Download Three Quarters Honors Biology Study Guide BiochemistryDue (Mon

Three Quarters Honors Biology Study Guide
BiochemistryDue (Mon #1-5 / Due Tues# 6-14)
1. What is the atomic number? Atomic weight? An isotope? An ion?
2. Calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons based on the periodic table.
a. What are the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in carbon and Chlorine?
3. What are the number of electron cloud layers and how many electrons are in each?
a. Draw electron cloud configuration for carbon & Chlorine.
4. Identify the reactants and products in a chemical equation
5. What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? Give an example of each.
6. What is pH? How does what know if a substance is an acid or base or neutral?
7. Identify which functional groups are present for a given molecule.
8. For carbohydrates, fats, and proteins be able to
a. Identify the monomers for each? How does the molecule progress to be a polymer?
b. How does dehydration synthesis work to build a polymer of each group?
c. How does hydrolysis work to break down the polymer of each group?
d. What are the different functions of each group?
e. Which and how are these groups listed on a food label.
9. What are the different forms and functions of polysaccharides: glycogen, starch, cellulose
10. How can you tell the difference between saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated
fats.
11. What are the 4 types of protein structures? What mechanisms are in place to cause the shape
at each level.
12. Interpret a graph on the effects of an enzyme on energy levels and reaction rates.
13. Explain the induced fit model – such as sucrase on sucrose.
14. How does denaturation occur and affect enzymes.
The Cell (*Due Mon 3/14)
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is the difference between a plant and animal cell.
What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell
Why is the phospholipid bilayer important – what is it composed of, vesicle formation
Diffusion- which way do particles move in an experiment
a. Define diffusion
b. What happens at equilibrium
c. Define Osmosis
5. Lab safety- no question be familiar with class rules for
6. What is the structure (look like) and function of following parts of cell
a. Nucleus
g. Cilia
b. Nucleolus
h. Flagella
c. Endoplasmic Reticulum
i. Mitochondria
d. Cell wall
j. Central vacuole
e. Ribosomes
k. Chloroplast
f. Golgi Apparatus
7. What are the principles of cell theory
8. How should one look at a slide on the microscope at high power
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Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration (Due fri)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Define and give examples of: autotroph, heterotroph, consumer, producer
What types of energy conversion occur in photosynthesis
Plants absorb light by? appear green because of?
Experiment
a. Define the independent variable & dependent variable
b. Be able to read a graph- no question
c. Apply the process of photosynthesis to a lab scenario
5. What are the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration? How are they similar yet
different?
6. How is energy released in ATP?
7. What are the products and reactants of cellular respiration
8. Yeast and fermentation – what type aerobic or anaerobic?
9. How do muscle cramps develop?
10. What foods are made from fermentation?
11. Comparison of light reaction and Calvin Cycle: light use, location, reactants, products, and
energy types
12. Comparison of Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain, & fermentation (2 types): #
ATP, location, need for oxygen, produces carbon dioxide
13. Write the balanced chemical equations for photosynthesis & cell respiration
Cell Division (Due Wed.)
Identify the phases of mitosis in picture form
a. What is the correct order of mitosis phases?
b. Which are longest? What occurs during interphase?
2. Define and Identify the centromere and sister chromatids
3. What are the number of human chromosomes in cell – body and sex cell
4. What is the purpose of karyotype
5. Define cytokinesis
6. Cancer cells
a. How do they compare to normal cells
b. What are treatments for cancer
7. What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis
8. Define: zygote, gametes
9. Diploid and Haploid number- define each and be able to calculate
Genetics (Due Tues.#1-4)
1. Principles that Mendel came up with
2. Dominant and recessive
Definitions: dominant: recessive, phenotype, genotype, homozygous. heterozygous
Figure out genotypes: Homozygous and Heterozygous of eye color (B)
3. Two trait genotypes and FOIL for possible gametes from parents
4. Sex-linked disorders
a. Interpret punnett square
b. Figure out phenotypes
5. Pedigrees
a. Know symbols – what do they mean
Square-male, circle-female, horizontal line marriage, vertical line offspring
b. Interpret pedigree
c. Genotypes, Chance of passing on trait, parents who don’t have trait
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Three Quarters Honors Biology Study Guide ANSWERS
Chemistry
1. What is the atomic number? Atomic weight? An isotope? An ion? Atomic number is the
number of protons in an element – it is its identity. Atomic mass is the number of protons and
neutrons in an element. Isotope is form of an element that weighs more due to more neutrons.
Ion is either a positively or negatively charged element / compound due to gaining or losing
electrons.
2. Calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons based on the periodic table.
The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of electrons of an element on the
periodic table is the atomic number. Neutrons are calculated by the atomic mass minus the
atomic number.
a. What are the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in Carbon & Chlorine?
Carbon: 6 protons, 6 electrons, 6 neutrons
Chlorine: 17 electrons, 17 protons, 18
neutrons
3. What are the number of electron cloud layers and how many electrons are in each?
Each row of the periodic table is the number of layers in the electron cloud. Each
column (up and down) is the number of electrons in the outer most layer.
a. Draw electron cloud configuration for carbon and Chlorine
4. Identify the reactants and products in a chemical equation- reactants are on the left side
of the equation and products are on the right side. Hydrogen and oxygen are reactants that
make water.
H2 + O2  H2O
5. What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? Give an example of each.
Ionic bonds are made when an electron leaves the outer layer of one element and goes to
another element – creating two ions. The atoms attract due to opposite charge like salt Na+
and Cl-. Covalent bonds are when elements share the electrons in the outermost layer like
H2O.
6. What is pH? How does what know if a substance is an acid or base or neutral? pH is the
measure of H+ ion concentration in a solution. Scale 0-14. Less than 7 acid, greater than 7
base. & is considered neutral or pure water.
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7. Identify which functional groups are present for a given molecule.
Hydroxyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Aldehyde
Ketone
phosphate
nitrogen lone pair
Sulfhydryl
8. For carbohydrates, fats, and proteins be able to
a. Identify the monomers for each? How does the molecule progress to be a
polymer?
b. How does dehydration synthesis work to build a polymer of each group?
c. How does hydrolysis work to break down the polymer of each group?
d. What are the different functions of each group?
e. Which and how are these groups listed on a food label.
Category
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Monomers
Monosaccharide like
Glycerol & fatty acids
Amino acids 
Polymers
glucose or fructose  triglyceride.
polypeptide chains 
polysaccharide
primary, secondary,
tertiary, quarternary
Dehydration
Remove 1 water to
Remove 3 water
Remove 1 water
synthesis & bonds
make a disaccharide
molecules to bind
molecule to make a
from 2
glycerol with 3 fatty
peptide bond
monosaccharides
acids
Hydrolysis (add
Polysaccarides 
Triglyceride 
4th structure 3rd
water to cut)
Monosaccharides
Glycerol + 3 fatty
structure  2nd
acids
structure polypeptide
chain  amino acids
Common names/
Sugars, syrups
fats, oils
meats, legumes
food
Functions
1.Energy for body
1.Stored energy
1.Structures- hair,
2.Stored energy
2.Cell membranes
muscle, tissues
2.Hormones & enzymes
Food Label
Carbohydrates, sugars
Fats, saturated,
Proteins
cholesterol
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9. What are the different forms and functions of polysaccharides: glycogen, starch,
cellulose
Glycogen- branched chain stored energy for glucose
Cellulose- structural support in stems of plants
Starch- complex sugar food source found in potatoes, rice, and corn
10. How can you tell the difference between saturated, monounsaturated, and
polyunsaturated fats.
Saturated- have no C=C double bonds and all C are saturated with H atoms. Monounsaturatedhave one C=C double bond, and polyunsaturated has two or more C=C bonds.
11. What are the 4 types of protein structures? What mechanisms are in place to cause the
shape at each level.
Primary- polypeptide; Secondary-alpha helix and beta-pleated sheets; Tertiary- Ionic bonds, sulfur
bridges, hydrophobic reactions, hydrogen bonds; Quarternary- multiple amino acids form protein
structure.
14. Interpret a graph on the effects of an enzyme on energy levels and reaction rates.- Enzymes
lower activation energy. They aid in speeding up a chemical reaction but do not change the
overall energy of the reaction.
13. Explain the induced fit model – such as sucrase on sucrose
E + S --> ES --> E + P / Sucrase (enzyme) binds to sucrose (substrate)  (products) glucose
and fructose +sucrase (enzyme)
15. What is denaturation of an enzyme – how does it occur? Protein breaks down and
unfolds due to extreme temperature and pH changes.
The Cell
1. What is the difference between a plant and animal cell
Plants possess chloroplasts, central vacuoles, and cell walls while animal cell do not.
Centrioles are found in all animal cells.
2. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell
– prokaryotic lacks a nucleus and most other organelles
- eukaryotic cell has a membrane bound nucleus and organelles
3. Why is the phospholipid bilayer important- regulates the transport of substances across it,
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, transport proteins. Oxygen and water diffuse, glucose
by proteins. Exocytosis / endocytosis- moving material out or into cell by vesicles made of
membrane
4. Diffusion- which way do particles move in an experiment
a. Define diffusion- net movement of the particles of a substance from where they are more
concentrated to where they are less concentrated
b. What happens at equilibrium- reached when the movement of particles in one
direction is equal to the number of particles moving in the other
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c. Define osmosis- passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane
5. Lab safety- be familiar with class rules for: fire use, acid use, glass breakage
6. What is the structure (look like) and function of following parts of cell
a. Nucleus: center of cell, circular; the part that houses the cell's genetic material in the form
of DNA
b. Nucleolus: ball-like mass of fibers and granules in a cell nucleus
c. Endoplasmic Reticulum: may be smooth or rough ribbon-like; network of membranes
within a cell's cytoplasm that produces a variety of molecules
d. Cell wall: box like structure; strong wall outside a plant cell's plasma membrane that
protects the cell and maintains its shape
e. Ribosomes: small dot structures- cluster of proteins and nucleic acids that constructs
proteins in a cell
f. Golgi apparatus: flattened stack of ovals; cellular organelle that modifies, stores, and
routes cell products
g. Cilia: short hair-like structures from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that
move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface
h. Flagella: whip-like structure responsible for movement
i. Mitochondria: powerplant of cell- turns glucose into ATP; bean shaped
j. Central vacuole: large structure (bigger than nucleus) stores water to help hold plants up
k. Chloroplast: green disk structure responsible to turn solar energy into glucose
7. What are the principles of cell theory
- All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in
living things (life legos), cells come from pre-existing cells
8. How should one look at a slide on the microscope at high power: set in on low power and
find the object, go to medium and then high keeping the organism in the center of the field of view,
only use the fine adjustment on high power.
Photosynthesis / Cell Respiration
1. Define and give and example of:
-autotroph- organism that makes its own food; plant
-heterotroph- organism that obtains food by eating other organisms; animal
-consumer- gains energy from eating another organism
-producer- an organism that makes its own food and produces organic molecules that serve\
as food for other organisms in an ecosystem
2. What types of energy conversion occur in photosynthesis: sun light into chemical energy
3. Plants absorb light by? pigments called chlorophyll and appear green because of?
Chlorophyll / chloroplast
4. Experiment
a. Define the independent variable & dependent variable
Independent- the variable being manipulated; dependent- the variable that may change
from the independent variable being manipulated
b. Be able to read a graph
c. Apply process of photosynthesis- see chemical equation
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5. What are the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration? How are they similar
yet different?
Cell respiration: 6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Solar Energy  6O2 + C6H12O6
6. How is energy released in ATP? When chemical bonds are broken between phosphates
energy is released
7. What are the products and reactants of cellular respiration: in # 5. Products (outputs) are
on the right side of chemical equations, reactants (inputs) are on the left side
8. Yeast and fermentation – what type aerobic or anaerobic? Anaerobic because do not need
oxygen
9. How do muscle cramps develop? Build up of lactic acid during fermentation in muscles due
to lack of oxygen
10. What foods are made from fermentation? Cheese, alcoholic beverages, breads, yogurt.
11. Comparison of light reaction and Calvin Cycle: light use, location, reactants, products,
and energy types
Light Reaction
Calvin Cycle
Light use
Light-dependent reaction
Light-Independent reaction / Dark
Reaction
Location
Thylakoid membrane
Stroma
Input / Reactant
Light + water
CO2 + RuP
Output / Product
Oxygen
G3P  C6H12O6
Energy
NADP+  NADPH
9 ATP  9 ADP + P per turn
ADP + P  ATP
6 NADPH 6 NADH+ per turn
12. Comparison of Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain, & fermentation (2
types): # ATP, location, need for oxygen, produces carbon dioxide
Glycolysis
Krebs
Electron transport
Fermentation
Chain
# ATP
2ATP
2ATP
34 ATP
2 ATP
Location
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Yeast / Muscles
Need OxygenNo
No
Yes
No
Aerobic
CO2 produced
No
Yes
No
Yes- alcohol
13. Write the chemical equations for photosynthesis & cell respiration
Photosynthesis- Carbon dioxide + light + water  glucose + oxygen;
Cell Respiration- Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Cell Reproduction
1. Identify the phases of mitosis in picture form
a. What is the correct order of mitosis phases? Prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, & cytokinesis
b. Which are longest? Interphase between mitotic divisions
What occurs during interphase? Cell grows, double chromosomes and organelles
2. Define and identify the centromere- place where sister chromatids are connected
and sister chromatids- exact copies of the same chromosome
3. What are the number of human chromosomes in cell – body- 46 and sex cell- 23
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4. What is the purpose of karyotype- A map of all the chromosomes in a body cell, can
diagnose some genetic disorders before birth or during life.
5. Define cytokinesis- the cell divides the cytoplasm and organelles between the two daughter
cells
6. Cancer cells
a. How do they compare to normal cells- reproduce more rapidly, larger and use more
nutrients
b. What are treatments for cancer- surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation
7. What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis- mitosis creates exact copies of
body cells (diploid); meiosis creates haploid sex cells
8. Define: zygote- form when fertilization of egg with sperm, gametes- sex cells (egg and
sperm)
9. Define each and be able to calculate Diploid - # of chromosomes from mom AND dad and
Haploid number-number of chromosomes from mom OR dad
Genetics and DNA
1. Principles that Mendel came up with
-Dominance: one trait is expressed over another when present ( Brown or blue)
-Segregation: 50% of receiving either trait or factor ( B or b)
-Probability: Chance that a given trait will be seen
2. Dominant and recessive
A. Definitions
dominant: descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to be the
only one affecting a trait (B)
recessive: descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that does not appear to
affect a trait (b)
phenotype: observable traits of an organism (blue eyes)
genotype: genetic makeup of an organism; an organism's combination of alleles
(BB or Bb or bb)
B. Figure out genotypes: Homozygous and Heterozygous
homozygous: having identical alleles for a gene (BB or bb)
heterozygous: having different alleles for a gene (Bb)
C. Two trait genotypes and FOIL for possible gametes from parents
First – Outside – Inside – Last BbPp = BP, Bp, bP, bp
3. Sex-linked disorders
a. Interpret punnett square
b. Figure out phenotypes
H-normal h-hemophilia: 25% male normal, 25% male with disease
25% female normal, 25% carrier
XH
Y
H
H
H
X X X
XH Y
Xh XH Xh
Xh Y
4. Pedigrees
a. Know symbols – what do they mean
Square-male, circle-female, horizontal line marriage, vertical line offspring
b. Interpret pedigree
c. Genotypes, Chance of passing on trait, parents who don’t have trait
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