Download Chapter One - Annapolis High School

Welcome to AP Human
Geography
On your index cards please
write the following:
Name
Year
in school
Email
One interesting fact about yourself
Favorite band or artist/movie/TV show
Any after-school activities you participate
in
What do you want to learn in this class?
A question for me
Things to remember…
 Get
to class on time
 Avoid talking when you’re supposed to be listening
 Cell phones should not be seen unless otherwise
instructed (free time)
 Get work in on time
 Do the extra credit on line test
 Look at the calendar
 Ask for help…communicate
 Be proactive “my printer didn’t work” is old!
 Give it your best effort!
 Have fun
Chapter Chapter1
Thinking
Geographically
How Geographers Address Location
 Maps—A two dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth’s surface.
 Early mapmaking-Cartography (the science of making

maps) Dates back to 800 BC
Map scale—The relation of a feature’s size on a map and
its actual size on Earth’s surface.

Can be represented in three ways:





Fraction (1/24,000)
Ratio (1:24,000)
Written Statement (1 inch equals 1 mile)
Projection—transferring location on Earth’s surface to a flat
map
Contemporary Tools
 GIS-Geographic Information System (topography, political
boundaries, population density, manufacturing etc.)
 Remote sensing—acquisition of data of Earth’s surface
 GPS—Global Positioning System—pinpoints location
Contemporary Tools
 GIS-Geographic
Information
System (topography, political
boundaries, population density,
manufacturing etc.)
 Remote sensing—acquisition of
data of Earth’s surface
 GPS—Global Positioning System—
pinpoints location
Warm up: White Boards
Please!
1. What is the farthest distance you are
willing/able to walk?
2. If there were no cars or other transportation,
what could you get to on foot from your house
at this distance?
3. What would your life be like to live only within
a circular area with this distance as the
landuse
Urban vs Rural. How do we
determine what land is used for?
World Political Boundaries (2004)
Fig. 1-1: National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of
the cultural landscape
A
Large Scale Map VS.
Small Scale Map
large scale map only shows a small area, but it shows
it in great detail.
 A map depicting a large area, such as an entire
country, is considered a small scale map. In order to
show the entire country, the map must be scaled down
until it is much smaller. A small scale map shows more
territory, but it is less detailed.
 Distortion




is a problem that arises in:
Shape
Distance
Relative Size
Direction
Scale Differences: Maps of Florida
1
3
2
4
Fig. 1-3: The effects of scale in maps of Florida. (Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000)
Township and Range System in the U.S.
Fig. 1-4: Principal meridians and east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in
northwest Mississippi and topographic map of the area.
Layers of a GIS
Fig. 1-5: A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in
several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.
Uniqueness of Places and Regions
 Place:
Unique location of a feature
 Place
names—AKA toponym
 Site—Physical characteristics (climate,
topography, soil, vegetation, elevation)
 Situation-The location relative to other
locations
 Mathematical location—longitude/latitude
 Absolute
Location: the position or place a certain
item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees,
minutes and seconds of latitude and longitude
 Relative
Location: the location of a place relative to
other human and physical features on the landscape
Site: Broadneck Peninsula
How would you describe the site of the
Broadneck Peninsula?
Situation: Broadneck Penninsula
How
would you describe the situation
of . the Broadneck Peninsula? (white
boards please)
Regions: Areas of unique
characteristics
 Cultural
landscape—combination of
cultural features such as language,
religion, economic, climate
 Types of regions—two scales—several
neighboring countries that share
important features (Latin America)
 Regional integration of culture
 Cultural ecology: study of human
adaptations to social and physical
environments.
Environmental
Possiblism
Determinism
Environmental Determinism
Physical
environment causes
human activities: Caribbean
climate is said to cause laid back,
lazy lifestyles
Possiblism
 Physical
environment may limit some human
activities, but people have the ability to adjust
to their environment


People learn that different crops thrive in different
environments
Rice requires a lot of water, wheat is more
successful in colder climates
World Geographic Grid
Fig. 1-8: The
world geographic grid consists of meridians of
longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime
meridian (0º) passes through Greenwich, England.
World Time Zones
Fig. 1-9: The world’s 24 standard time zones are often
depicted using the Mercator projection.
On your white boards:
List
as many states that you
think are included in the south.
Types of Regions
Formal or Uniform: largest area where a
1.
valid generalization hold true. Generally
has defined borders/boundaries
•
•
•
Common Languages
Production of a Certain Crop
Climate
Functional or Nodal: defined by
2.
interactions and connections
•
•
Newspaper circulation (Washington Post)
Reception area of a TV Station
Types of Regions
3.Perceptual or Vernacular:
based on our feelings and
images
1.
2.
3.
Yankee Nation
The “south”
A gang’s turf
Election 2000: Regional
Differences
Fig. 1-10: Presidential election results by county and state illustrate differences in regional
voting patterns.
Why do you think this is a functional area?
What do you associate with
the South?
Where
is “The South” and
what determines where
that is?
Vernacular Regions
Fig. 1-12: A number of factors are often used to define the South as a vernacular region,
each of which identifies somewhat different boundaries.
Similarity of Different Places
Scale:
From local to global
 Globalization
of economy-the world is
shrinking in size--communication
 Globalization of culture—western
cultural influences…good or bad?
Space:
Distribution of features
 Distribution—measures
how “things” are
distributed in a given area—IE houses in
Annapolis
 Gender and ethnic diversity in space—
where do people live? Travel? Work?
Connections Between Places
–Spatial interaction
–Faster Travel, communication
–Interaction—some barriers such as language,
culture or physical—oceans
–Distance Decay—the farther away one group
is from another, the less likely the two will
interact
–Diffusion—How a characteristic spreads across
space from one place to another over time
–The place of origin--hearth
Globalization of the Economy
Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional
headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.
Density, Concentration, and Pattern
Arithmetic Density: the
total number of people
per square mile
Physiological density: the
number of persons per unit
of area suitable for
agriculture
Agricultural density: the
number of farmers per unit
area of farmland
Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may each
vary in an area or landscape.
Density and Concentration of
Baseball Teams, 1952–2000
Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates
the differences between density and concentration.
Airline Route Networks
Fig. 1-21: Delta Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a
“hub and spoke” system.
Diffusion
Expansion Diffusion—the spread of a feature from one place to another.
Can be accomplished in one of three ways:
Hierarchical diffusion—The spread of ideas from
authority (Soccer: began in England when it was a world super
power)
Contagious diffusion—The rapid, wide-spread diffusion of a
characteristic throughout the population
 AIDS, silly bands
Stimulus diffusion—The spread of an underlying principle. More
modern in nature—use of computers
 The use of a mouse on computers
Diffusion of Culture and Economy
Global economy is centered on three core/hearth regions
North America, Western Europe and Japan
Uneven development—The increasing gap in economic conditions between
regions in the core and periphery.
TV/Computers/Cell phones/IPODS
AIDS Diffusion in the U.S., 1981–2001
Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in 1981. They spread through
the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.
You’re off to a great start!