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Cardiovascular System at a Glance Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System Distribute blood to all areas of body Delivery of needed substances to cells Removal of wastes Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System at a Glance Organs of Cardiovascular System Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Combining Forms angi/o aort/o arteri/o ather/o atri/o cardi/o vessel aorta artery fatty substance atrium heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Combining Forms coron/o hemangi/o phleb/o sphygm/o steth/o thromb/o heart blood vessel vein pulse chest clot Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Combining Forms valv/o valvul/o vascul/o vas/o ven/o ventricul/o valve valve blood vessel vessel, duct vein ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular System Suffixes –manometer –ole –tension –ule instrument to measure pressure small pressure small Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Also called circulatory system Maintains distribution of blood throughout body Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and amino acids to cells Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Is composed of: Heart Blood vessels Arteries Capillaries Veins Divided into pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Systemic Circulation Between heart and cells of body Carries oxygenated blood away from left side of heart to body Carries deoxygenated blood from body to right side of heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Pulmonary Circulation Between heart and lungs Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.1 – A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the pulmonary circulation picking up oxygen from the lungs and the systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body. Medical Terminology: A Living Language Language,, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Muscular pump Made up of cardiac muscle fibers Could be called a muscle instead of an organ Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day Each time the muscle contracts: Blood is ejected from heart Pushed throughout body within blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Located in the mediastinum More to left side of chest Directly behind sternum About size of a fist Shaped like upside-down pear Tip of heart at lower edge Called the apex Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Layers Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium Inner Outer layer Lines heart chambers Smooth, thin layer that reduces friction as the blood passes through heart chambers Middle layer Thick muscle Contraction of this layer develops the pressure required to pump blood through blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht layer Forms the visceral layer of pericardial sac Fluid between layers of pericardial sac reduces friction as heart beats Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart. Medical Terminology: A Living Language Language,, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Chambers Divided into four chambers Two atria Two ventricles Heart is divided into right and left sides by a wall called the septum Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Atria Left and right upper chambers Receiving chambers Blood returns to atria in veins Superior and inferior vena cava Pulmonary veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Ventricles Left and right lower chambers Pumping chambers Thick myocardium Blood exits ventricles into arteries Aorta Pulmonary artery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Valves Four valves in heart Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic Act as restraining gates to control direction of blood flow Found at entrance and exit to ventricles Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by blocking it from returning to previous chamber Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters relaxed right atrium via two large veins called: Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 2. Right atrium contracts Blood flows through tricuspid valve into relaxed right ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 3. Right ventricle contracts Blood is pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery Carries blood to lungs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 4. Relaxed left atrium receives blood that has been oxygenated by lungs Blood enters left atrium from the four pulmonary veins Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 5. Left atrium contracts Blood flows through mitral valve into relaxed left ventricle Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 6. Left ventricle contracts Blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into aorta Largest artery in the body Carries blood to all parts of body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.6 – The path of blood flow through the chambers of the left and right side of the heart. Medical Terminology: A Living Language Language,, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Systole and Diastole Heart chambers alternate between: Relaxing to fill Contracting to push blood forward Relaxation phase is diastole Contraction phase is systole Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessels Pipes that circulate blood through body Three types: Arteries Capillaries Veins Lumen is the channel within blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Arteries Large thick-walled vessels Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or constrict As arteries travel through body they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Arteries Carry blood away from heart Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body Coronary arteries supply myocardium Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Capillaries Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called a capillary bed Connecting unit between arteries and veins Arterial blood flows into capillary bed Venous blood flows out of capillary bed Location for: Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Veins Much thinner walls than arteries Much lower pressure system than in arteries Have valves to insure blood flows only towards heart Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood return to heart Smallest veins are called venules Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Veins Carry blood towards the heart From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of body Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs Superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from body Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Pressure Measurement of force exerted by blood against walls of a vessel May be affected by several characteristics of blood and blood vessels Elasticity of arteries Diameter of blood vessels Viscosity of blood Volume of blood Amount of resistance to blood flow Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Pressure During ventricular systole Blood is under great pressure Gives highest pressure—systolic Top number of blood pressure reading During ventricular diastole Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all Blood pressure drops to lowest point—diastolic Bottom number of blood pressure reading Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with angi/o –gram angiogram record of a vessel –itis angiitis inflammation of a vessel –plasty angioplasty surgical repair of vessel –spasm angiospasm involuntary muscle contraction in a vessel –stenosis angiostenosis narrowing of a vessel Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o –ic aortic pertaining to the aorta –al arterial pertaining to an artery –ole arteriole small artery –rrhexis arteriorrhexis ruptured artery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with ather/o & atri/o atherectomy surgical removal of fatty substance –oma atheroma fatty substance tumor/growth –al atrial pertaining to the atrium –ectomy inter– –al interatrial Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to between the atrium Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with cardi/o –ac brady– –ia electr/o –gram –megaly cardiac bradycardia pertaining to the heart state of slow heart record of heart’s electrocardiogram electricity cardiomegaly enlarged heart pertaining to heart my/o –al myocardial muscle –ologist cardiologist heart specialist –rrhexis cardiorrhexis ruptured heart tachy– –ia tachycardia state of fast heart Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with coron/o, phleb/o, and vascul/o –ary coronary pertaining to the heart –itis phlebitis inflammation of a vein –ar vascular pertaining to a blood vessel Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o –plasty valvoplasty surgical repair of valve –itis valvulitis inflammation of a valve –ar valvular pertaining to a valve Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o –ous venous pertaining to veins –ule venule small vein –gram venogram record of a vein –ar ventricular pertaining to ventricles inter– –ar interventricular Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht pertaining to between ventricles Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary auscultation cardiology catheter listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope branch of medicine for diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease; physician is a cardiologist flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to view blood vessels Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary infarct area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply ischemia local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction murmur abnormal heart sound such as soft blowing sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit orthostatic sudden drop in blood pressure when hypotension standing up suddenly Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary palpitations pounding, racing heartbeats yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis to flow backwards; in CV system refers to regurgitation backflow of blood through a valve plaque Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Vocabulary sphygmomanometer stent stethoscope blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel to widen the lumen instrument for listening to body sounds Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and arrhythmia others are life threatening electrical impulse is blocked from traveling bundle down bundle branches; results in ventricles branch beating at different rate than atria; also block (BBB) called heart block angina pectoris Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology cardiac arrest complete stopping of heart activity myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy or alcoholism; common reason for heart transplant congenital septal defect (CSD) hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology congestive heart failure (CHF) left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, & edema coronary poor blood supply to heart muscle due to artery disease obstruction of coronary arteries; may (CAD) cause angina pectoris and heart attack endocarditis inflammation of lining membranes of heart; if cause is bacterial may have a bacterial colony form, called vegetation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.15 – Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery. Medical Terminology: A Living Language Language,, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Coronary Artery Disease Animation Click here to view an animation about coronary artery disease. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology fibrillation flutter heart valve prolapse heart valve stenosis extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death can occur arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in a regular pattern cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allowing regurgitation Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Heart Pathology myocardial occlusion of coronary artery; results in a infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack myocarditis inflammation of heart muscle layer pericarditis inflammation of pericardial sac tetralogy of Fallot combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology aneurysm weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries arteriosclerosis hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls; often due to atherosclerosis most common form of arteriosclerosis; atherosclerosis lipid plaques form in arterial wall Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.17 – Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta which has ruptured. Medical Terminology: A Living Language Language,, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology coarctation of aorta (CoA) severe congenital narrowing of aorta embolus obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus in another site hemorrhoid varicose veins in anal region Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 5.19 – Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The embolus will become lodged in a blood vessel that is smaller than it is, resulting in occlusion of that artery. Medical Terminology: A Living Language Language,, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology hypertension (HTN) hypotension patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension is due to CV disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease decrease in blood pressure; may be due to shock or anemia congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology peripheral abnormal condition affecting any blood vascular vessel outside the heart; symptoms may disease (PVD) include pain, pallor, & blocked circulation polyarteritis inflammation of several arteries Raynaud’s phenomenon periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities; especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; extremities become cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Blood Vessel Pathology inflammation of vein resulting in blood thrombophlebitis clots within a vein thrombus blood clot within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel varicose veins swollen and distended veins; often in the legs Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology ACE inhibitor drugs produce vasodilation to decrease blood pressure Lotensin, Capoten reduces or prevents cardiac Tambocor, antiarrhythmic arrhythmias Corvert anticoagulant prevents blood clot formation Warfarin, Coumadin antilipidemic reduces blood cholesterol level Lipitor, Zocor Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology lowers heart rate to treat hypertension and angina pectoris decreases force of heart beat to Calcium treat hypertension, angina channel pectoris, and congestive heart blocker failure increases force of heart cardiotonic contraction to treat congestive heart failure Betablocker Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Lopressor, Inderal Cardizem, Procardia Lanoxin Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology diuretic increases urine production to reduce plasma volume to lower blood pressure Lasix thrombolytic dissolves existing blood clot Plavix, Activase Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Pharmacology contracts smooth muscle in vasoconstrictor wall of blood vessel to raise blood pressure relaxes smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to vasodilator reduce blood pressure and increase blood flow to ischemic area Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Aramine Nitro-Dur, Vasodilan Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations AFB atrial fibrillation AMI acute myocardial infarction AS arteriosclerosis ASD atrial septal defect ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease AV, A-V atrioventricular BBB bundle branch block BP blood pressure Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations bpm beats per minute CABG coronary artery bypass graft CAD coronary artery disease cath catheterization CC cardiac catheterization, chief complaint CCU coronary care unit CHF congestive heart failure CoA coarctation of the aorta Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations CP chest pain CPK creatine phosphokinase CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation CSD congenital septal defect CV cardiovascular DVT deep vein thrombosis ECC extracorporeal circulation ECG, EKG electrocardiogram Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations ECHO echocardiogram GOT glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase HTN hypertension ICU intensive care unit IV intravenous LDH lactate dehydrogenase Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations LVAD left ventricular assist device LVH left ventricular hypertrophy MI myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency mmHg millimeters of mercury MR mitral regurgitation MS mitral stenosis MVP mitral valve prolapse Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations P pulse PAC premature atrial contraction PDA patent ductus arteriosus PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PVC premature ventricular contraction S1 first heart sound S2 second heart sound Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Abbreviations SA, S-A sinoatrial SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase SK streptokinase tPA tissue-type plasminogen activator Vfib ventricular fibrillation VSD ventricular septal defect VT ventricular tachycardia Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.