firmware • Hardware • Software • Computer Aided Design / Manufacturing CHAPTER 3: Networks • Basic elements •Types of networks •Network terminology CHAPTER 4: The Internet •WWW •Search engines •Web browsers •Common internet terminology •Internet security strategies •Communication on the internet •Education on the internet CHAPTER 5: Operating Systems •Windows XP CHAPTER 1: TYPES OF COMPUTERS Different types of computers are used for different tasks. It is important to understand the differences between computer systems in order to select an appropriate technology for a particular function Based upon relative size and function, computers can be classified as follows: MAINFRAME COMPUTERS A mainframe is a large, powerful computer capable of serving a large number of users at the same time. Users connect to it using another smaller computer (or Dumb terminal) which consists simply of a keyboard and screen to enter and display information. A dumb terminal does not process or store any data itself. Because mainframes need to process and store information for many different users at once, they require much more processing power and storage capacity than other computers, i.e. they need to be faster and have more memory. Very expensive. Processing capacity measured in Millions of Instructions per Second(MIPS) An automatic cash dispenser at a bank is an example of a dumb terminal connected to the mainframe via a network. MINICOMPUTER A Minicomputer is smaller, less powerful version of a mainframe. Lower processing power and storage capacity mean that a minicomputer is cheaper than a mainframe but is not able to serve as many users at once. As with a mainframe, users do not sit down in front of the minicomputer itself. They connect to it using another smaller computer or a dumb terminal. Minicomputers are often used by medium-sized companies or departments in larger organizations, to provide a centralized store of information and computer programs e.g. database server or web server) MICROCOMPUTER An example is a desktop computer. The “Personal Computer” or PC is a microcomputer. The PC is the most common type of computer used in offices and at home. Usually, only one user accesses a microcomputer at a time. Other examples are palmtop and laptop The user sits in front of the microcomputer and works with it directly, rather than connecting to it using another computer. It requires far less processing power and storage capacity than either a mainframe or a minicomputer. This in turn means that microcomputers are much cheaper. SUPER COMPUTER A computer which has the highest computation rate, largest memory, or highest cost. It is the fastest, most powerful, and most expensive computer used for applications that require complex and sophisticated mathematical calculations. E.g. NASA’S Columbia for simulation of the earth’s evolution and planetary ecosystems. Processing power measured in FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per Second). QUESTION Question 1: Describe the 5 computer generations based on the following: Hardware Software Computing characteristics Physical appearance, and Applications. QUESTION 2 Identify a suitable type of computer to perform the following tasks(Justify your answer): a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Make a sales presentation at a client's office, using business graphics software. Create a company newsletter Store a sales database for six regional offices worldwide Perform Fluid Dynamics Calculations Perform Simulation and modeling of the galaxy’s systems Host account information processing and storage for a mobile network service provider Maintain a student database for a university. [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] [2] CHAPTER 2: BASIC COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER BASIC DEFINITIONS Information Technology (IT): Refers to all the procedures and equipment used by people to improve the quality of gathering, processing, communicating and storing information. Question: What is the difference between I.T and I.C.T? Data: Raw facts, figures, transactions etc which have been recorded. They are facts obtained by reading, observation, counting, measuring, weighing etc Information: Data that has been processed in such a way as to be useful to the recipient. Information can be Words, numbers, pictures, sound or video 1. FIRMWARE: A software program or set of instructions programmed on a hardware device. Typically contained in computer components such as ROM, PROM, hard disks and keyboards. Often referred to as a combination of software and hardware A day-to-day example is a remote control 2. HARDWARE: The collection of physical elements that comprise a computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of computer such as monitor, keyboard, hard disk, mouse, etc. Refers to objects that you can actually touch, like disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips HARDWARE CONT…. Hardware Components A block diagram of the basic setup of a typical computer system appears in Figure below: The major components are as follows: A) CPU Is the central processing unit, often called simply the processor, where the actual execution of a program takes place. 3 Major Components: i. ALU (arithmetic logic unit) Performs calculations and comparisons (data changed) ii. CU (control unit): Functions: Moves data to and from CPU registers and other hardware components (no change in data) Accesses program instructions and issues commands to the ALU Subparts: Memory management unit: supervises fetching instructions and data I/O Interface: sometimes combined with memory management unit as Bust Interface Unit Registers Small, permanent storage locations within the CPU used for a particular purpose Can hold data, an address or an instruction B). MEMORY A program’s data and machine instructions are stored here during the time the program is executing. Memory consists of cells called words, each of which is identifiable by its address. Read Operation: If the CPU fetches the contents of some word of memory. Write operation: If the CPU stores a value into some word of memory. MEMORY(CONT….) Ordinary memory is called RAM, for Random Access Memory, a term which means that the access time is the same for each word.1 ROM (Read-Only Memory) is memory which can only be read but not written. Used for programs which need to be stored permanently in memory, staying there even after the power is turned off. For example, an autofocus camera typically has a computer in it, which runs only one program, a program to control the operation of the camera. MEMORY MEASUREMENT The smallest usable unit of measure for memory is the byte – the amount of memory required to hold one character, like the letter A or the numeral 2. 1 byte is equivalent to 8 bits(or 1s and 0s), which is the most basic unit of data in a computer. Computers work with larger chunks of data, measured in multiple bytes, as below: Unit Approx. Value (bytes) Actual Value (bytes) Kilobyte (KB) 1,000 1,024 Megabyte (MB) 1,000,000 1,048,576 Gigabyte (GB) 1,000,000,000 1,073,741,824 Terabyte (TB) 1,000,000,000,000 1,099,511,627,776 C) I/O DEVICES A typical computer system will have several input/output devices, typical examples being keyboards/monitor screens, floppy and fixed disks, CDROMs, modems, printers, mice and so on. They serve as interfaces between the computer and the “outside world.” In all cases, they are communicating with a program which is running on the computer. D) SYSTEM BUS A set of parallel wires (usually referred to as “lines”), used for communication between components. The CPU communicates with memory and I/O devices via the bus. It is also possible for I/O devices to communicate directly with memory, an action which is called direct memory access (DMA), and again this is done through the bus. They can also be referred to as the electronic highway on which data travels within a computer, from one component to another. Basically, it's the conduit used by your entire system to communicate with your CPU. The bus is a collection of wires and connectors through which the data is transmitted. All buses consist of two parts -- an address bus and a data bus. Data Bus: This is used for sending data. When the CPU reads a memory word, the memory sends the contents of that word along the data bus to the CPU; when the CPU writes a value to a memory word, the value flows along the data bus in the opposite direction. Since the word is the basic unit of memory, a data bus usually has as many lines as there are bits in a memory word. For instance, a machine with 32-bit word size would have a data bus consisting of 32 lines. Address Bus: When the CPU wants to read or write a certain word of memory, it needs to have some mechanism with which to tell memory which word it wants to read or write. This is the role of the address bus. For example, if the CPU wants to read Word 504 of memory, it will put the value 504 on the address bus, along which it will flow to the memory, thus informing memory that Word 504 is the word the CPU wants. The address bus usually has the same number of lines as there are bits in the computer’s addresses. Control Bus: To alert the memory when the CPU wants to read or write. This is one of the functions of the control bus. For example, the control bus in typical PCs includes lines named MEMR and MEMW, for “memory read” and “memory write.” If the CPU wants to read memory, it will assert the MEMR line, by putting a low voltage on it, while for a write, it will assert MEMW. Again, this signal will be noticed by the memory, since it too is connected to the control bus, and so it can act accordingly. The Motherboard A motherboard (or system board) is a large printed circuit board which connects together all the components in the computer. Allows the components to exchange data. The type of motherboard determines the types of CPU, memory and hard disk that can be installed in the computer. 3. SOFTWARE The programs and other operating information used by a computer. A generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions The programs used to direct the operation of a computer, as well as documentation giving instructions on how to use them. SOFTWARE i. System software: a) Operating System Software DOS, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Unix/Linux, MAC/OS X etc. b) Utility Software Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management), Windows Media Player, Disk Defragmentation, Disk Clean, BackUp, etc… ii. Application software: a) Package Software: i.e. – Off-The-Shelf software Ms. Office 2003, Ms. Office 2007, Macromedia (Dreamweaver, Flash, Freehand), Adobe (PageMaker, Photoshop) b) Tailored or Custom Software: SAGE (Accounting). Examples of application software including: Word Processing Software: Software that enables users to create and edit documents. e.g. MS-Word, WordPad, Notepad. Database Software: A database is a structured collection of data. Allows the users to store and retrieve data from databases. E.gs Oracle, MS Access Spreadsheet Software: Organises data and allows users to perform calculations. They simulate paper worksheets by displaying multiple cells that make up a grid.e.gs Excel, Lotus 1-2-3 and Apple Numbers. Multimedia Software: Allows users to create and play audio and video media. Audio converters, players, burners, video encoders and decoders are some forms of multimedia software.e.gs Real Player and Windows Media Player. Presentation Software: The software that is used to display information in the form of a slide show. e.g. Microsoft PowerPoint. TASK: CLASSIFY THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES OF SOFTWARE i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Microsoft Access Microsoft Project Microsoft Excel Microsoft Word Microsoft Office Publisher Microsoft Office Powerpoint Microsoft Office Outlook Windows Media Player Microsoft Office picture manager Skype III. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: An artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely. What is a program? A program is something that is produced using a programming Language. What is a Programming Language? A programming Language is a notational system intended primarily to facilitate human-machine interaction. LEVELS/GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 1st Generation Programming language (1GL) Machine Language: 0s or 1s The lowest level of language. The instructions in 1GL are made of binary numbers, represented by 1s and 0s. 2nd Generation Programming language (2GL) Assembly Language : Mnemonics The language is specific to a particular processor family and environment. Find: The differences between 1st and 2nd generation languages 3rd Generation Programming language (3GL) High-Level Languages ; (procedure oriented or Object Oriented) Translator for High-level languages is either a Compiler or an Interpreter. Examples of High-level languages: FORTRON ― COBOL ― BASIC ― C and C++ ― 4th Generation Programming language (4GL) Very-High-Level Languages consist of report generators, query languages, application generators, and interactive database management system For example: RPG III (Report Generator) SQL (Structured Query Language) NOMAD and FOCUS (DBMS) 5th Generation Programming Language Natural Languages: Are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer. Natural languages are part of the field of study known as Artificial Intelligence COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING The use of computer software to control machine tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of workpieces. A factory can become highly automated, through systems such as real-time control and robotics. A CAM system usually seeks to control the production process through varying degrees of automation. Combined with a CAD system, the resulting integrated CAD/CAM system takes the computer-generated design, and feeds it directly into the manufacturing system; the design is then converted into multiple computercontrolled processes, such as drilling or turning. COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN Use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. Used for the accurate creation of photo simulations Without which it would be time consuming, labourintensive and costly process Advantages Because each of the many manufacturing processes in a CAM system is computer controlled, a high degree of precision can be achieved that is not possible with a human interface. Another advantage of Computer Aided Manufacturing is that it can be used to facilitate mass customization: the process of creating small batches of products that are custom designed to suit each particular client. Without CAM, and the CAD process that precedes it, customization would be a time-consuming, manual and costly process. However, CAD software allows for easy customization and rapid design changes: the automatic controls of the CAM system make it possible to adjust the machinery automatically for each different order. CAE The broad usage of computer software to aid in engineering tasks. It includes computer-aided design (CAD),computeraided analysis (CAA),computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and computer-aided planning (CAP) CAE tools are very widely used in the automotive industry and aerospace. RELATED SOFTWARE AUTOCAD: an interactive drawing system designed to permit a user to construct or edit a drawing on a graphics display. AutoCAD is used in field of architectural and mechanical designing, mapping and 3D. APPLICATION OF IT IN CIVIL ENGINEERING The application of planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, calculations, including structural design, geometry calculations, and applications for project management. APPLICATION OF IT IN ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING A broad scientific and profound knowledge of electronic circuits and systems knowledge of telecommunications and computer-controlled systems. APPLICATION OF IT IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Advancements in computer science found applications designing and managing plants, simplifying calculations and drawings,that previously had to be done manually. Engineering work processes is an emerging and challenging area of research and development. Supporting the activities during the life cycle of a chemical process by means of information technology. Emphasis will be largely on the process and plant design process Modeling, numerical analysis and simulation • Informatics and intelligent systems • Process and product synthesis/design • Process control and monitoring • Events management and process safety • Plant operations, integration, planning/ scheduling and supply chain. Global chemical industry by focusing on advancements of information technology and business management skills. Advantage of the speed of computer analysis, the engineer can explore a greater number of design options in a short period of time.It allows an engineer to make immediate comparisons and see the impact of each. We can develop structural behaviour from a single project rather than having to await the accumulative experience of several projects. CHAPTER 3: NETWORKS What is a data network? A group of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources. 1. BASIC ELEMENTS OF A NETWORK Data/information networks vary in size and capabilities, but all have four basic elements in common: Protocols: Rules or agreements to govern how the messages are sent, directed, received and interpreted. The messages or units of information that travel from one device to another A means of interconnecting these devices - a medium that can transport the messages from one device to another Devices on the network that exchange messages with each other MEDIUM It interconnects the devices. It is either copper (electrical signals), optical fiber (light signals) or microwave (wireless) signals. Examples of copper medium are coaxial cable and TP cable. Examples of microwave signals are satellite signal transmission between a device on earth and a satellite in orbit. PROTOCOLS People often wish to send and receive a message using computer applications and these applications require services be provided by the network. Some of these services include the World Wide Web, email, instant messaging, and IP Telephony. Devices interconnected by medium to provide services must be governed by rules, or protocols. Protocols are the rules that the networked devices use to communicate with each other. The industry standard in networking today is a set of protocols called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). TCP/IP is used in home and business networks, as well as being the primary protocol of the Internet. e.gs Service WWW(World Wide Web) e-mail Protocol HTTP SMTP or POP MESSAGES For it to travel from one node to the next it has to be converted into a format that is compatible with the medium. All types of messages must be converted to bits, binary coded digital signals, before being sent to their destinations. NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE The network topology defines the way in which the nodes of a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) are connected to each other. These connections involve equipment like routers, switches, bridges and hubs using cables / medium (copper, fiber, and so on) or wireless technologies (Wi-Fi). 2. TYPES OF NETWORKS LAN This is a network which only connects together computers in the same building/site e.g. office or building or university campus. Each computer on a network is called a workstation or terminal If the workstation has processing ability it is known as an Intelligent Terminal otherwise Dumb Terminal. MAN A network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by a local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN) Usually designed for a town or city. WAN Connects computers in different geographical locations. For example computers in a Harare office connected to the organization's Chinhoyi offices. Two or more LANs or MANs can be connected together to form a Wide Area Network. Advantages Networking allows users to share resources including files and programs, printers or modems and share the Internet connection as well. People can also communicate over a network using programs such as Google Talk, Skype or Microsoft Outlook. NETWORK TERMINOLOGY i. Server: A computer or computer program that manages access to a centralized resource or service in a network. There are many different types of servers, including the following: Mail Servers - They move and store mail over corporate networks via LANs and WANs and across the Internet. Proxy Server - Proxy servers sit between a client program typically a Web browser and an external server (typically another server on the Web) to filter requests, improve performance, and share connections Web Servers - Serves static content to a Web browser by loading a file from a disk and serving it across the network to a user's Web browser. The browser and server talking to each other using HTTP mediate this entire exchange. Application server - A server dedicated to running certain software applications Database server - Provides database services to other computer programs or computers ii. Modem: MOdulator-DEModulator. It is a device that translates digital (machine) signals to analogue (signals carried by the media) and vice versa. This means it understands both the languages of the computer and the telephone. iii. E-mail: This is the transmission of written messages by electronic means via a computer network. Each user of the e-mail has an e-mail address to which messages are sent. The messages can be notes entered from the keyboard or electronic files and a message can take a few seconds to arrive. The recipient of the message does not have to be on-line when the message is sent and he can see the message whenever he accesses his message store or mailbox. Hence e-mail systems are based on a store and forward model. You can get a free e-mail address from web-sites such as www.yahoo.com, www.hotmail.com and www.google.com iv. Intranet Internal or private network of an organization based on internet technology (such as hypertext and TCP/IP protocols) and accessed over the internet. It is meant for the exclusive use of the organization and its associates (customers, employees, members, suppliers, etc.) and is protected from unauthorized access with security systems such as firewalls. Intranets provide services such as email, data storage, and search and retrieval functions, and are employed in disseminating policy manuals and internal directories for the employees, price and product information for the customers, and requirements and specifications for the suppliers. Some intranets are confined to a building whereas others span continents. v. Extranet Part of a company’s intranet that is extended to users outside the company, normally over the internet. They provide suppliers, vendors, and customers limited access to corporate data to check order status, inventory, and parts lists. QUESTION: State the similarities and differences between an intranet and an extranet. [10] CHAPTER 4: THE INTERNET DEFINITION This is a huge international network made up of smaller networks that are linked together like a spider web. It is a wide area network that covers a wide geographical area. In other words it is a combined collection of academic, commercial, government and private networks connected over international telecommunication backbones and routed using IP addressing. Activities that are facilitated by the internet include communication, education, commerce, entertainment, collaboration, data transfer and commerce. WORLD WIDE WEB A term often confused with the internet. Also known as the web. The difference is that the internet is the term referring to the physical connection of the world-wide network whilst the WWW holds all the information which moves around the Internet. It can be defined as a system of interlinked hypertext documents/web pages contained on the Internet. Contains web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and one can access them by using hyperlinks. SEARCH ENGINES These are WEB SITES that enable users to query an index and then return results relevant to the query. You can search by typing the concept, keyword, site and/ links. After searching the search engine will display the results and the user can select the appropriate site. Examples include www.bing.com, www.ask.com, www.google.co.zw WEB BROWSERS COMPUTER PROGRAMS (such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox) that enables internet users to access, navigate, and search World Wide Web sites. Browsers interpret hypertext links and allow documents formatted in hypertext markup language (HTML) to be viewed on the computer screen, and provide many other services including email and downloading and uploading of data, audio, and video files. MOZILLA FIREFOX Search Box Browser tabs Windows Start Button Mail log-in option Web Site address COMMON INTERNET TERMINOLOGY Chat Rooms A facility that enables two or more people to engage in interactive “conversations” over the Internet. Newsgroups Online discussion groups that focus on specific topics Web log(Blog) A blog is a web site that people can create and use to write about their observations, experiences and feelings on a wide range of topics. Wiki A wiki is a collaborative Web site that allows users to create, add to, modify, or delete the Web site content via their Web browser. Many wikis are open to modification by the general public. Wikis usually collect recent edits on a Web page so that someone can review them for accuracy. The difference between a wiki and a blog is that users cannot modify original posts made by the blogger. VIRUSES, WORMS AND TROJANS Viruses - programs that attach to files or applications and can travel from one computer to the next when unknowingly opened by a human Worms – these can travel like viruses but do not need human interaction to do so Trojan horses – these appear to be helpful software but when opened cause problems and can even create a security hole through which other hackers can enter the computer or network. SECURITY STRATEGIES Prevention: Security guidelines, advisories, common sense Detection: Monitor webserver logs, system activity, detection software Response: Script-level, webserver, institutional policies CLIENT-SIDE THREATS Content spoofing: tricks a user into believing content is from a different website (e.g. using redirection). Cross-site scripting (XSS): forces a website to display malicious code in a user’s browser. Phishing: masquerading as a trustworthy website in order to obtain user’s passwords, bank details etc. Spam: unwanted email. Hacker abuses script that sends emails to unchecked addresses entered via a web form. COMMUNICATION ON THE INTERNET The internet was designed as a means of communication by the United States army. Communication over the internet has evolved, and it makes use of communication channels such as: E-mail Instant Chat Video Conferencing Voice Chat rooms, newsgroups, blogs, e.t.c Web pages Communication over the internet is governed by a set of protocols, which describes a set of rules, according to which the communication between two or more parties must be performed. A) E-MAIL Advantages Speedy delivery. They are delivered at once around the world. Advanced services such as automated delivery, message prioritization. Compatible with many media types Cheap Easy to reference Global access Disadvantages Lack of personal touch Security threat- viruses, e.t.c Spam Possibility of loss of mail in the case of mailbox flooding and network malfunction E-MAIL CONT…. It uses protocols such as SMTP and FTP Client software applications that support e-mail are Microsoft Office Outlook or Outlook express. Supports text but other file formats such as music and video files or pictures can be attached to the e-mail and sent with the e-mail. Web sites: B) INSTANT CHAT A form of online communication that allows real-time (or close to real-time) interaction through personal computers or mobile computing devices. Users can exchange messages privately, similar to email, or join group conversations. Apart from typed text, it supports media formats such as images, audio and video files, and other attachments Supported by applications such as G-Talk, WhatsApp and IM Messenger Service provided by companies such as Google and Microsoft IC ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Advantages Instant message delivery and real time response Is compatible with smaller technologies such as mobile phones, improving reach Not limited by location of participants It allows creation of virtual conferences Advanced services such as storage of conversations (Limited)Support for other media types Cheap Easy to use Global reach Disadvantages Absence of the personal touch-emotional bias Authentication of chat peers is not definite Security threat-viruses Possibility of misuse in companies Possibility of interception of communication Can be a distraction in other activities C) VIDEO CONFERENCING Communication among people at remote locations by means of transmitted audio and video signals At the most basic level, it is supported by applications such as Skype and video calls such as supported by 3G telephone networks Supports Telepresence, Group video conferencing, desktop/ personal video conferencing, e.t.c Makes use of protocols such as RTP. Supports video, audio and data. VIDEO CONFERENCING ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Travel reduction Global reach Closely resembles a direct personal conversation Improved interaction: PowerPoint and other visual displays can be shared with everyone attending the conference at the same time, giving the feel of everyone being in one room and keeping everyone on task and focused. Improved collaboration, allows many people to be involved at once Video communications enables data, documents and images to be shared instantly. Immediate reach Advanced services such as virtual whiteboards DISADVANTAGES Cost Initial set-up costs: Equipment, software, maintenance Operating costs: Network bandwidth Not perfectly able to replace physical presence Usability D) IP TELEPHONY It is supported by a protocol called Voice over Internet Protocol(VoIP) It is a method for taking analog audio signals, and turning them into digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet. It refers to communication protocols, technologies, methodologies, and transmission techniques involved in the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Supported by protocols such as Skype ADVANTAGES Bandwidth efficiency Cost saving Global reach Portable(virtual) number Extra services such as support for video calls DISADVANTAGES Origin of phone call can be untraceable Affected by power outages Reliance on the internet network Voice quality can be poor Security: Viruses, spamming, DoS and phishing attacks EDUCATION Research Collaboration Distance learning Technology-enhanced learning Collaboration: The action of working with one or more other people to produce or create something. Tool: A device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular function. e.gs – Video Calls(Skype), Cloud based Services(Google Docs, Google Drive), Wikis(Wikipedia), Chat apps(IM), Ambient communications(Twitter), Image sharing(Flickr), Specialized apps(Google earth), E-learning apps(moodle) GOOGLE DOCS A free web-based office suite offered by Google within its Google Drive service. It allows users to create and edit documents online while collaborating in real-time with other users. Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service. It enables user cloud storage, file sharing and collaborative editing. Files shared publicly on Google Drive can be searched with engines like Open Drive A good tool should Promote communication; Share a diagram, photograph, paper, or similar objects; Allow natural interactions; and Be easy to use and learn. OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS XP CHAPTER 5 DEFINITION An OS is a program which acts as an interface between computer system users and the computer hardware. It provides a user-friendly environment in which a user may easily develop and execute programs. Otherwise, hardware knowledge would be mandatory for computer programming. So, it can be said that an OS hides the complexity of hardware from uninterested users. In general, a computer system has some resources which may be utilized to solve a problem. They are Memory Processor(s) I/O File System e.t.c The OS manages these resources and allocates them to specific programs and users. With the management of the OS, a programmer is rid of difficult hardware considerations. An OS provides services for Processor Management Memory Management File Management Device Management Concurrency Control It is used as a predefined library for hardware-software interaction. COMPUTER SYSTEM RESOURCE FRAMEWORK Application Programs System Programs Operating System Machine Language HARDWARE EVOLUTION The first computers did not use the mouse. It was popular as standard equipment with the Apple Macintosh. It became even more popular with the growth in popularity of the Graphical User Interface THE WINDOWS O.S PLATFORM To date, WINDOWS has developed many Operating Systems, including Windows XP and Windows 7. Other examples of operating systems not developed by Windows include Ubuntu and MAC OS which is popular on Apple computers. Windows gained popularity as it’s design focused on the user population which was using the personal computers. The introduction of the mouse corresponded to the introduction of the Icon and a Graphical User Interface, allowing a user to implement a command by simply clicking on an Icon DESKTOP Icon Recycle bin Desktop Task Bar Start Button System Tray TASK Give an example of each of the following Operating system types, highlighting its unique features: i. Open Source ii. Server iii. Mobile phone iv. Windows DESKTOP ICONS Recycle Bin: Contains the documents and files that have been deleted. It needs to be emptied to permanently lose the data that it holds. Desktop: The area of screen that provides the Graphical User Interface containing icons and shortcuts. Wallpaper: The picture on the background that fills the Desktop area. Icons: Shortcuts used to provide quick access to files and folders such as My Documents folder and also for launching programs. START BUTTON When pressed it gives a list of the programs installed on the computer as shown below SHORTCUT FOR DOCUMENT Right Click on the Desk Top Click on New Click on Shortcut Click on browse to specify the location of the document you desire to access. For example, if it is a document in the My Documents folder, you browse to My Documents and select the document. Click on Ok and then Click on Next Specify a name to use for the document Click on Finish CREATING AN ICON ON DESKTOP To add an Icon: Click on the Start button. Put your mouse over All Programs. A menu will appear with all of your programs. Go to the program that you want to create a shortcut for and Right-click on it. A menu will appear. Click on Send to then Desktop Create Shortcut. Left-click on the desktop area to see your new icon. CREATING A DESKTOP ICON CONT… To add an Icon: Click on the Start button. Put your mouse over All Programs. A menu will appear with all of your programs. Go to the program that you want to create a shortcut for and Right-click on it. A menu will appear. Click on Send to then Desktop Create Shortcut. Left-click on the desktop area to see your new icon. CONTROL PANEL To get access to the Control Panel: Click on Start then click Click on Control Panel It contains specialized tools that are used to change the way the Operating System looks and behaves. It also provides access to administrative tasks such as: Appearance and Themes, Network and Internet Connections, Printers and other hardware, Performance and Maintenance, User Accounts, Date, Time and language Options WINDOW Label Control Buttons Address Bar Page Links Information Scroll Bar Minimise Restore Close FOLDERS A virtual container in which groups of computer files or other folders can be kept and organized. Files can be organized by keeping related documents within the same folder. Sub-Folder: A folder contained inside another folder. Some default folders found within the windows user environment include My Documents, My Music ,My Videos and My Pictures. They are also referred to as directories. CREATING A NEW FOLDER ON THE DESKTOP Right click on a blank space on the desktop. Scroll to New Click on Folder Type the name of the folder and press enter THE KEYBOARD-SHORTCUT KEYS Close Copy Cut Delete Exit Find Help Minimize Window Move to Recycling New Folder/Document CTRL+W CTRL+C CTRL+X DEL ESC CTRL+F3 F1 Windows Key*+M CTRL+DEL CTRL+N THE KEYBOARD-SHORTCUT KEYS CONT… Open Open Start Menu Paste Page Up/Down Print Print Screen Quit Reboot/Restart Save Select All Undo CTRL+O Windows Key* CTRL+V Page Up/Down Keys CTRL+P ALT+Print Screen Key ALT+F4 CTRL+ALT+DEL CTRL+S CTRL+A CTRL+Z