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T2 Stars and Galaxies Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Stars and Galaxies Section 1 Stars A. Patterns of stars - constellations 1. Ancient cultures used mythology or everyday items to name constellations 2. Modern astronomy studies 88 constellations 3. Some constellations are not visible all year because Earth revolves around the Sun 4. Circumpolar constellations in the northern sky appear to circle around Polaris and are visible all year B. Star magnitude 1. Absolute magnitude—measure of the amount of light a star actually gives off 2. Apparent magnitude—measure of the amount of a star’s light received on Earth C. Space measurement 1. Astronomers measure a star’s parallax—shift in its position when viewed from two different angles 2. Distance is measured in light-years—the distance light travels in a year D. Star properties 1. Color indicates temperature a. Hot stars are blue-white b. Cool stars look orange or red c. Yellow stars like the Sun are medium temperature 2. A spectroscope breaks the visible light from a star into a spectrum a. Spectrum indicates elements in the star’s atmosphere DISCUSSION QUESTION: Why are circumpolar constellations always visible? Because of their unique position, these stars are visible in the northern sky each sesaon; other constellations, such as Orion—visible in the winter months—are not always visible. Underlined words and phrases are to be filled in by students on the Note-taking Worksheet. Teacher Support & Planning Content Outline for Teaching