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Church History 1
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I. Introduction
A. Reasons to study Church history Church History 1: The learner will define and recognize why we study
Church history.
1. Add to our own encounter with Jesus
2. Answer question, “What does it mean to be a Christian?”
3. Learn what it meant to be a Christian in different time periods
4. Discover contributions of different time periods to our own
5. Avoid repeating mistakes
B. Ecclesiology
1. Christ’s establishment of His one Church to continue His presence and work
a. Origin, Foundation, and Manifestation of the Church (CCC, 748-975)
1) God the Father’s plan (LG 2; CCC, 759, 762)
2) Christ’s institution (CCC, 748-766)
a) Inauguration by words and actions of Jesus Christ (CCC, 767-768)
b) Training of the Apostles: endowing of his community with a structure that will remain until the
Kingdom is fully achieved (CCC, 765)
c) Birth primarily of Christ’s total self-gift on the Cross (CCC, 766)
3) Holy Spirit’s revelation of the Church at Pentecost (CCC, 767-768) first public manifestation of the
Church
2. Images of the Church (Partial Insights of Church sharing in Trinitarian Communion) (Creed 2, 11)
a. Body of Christ (CCC, 787-795)
b. Bride of Christ (CCC, 796)
c. Vine and Branches (CCC, 787)
d. Marian Images (CCC, 507, 773, 967, 972)
e. People of God (LG Ch. 2)
3. The Marks of the Church “The sole Church of Christ which in the Creed we profess to be one, holy,
catholic, and apostolic . . . subsists in the Catholic Church.” (CCC, 870) (Creed 3)
a. One (CCC, 813-822)
1) In Jesus Christ through the Holy Spirit; visible unity in the world
2) In charity, in the profession of one faith, in the common celebration of worship and sacraments, and
in Apostolic succession. (CCC, 815)
3) Unity in diversity
a) Multiplicity of peoples, cultures, and liturgical traditions. (CCC, 814, 1202)
b) Communion of twenty-one Eastern Catholic Churches and one Western Church, all in union with
the Pope
4) Wounds to unity
a) Heresies – denying one or more doctrines of the Church
b) Schisms – a split between two churches over questions of authority or doctrice
c) Apostasy
5) Ecumenism
a) Jesus’ prayer for unity of his disciples (Jn 17: 11) (CCC 820)
b) The fullness of Christ’s Church subsists in the Catholic Church (LG 8)
b. Holy (CCC 823-829)
1) Universal call to holiness from the all-holy God
2) Means of holiness in the Church through the Holy Spirit (sacraments, teaching, prayer)
3) Necessity of Church members cooperation with God’s grace: as the Body of Christ, the Church is
both human and divine
Church History 2
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4) Mary, Mother of the Church and Model of Faith and Intercessor
5) Canonized saints: revelation of the Church’s holiness – models of holiness and intercessors
6) The members of the Church: continual need of purification, penance and renewal (LG 8.3, cited in
CCC 827, 1428; Decree on Ecumenism 6.1, cited in CCC 821)
c. Catholic (CCC, 830-856)
1) Church’s mission from Christ to the whole world and worldwide existence
2) Means to salvation for all people and for all time
3) Salvation coming from the Church even for non-members (cf. Dominus Iesus, section 20; CCC 1257)
d. Apostolic (CCC, 857-865)
1) Founding by Christ on the Twelve with the primacy of Peter
2) Apostolic mission and teaching of Scripture and Tradition
3) Guidance by successors of the Twelve, the pope and bishops
4) Christ’s call to all Church members to share Gospel of salvation to all lands (Evangelization)
(NB. Lives of saints should be mentioned throughout this course both to show the restoration of faith and hope in
times of crisis as well as to illustrate ways of encountering Christ through all periods of Church history.) (Bishops’
framework)
II. Fullness of time
A. Judaism: diaspora, rabbi, synagogue
B. Hellentistic Culture
C. Pax Romana
III. Apostolic Era and Early Church
A. Acts of the Apostles (Scripture 2, 6))
1. Election of Matthias: first example of apostolic succession Acts 1
2. Pentecost Acts 2
3. Deacons Acts 6:1-7
4. Stephen’s martyrdom and persecution of Hellenistic Jews Acts 8 (protomartyr of the Church)
5. Saul’s conversion Acts 9: Christ and the Church are one. “Saul, Saul why do you persecute ME?”
6. Paul’ missionary journeys: spread of Gospel to Gentiles
7. Council of Jerusalem Acts 15:1-27
a. Gentiles do not have to become Jews to join the Church
b. Scriptural foundation of ecumenical councils
B. The learner will examine how the early Church grew despite opposition (30-313 A.D.). (Church History 3)
1. Christianity: unique phenomenon in Roman Empire
a. Transition from toleration to persecution
1) Christians’ denial of Roman gods and refusal to worship them (seen as treasonous and unpatriotic)
2) Accusations and rumors of Christian practices: infanticide, cannibalism, incestuous orgies (cf. St.
Justin Martyr (Liturgy of Hours Vol. II P. 694 or CCC 1345), for what REALLY happens at
Sunday liturgy)
b. Growth of Christianity: “Blood of martyrs is the seed of the Church” Tertullian
c. Teachings of St. Ignatius of Antioch (first to use “Catholic” Church), St. Justin Martyr, St. Irenaeus
sustained faith of persecuted Church
d. House Liturgies—Eucharist is heart of early Christian worship
e. Catacombs (c. 3rd century, beginning of devotion to martyrs)
2. Roman persecutions (dates below are dates of persecution)
a. Nero 64 - 68 AD (Christiani non sint, martyrdom of Peter and Paul)
b. Trajan 98-117 AD (victims included: Ignatius and Clement, the third successor of Peter, Christians not
to be hunted down, and punished only if they refuse to return to the old gods)
c. Decius 249-51 AD (bloodiest of all persecutions: every torture used to cause apostasy before execution)
d. Diocletian 303-313 AD (deadliest of persecutions: majority of martyrs from this era, e.g., Sebastian,
Church History 3
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Lucy, Agatha, Catherine of Alexandria, Tarcisius, Agnes...)
IV. Rome converted : The learner will explore and define the many changes in the Church in the fourth century
(313-475). (Church History 4)
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A. Toleration under Constantine, Edict of Milan 313 AD
1. Benefits for Church: return of property, honors to bishops, tax exemption, recognition of Sunday rest
2. Headache for Church : Caesaro-papism: Emperor’s interference with internal affairs of the Church (e.g.
attempt to move Pope to Constantinople, calling the council of Nicea 325 AD)
B. Fathers and Doctors of Church
1. Characteristics
a. Father: antiquity, orthodoxy, sanctity and ecclesial approbation
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b. Doctor: outstanding guide for all periods of Church’s history (original four of the current thirty-three:
Gregory the Great, Ambrose, Augustine and Jerome)
2. Development of doctrine from Scripture by Greek and Latin Fathers (CCC 76, 688)
a. Influence of Plato’s Philosophy: use of platonic terminology to describe Christian mysteries: e.g. trinity,
hypostatic union, homoousios, logos (CCC464-469)
b. Sermons and commentaries on Scripture and Sacraments (expose students to examples, cf. Liturgy of
the hours and index of CCC for samples,)
3. Church Fathers
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a. Apostolic Fathers: contemporaries of apostles or their direct successors
1) Didache (c. 90 AD) : “Teaching of the Twelve Apostles” earliest writing after N.T.
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2) Ignatius of Antioch († 107AD) : third bishop of Antioch, first to use the term “Catholic Church”
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3) Clement of Rome († 102 AD) : third successor of Peter, Letters to the Corinthians= first historical
evidence of papal primacy (John, the evangelist still alive, yet Corinthians go to Clement)
b. Apologists : Justin Martyr († 165 AD) (Apologia, using reason to defend and explain the Faith)
c. Anti-heretical : Irenaeus of Lyons († 202AD), defense of Faith against Gnosticism
d. Greek Fathers
1) St. Athanasius (297-373) Bishop of Alexandria, On the Incarnation, opponent of Arianism, champion
of Nicaea
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2) St. Basil the Great (329-79) Father of Eastern Monasticism
3) St. John Chrysostom (344-407) Patriarch of Constantinople, Homilies, Divine Liturgy (Mass)
e. Latin Fathers
1) St. Ambrose (340-97) Bishop of Milan, introduction of music into liturgy, opponent of Arianism
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2) St. Augustine (354-430) Bishop of Hippo, Doctor of Grace, City of God, Confessions (description of
his conversion)
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3) St. Jerome (343-420) Latin translation of Bible, Vulgate
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4) St. Gregory the Great (540-604) Pope, papal primacy, clerical, monastic and liturgical reforms
D. Church Councils and Development of doctrine: “growth in the understanding of God’s revelation which
continues through the contemplation and the study of believers, theological research and the preaching of the
Magisterium” DV 8 (CCC, 9, 192, 250, 884, 887, 891) Refinement of doctrines of Incarnation and the Trinity
in response to heresies [examples, definition of Immaculate Conception, Papal Infallibility and Assumption]
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1. Nicaea 325: condemned Arianism, promulgated Nicene Creed, the Son is homoousios (the same substance)
as the Father
2. Constantinople I, 381: condemned semi-Arianism, Holy Spirit is homoousios with the Father and Son;
approved final form of the Nicene Creed
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3. Ephesus, 431: condemned Nestorianism, Mary is Mother of God (Theotokos)
4. Chalcedon, 451: condemned Monophysitism, definition of Hypostatic Union: the Divine and human
natures are united in the Person of God, the Son, definition of papal primacy (cf. St. Leo and Tome of
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Leo)
E. Beginnings of Monasticism
1. Christ’s evangelical counsels: men and women of apostolic period sought virginity “for the sake of the
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kingdom” and “to leave all and follow Christ.”
2. First Hermit: Antony of Egypt (251-356)
3. First monasteries: Pachomius (238-346) and Mary in Egypt
4. Basil’s foundation of communities (330-379) in the East
V. Early Middle Ages: The learner will explain the growth and changes in the Church during the Early Middle
Ages (476-1054). (Church History 5)
A. Collapse of Roman Empire of West 476 AD
1. Barbarian invasions, weakened government
2. Political influence of popes and bishops increased
a. Church only remaining authority
b. Maintaining of law and order during invasions
c. Assisted with protection of civilians and feeding the poor
B. The Monks as Evangelizers: St. Benedict and the Benedictines (prayer and work: Ora et labora)
a. Father of Western Monasticism
b. Bringing of Christ and Church to northern Europe
c. Development of agriculture, wool production, vineyards
d. Stabilizing of nomadic tribes
e. Monastic schools: preservation of and development of education, culture and classics
C. Missionary activity in Europe
1. France : Clovis, king of Franks 496
2. St. Columban and the Celtic monks: first evangelized by St. Patrick, return to re-evangelize Europe
3. Gregory the Great (540-604) : sending of Augustine of Canterbury to England, Boniface to Germany
4. Apostles to the Slavs: Cyril and Methodius in 9th century brought faith to central and eastern Europe,
proclaimed co-patrons of Europe by Pope John Paul II
D. Rise of Islam
1. Founded by Mohamed 622 AD: mix of Jewish, Nestorian Christian and Arabic paganism
2. Military expansions (at the expense of Christian territories)
a. Conquest of Holy Land
b. Conquest of North Africa and Spain
E. Holy Roman Empire
1. Battle of Tours 732 AD : Charles Martel’s defeat of the Muslim forces
2. Pepin’s defeat Barbarians at the battle of Pavia, donation of Ravenna to Pope, thus beginning the Papal
states
3. Charlemagne (768-814 AD) : First Holy Roman Emperor
F. Eastern Schism (1054) origin of Orthodox Churches
1. Remote causes
a. Constantine’s moving of capital to Constantinople
b. Jealousy and misunderstanding between East and West about cultural and canonical practices
c. Conciliarism and Filioque controversy
d. Perception of crowning of Charlemagne as a usurpation of eastern emperor’s power
2. Immediate cause: mutual excommunication of Patriarch Michael Cerularius and the papal legate [west:
imposition of Latin liturgical norms, east: removal of pope’s name from list of those to pray for at Mass]
(excommunication lifted by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras 1965)
VI. High Middle Ages: The learner will assess how the Church was renewed and reformed during the High
Middle Years (1046-1305). (Church History 6)
A. Politics and Religion
1. Feudalism
a. Structure: King, Dukes/Barons, Nobles, Lesser Nobles, Knights (Manors), Serfs
b. Many bishops and abbots as secular as well as spiritual leaders
Church History 5
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2. Lay Investiture
3. Gregory VII—Hildebrand and Gregorian Reform (1073-85)
a. Papal election by cardinals only (conclave)
b. Removal of all bishops appointed through lay investiture
B. New Religious Orders
1. Bernard and the Cistercians
2. Rise of the Mendicant Orders (mendicare = to beg): allowed religious to serve in cities and universities
a. Francis of Assisi 1182-1226: Order of Friars Minor 1209
1) Radical poverty
2) Popularization of devotions: Nativity scene, Stations of the Cross, Eucharistic Adoration
b. Dominic Guzman 1170-1221: Order of Preachers 1216
1) Preaching against Albigensians
2) Evolution of the devotion of the Rosary
c. Carmelites: founded by crusaders who lived as penitent hermits on Mt. Carmel, came to Europe when
Muslim rule is re-established in Holy Land
C. Universities: Oxford, Cambridge, Paris, Padua, Krakow, etc (scholastic movement)
1. St. Albert the Great “Universal Doctor”
2. St. Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica “Angelic Doctor”
3. St. Bonaventure (Franciscan Theologian) “Seraphic Doctor”
4. Duns Scotus (explanation of the Immaculate Conception)
D. Medieval spiritual classic: Imitation of Christ, by Thomas á Kempis
E. Gothic Cathedrals: expression of Medieval faith and catechism in stone and glass
F. Crusades: “to take up the Cross”
1. Chief motives: recapturing of the Holy Lands from the hands of the Moslems, ending of Greek Schism
2. Pope Urban II’s call for the first crusade to aid Eastern Church threatened by Muslim attack 1095 –
formation of the four Latin Kingdoms but only for about 50 years
3. Fourth Crusade (1204) redirected by Venetians, contrary to the pope’s orders, to attack their trading
competitor Constantinople —capture and looting of Constantinople leading to its later downfall to the
Muslims.
4. St. Francis of Assisi went on 5th Crusade (1218) attempt to convert Muslims, without fighting, wins safe
passage for pilgrims, Franciscans become caretakers of Holy Land
5. St. Louis of France led 7th (1249-1254) and 8th (1270) Crusades, both unsuccessful
G. Inquisition: church courts which responded to Medieval heresy (c.1220)
1. Context
a. Church’s duty and right to keep the Faith intact
b. No separation of Church and State: heresy seen as treason by government (severe penalties norm for even
minor crimes at this time in history)
c. Albigensian heresy: threat to civil government as well as church (resurgence of Gnostic idea that matter is
evil, heresy was against marriage, and for suicide, infanticide and murder)
2. Distinction between Papal and Spanish inquisitions
a. Papal (against Albigensianism c. 1220)
1) Church’s investigation for heresy(severest penalty excommunication, as it is today)
2) State punishment for treason (life-imprisonment, burning at the stake)
b. Spanish (against secret Muslims and Jews who were trying to overthrow the newly established Christian
kingdom of Ferdinand and Isabella, c. 1492)
1) State investigation (torture, imprisonment …)
2) Use of clerics to determine the faith of the prisoners
VII. Remote and proximate causes of the Protestant Reformation (revolt) (1305-1517). (Church History 7)
A. Avignon Papacy 1309-1377
1. Philip, the Fair’s manipulation of the conclave both in location (Lyons) and in result (his French cardinal
elected)
2. Residence of Pope Clement V and his next seven successors at Avignon instead of Rome
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3. Reaction of rulers and academics to the papal court’s decidedly French favoritism and scandalous lifestyles:
heresy of Conciliarism
4. Gregory XI’s return to Rome through the efforts of St. Catherine of Siena (2 nd woman Doctor of the Church)
B. Western Schism 1378-1417
1. Urban VI harsh reform: French cardinals denounced him and elected their own antipope
2. Three claimants to papal throne: Popes of Rome, Antipopes in Avignon and in Pisa, Italy
3. Council of Constance: Pope Martin V elected unanimously in 1417 after resignation of John XXIII
(antipope of Pisa) and Gregory XII (of Rome) and disposition of Benedict XIII (antipope of Avignon)
C. Black Death (bubonic plague): disproportionate number of religious and priests die, leading to ignorance
among the laity and unworthy and unprepared candidates to the priesthood because of dire shortage of
ministers.
D. Renaissance
1. Replacement of Medieval synthesis of faith and life with Humanist secularized attitude
2. Corrupt popes more concerned with art and architecture (or the promotion of their families) than ruling the
Church (e.g. Alexander VI)
3. Nepotism - The corrupt act by popes of ordaining nephews as bishops or cardinals
4. Clergy’s use of office for personal benefit instead of spiritual good of their flock
5. Simony – buying and selling of religious privileges and blessings
6. Lack of knowledgeable priests: ignorant, not necessarily morally evil (due to lay investiture and casualties
of plague)
7. Nominalism: William of Ockham’s separation of faith and reason, rejection of Scholasticism
E. Proximate Causes
1. Rising nationalism
2. Printing press
3. Political corruption and high taxation
VIII. Protestant reformation: The learner will recognize and examine the causes and consequences of the Protestant
break from Rome (1517-1603). (Church History 8)
A. Luther’s Complaints and Doctrines, Methods
1. Complaints: sale of indulgences (never condoned by the Church), clerical corruption, ignorance of the Faith
(On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg church)
2. Doctrines: Sola Fidei (only by faith), Sola Gratiae (only by grace), Sola Scriptura (only Scripture)
3. Methods to spread his version of Christianity: catechisms, his retranslation vernacular Bible and Liturgy,
married Clergy, Eucharist under two species, Lay Ministers (denial of Holy Orders as a sacrament)
B. The Break from Rome: Protestantism
1. Martin Luther (Germany) Excommunication by Pope Leo X 1521 after the Pope affirmed that 54 theses were
correct, but 41 were heresy and needed to be changed; Luther refusal to change
2. John Calvin (Switzerland)
a. Double predestination: all people predestined for heaven or hell
b. Sacraments: symbols of faith not signs of grace
c. Systematic theologian of Protestant reformation
d. Rejection of ecclesial hierarchy
3. John Knox (Scotland) Calvinist ideas used to form Presbyterianism
C. Rise of the Church of England
1. Henry VIII (schism)
a. Church’s denial of Henry’s request for an annulment
b. Henry’s response: Act of supremacy, cause of schism
c. Opposition of St. Thomas More (beheaded for refusing to sign the act declaring the King to be the head of
the Church in England) and St. John Fisher
2. Protestantization under Edward VI (influenced by Thomas Cranmer)
3. Catholic interlude with Mary Tudor
4. Full protestantization under Elizabeth I (penal laws against Catholics and Separatists (Puritans))
Church History 7
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D. Nationalism
1. 30 Years War between Catholics and Protestants: Cardinal Richelieu’s ambitions for France lead to
Protestant domination in Germany
2. Diet of Augsburg (1552): Cuius Regio-Eius Religio—“Whose region, his religion” German princes and free
cities allowed to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism: ordinary people required to follow their leader
IX. Catholic Counter-Reformation: The learner will study the Counter-Reformation to deepen their understanding
of the Church, especially the doctrinal guidelines established by the Council of Trent (1545-1648). (Church
History 9)
A. Church Responds at the Council of Trent (Paul III and Pius IV, 1545-1563)
1. Renewal of bishops, priests, religious
2. Doctrinal and pastoral issues
a. Role of grace and good works
b. One deposit of faith transmitted in Scripture and Tradition, as interpreted by the Magisterium
c. Definition of the seven sacraments as instituted by Christ
d. Sacrificial character of the Mass (CCC, 1362-1372)
e. Real Presence of Christ in Eucharist—Transubstantiation (CCC, 1376)
f. Seminaries and improved formation of priests
B. Counter Reform
1. Mass of St. Pius V (establishment of the Roman Missal in Latin Rite)
2. Roman Catechism (only other universal Catechism besides the Catechism of the Catholic Church)
3. Saints among the clergy: Robert Bellarmine, Charles Borromeo
4. New Religious orders
a. Ignatius of Loyola experienced a conversion after he was injured in battle and founded the Society of
Jesus (Jesuits): Spiritual Exercises;
b. Francis Xavier: Patron of Missions who evangelized Asia
b. Visitations: Francis de Sales, Introduction to the Devout Life, Jane Frances de Chantal
c. Daughters of Charity and Vincentians: Vincent de Paul (love for the poor and Apostle of Charity), Louise
de Marillac
d. Reform of Carmelites: Teresa of Avila, (1st woman Doctor of the Church) Interior Castle, John of the
Cross (Doctor of the Church) Ascent of Mt. Carmel
N.B. Point out to the students that in times of crisis God sends saints to restore the Church.
5. Defeat of Turkish Moslems at Lepanto on Sept. 11, 1571: Pius V’s request for all Christians say the Rosary
to aid the Christian forces. Led to memorial of Our Lady of the Rosary (October 7)
6. The Age of Exploration: Church’s Missionaries Confront New Cultures
a. The Americas
1) St. Peter Claver’s ministry to African slaves
2) Conversion of Mexico: Our Lady of Guadalupe- St. Juan Diego (Patroness of Americas)
3) St Rose of Lima and St Martin de Porres
4) North American Martyrs—Isaac Jogues, Jean de Brebeuf
b. Missionaries (Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans) sent to Japan, India, China, Vietnam
X. The Age of Enlightenment: The learner will describe how the Church responded to the age of kings, the
scientific revolution, and the Enlightenment (1648-1749). (Church History 10)
A. Philosophies and Political theories
1. Royal absolutism: Absolute monarchs attempted to control all aspects of their subjects’ lives, including
religion
2. Rationalism: founder, Rene Descartes
3. Deism
4. Scientific Revolution: Galileo and Newton
a. Apparent contradiction between science and Bible
b. Making of theological conclusion from Science
B. Heresies
1. Quietism: Don’t do anything and get to Heaven. Incarnation too earthly, go for the Holy Spirit alone
2. Jansenism: discouragement to receive the Eucharist unless absolutely pure, leading to excessive guilt and
scrupulosity [apparitions of the Sacred Heart of Jesus to Margaret Mary Alacoque as a remedy, with Holy
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communion on the first Fridays of 9 consecutive months]
C. The French Revolution and its impact on the Church: The learner will discuss and describe the ways in which
the French Revolution affected the Church and the world (1789-1814). (Church History 11)
1. The Revolution
a. Calling of Estates-General by King Louis XVI
b. Formation of the National Assembly: anti-Christian legislation
1) New calendar created without Church holidays and without Sunday
2) Constitutional priests (swear allegiance to French government instead of Pope), execution or
deportation of non-juring priests
3) Suppression of all religious orders
c. Execution of Louis XVI Jan. 1793
2. Reign of Terror 1792-1794: Committee of Public Safety (martyrs include the Carmelites of Compiegne)
3. Napoleon: view of Church as tool for his control over Europe (caesaro-papism)
a. Concordat of 1801: religious freedom for Church in France, but with many controls still in place
b. Abduction of Pius VII because of his refusal to give in to Napoleon’s demands reestablishment of the
prestige of the Papacy (backfires, the Pope’s moral authority and sympathy for Church grows)
XI. The Church in Nineteenth Century: The learner will describe the ways the Church changed and grew during the
nineteenth century (1814-1914). (Church History 12)
A. Political trends
1. Liberalism (condemned by Pope Pius IX in 1864)
2. Nationalism
B. Persecutions and Persecutors: confiscation of Church properties, churches, universities, exiling of clergy and
religious
1. Confiscation of Papal states by the new unified Italy – Pope Pius IX becomes the “prisoner of the Vatican”
1870
2. Bismarck’s persecution of the Church in Germany (1871) Kulturkampf (immigration of German Catholics
to United States, including Kansas)
C. Catholic Revival
1. Restoration of the Jesuits 1814 by Pius VII (1814: 500 members; 1874: 9,600 members)
2. New religious congregations founded for teaching and missions
3. Marian apparitions: St. Catherine Laboure and the Miraculous medal 1830, St. Bernadette at Lourdes 1858
4. Saints of the 19th Century: John Vianney, Thérèse of Lisieux (3rd woman Doctor), John Bosco
5. Missionary activity: Africa, Asia, South America
6. Involvement of laity in the life of the Church: St. Vincent de Paul Society in France (1813-1853), Society
for the Propagation of the Faith 1822
D. Bl. Pope Pius IX reigned 32 years 1846-78 (longest reigning Pope except St. Peter)
1. Strengthened spiritual authority of Pope after loss of Papal States
2. “Syllabus of Errors” against Modernism
3. Immaculate Conception dogma 1854 (CCC 490-493)
4. First Vatican Council
a. Dogmatic Constitution on Faith Dei Filius: reason can know God—but necessity of revelation and faith
b. Definition of Infallibility of Pope (CCC 889-891, 2035, 2051)
c. Prematurely ended because of outbreak of war
E. Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903)
1. Rerum Novarum: first social encyclical
2. Encourages mission in America: St. Frances Cabrini, St. Katharine Drexel
3. Foundation of diocese of Wichita 1887
F. Pope St. Pius X [1903-1914] Motto “To Restore All Things in Christ”
1. Lowered age of First Communion to age of reason and encouraged daily communion
2. Encouraged liturgical movement: Gregorian Chant, lay participation in the Mass
XII. The Church in the Modern era (1914 to the Present) The learner will explore and describe the role of the
Church in the Twentieth Century. (Church History 15)
A. Communism
1. Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto 1848
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2. Bolshevik Revolution 1917
B. Marian apparition at Fatima 1917: Requests: daily Rosary, consecration of Russia to the Immaculate Heart of
Mary, First Five Saturdays
C. The Church and the World Wars
1. Benedict XV and World War I—7 point Peace Plan, prophetic warning against Allied sanctions on Germany
that precipitated its economic collapse that led to WWII
2. Pius XI: Encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge: call on German Catholics to oppose Nazism
3. Pius XII
a. Opposition to Nazis (Christmas messages for peace)
b. Heroic efforts to save the Jews from the Holocaust
c. Proclamation of the dogma of the Assumption 1950
d. Beginning of internationalizing of Roman Curia, leading to internationalizing of hierarchy
D. Saints of World War II: Maximillian Kolbe and Edith Stein (Teresa Benedicta of the Cross)
E. Bl. Pope John XXIII (Angelo Roncalli) (1958-1963)
1. Call for ecumenical council, revision of canon law
2. Vatican Council II: A Pastoral Approach to the World
a. Resourcement: returning to the sources of our faith and theological traditions
b. Aggiornamento: up-dating the method and discipline of the Church
3. Sixteen Council Documents—Pastoral tone and language
a. Sacrosanctum Concilium: Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy – guideline of continued liturgical renewal
b. Dei Verbum: Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation – guideline on Scriptural study
c. Lumen Gentium: Dogmatic Constitution on the Church – nature and structure of the Church, key
document of the council
d. Gaudium et Spes: Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World – outline of Catholic Social
thought
F. Pope Paul VI (Giovanni Battista Montini,1963-1978)
1. Conclusion and implementation of Vatican II
2. Controversy and rebellion against Humanae Vitae
3. Travels to engage the modern world: UN, Holy Land, Bombay, Manila
G. Pope John Paul I (Albino Luciani, September 1978): shortest pontificate (33 days), first to take double name
H. Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyła, 1978-2005) motto “Totus Tuus” (I am all yours [Mary])
1. Youth under Nazism, pastor under Communism
2. Evangelizer to the world: 104 papal trips overseas
3. Writings: Numerous Encyclicals, Post Synodal Documents
a. Fides et Ratio, Evangelium Vitae, Veritatis Splendor
b. Theology of the Body
4. Engaging of youth in the life of the Church, e.g. World Youth Days
5. Influential in the breakup of the Soviet Communist Empire1989
6. Revision of the Code of Canon Law 1983 [show the students the book]
7. Catechism of the Catholic Church
I. Pope Benedict XVI (Joseph Ratzinger, 2005 to 2012)
1. Youth in Nazi Germany: familial opposition to Hitler
2. Writings: Encyclicals Deus Caritas Est, Spe Salvi, Caritas in Veritate Apostolic Exhortation Sacramentum
Caritatis
3. Ecumenism and inter-religious dialogue : continuing the efforts to reunify Orthodox Churches with the
Catholic Church, and to dialogue with Protestants and Muslims
J. Pope Francis
XIII. The Church in the United States: The learner will deepen their understanding and appreciation of the
contributions of the Church in the United States (1492-1861). (Church History 13)
A. Discovery and Colonization
1. Christopher Columbus, 1492
2. Apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe as an Indian Maiden and the conversion of native peoples 1531
3. First parish: St. Augustine, Florida 1565
Church History 10
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4. Spanish missions through Mexico to California, Texas and New Mexico: started by Jesuit missionaries,
continued by Bl. Junipero Serra, OFM †1784
B. Canadian Missions: French Jesuits explorers, missions, martyrs: Isaac Jogues, Jean de Brebeuf (fruit of
missionary activities: e.g. Saint Kateri Tekakwitha)
C. British Colonial America
1. Enforcement of English penal laws against Catholics in 10 of the 13 colonies
2. Religious freedom (at least for a time) in Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York State
3. Bishop John Carroll (1735-1815), first US bishop, of all 13 colonies, 1790, then of Baltimore 1811 (c.
150,000 Catholics in U.S.) Mt. St. Mary’s, Emmitsburg, Maryland (first Catholic Seminary)
4. St. Elizabeth Ann Seton (1774-1821): first native-born U.S. saint, instrumental in the establishment of first
parish schools
D. European Immigrations— Church grows to 2 million by 1850 and 4 million by 1865
1. Protestant nativists fear Catholic immigrants: anti-Catholic bigotry, culminating in Know-Nothing party in
1850s
2. St. John Neumann, Bishop of Philadelphia †1860: founder of first Catholic School Systems
E. Council of Baltimore 1884: Baltimore Catechism and mandate for parochial school at every parish
XIV. Diocese of Wichita, established 1887 by Leo XIII (Church History 17)
A. Jesuit missionaries’ arrival in southwest Kansas in 1847 at the request of the Osage Indians.
B. Osage Mission (present day St. Paul, Kansas): Jesuits establish churches and schools throughout Kansas,
Oklahoma, and Missouri.
C. St. Rose Philippine Duchesne, of the Society of the Sacred Heart, opens a school for girls in Kansas. The
Pottawatomi Indians named her “the woman who prays always.” 1841
D. Bishop John Hennessy(1888-1920): building of Cathedral, recruitment of teaching orders: the Sisters of
Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Adorer Sisters of the Precious Blood, the Sisters of St. Joseph, and the
Dominican Sisters; and of nursing order: Sisters of St. Francis of Our Lady of Sorrows (now Via Christi Health
Systems, with CSJs)
E. Bishop Mark Carroll (1947-1963), period of physical growth in churches, elementary schools, and high
schools, due to influx of Catholics coming to Wichita because of the aircraft industry. Diocese split in two to
form Dodge City Diocese, 1951
F. Fr. Emil Kapaun, (1951) death as a prisoner of war in Chinese Communist Hospital in Korea, because of his
heroism both as a priest and a chaplain to the prisoners of war in the Korean prison camp, the Diocese of
Wichita and the US Military are seeking his canonization.
G. Bishop Maloney (1967 – 1982) preserved secondary education on both sides of Wichita by merging of
Madonna and Notre Dame High Schools to make Bishop Carroll High School and Mt. Carmel Academy and
Kapaun Memorial High School to form Kapaun-Mt. Carmel High School; invitation to Sisters of the
Immaculate Heart of Mary to teach in schools of the diocese (1976).
H. Bishop Eugene Gerber (1982-2000) developed the structural model for stewardship way of life for Catholic
parishes in the Diocese of Wichita – the first diocese in the United States to do so.
I. Bishop Thomas J. Olmsted (2000-2005)- In 2002, the Third Diocesan Synod established critical priorities for
future directions.
J. Bishop Michael O. Jackels (2005 to 2013) – Together Vision to unite parishes and people to the Diocese and
refurbish the cathedral
K. Bishop Carl Kemme (2014 – present)