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1937-1945
CHAPTER
23
Global Conflict: World
War II
CREATED EQUAL
JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ
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“…a day that will live in infamy.”
Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941
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TIMELINE
1937
1938
1939
1941
Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces
December: Japanese warplanes sink U.S. Panay
March: Hitler annexes Austria
September: Hitler occupies Sudetenland
September: the Munich Accords
March: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatens Poland
August: Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact and invade Poland
September: Britain and France declare war on Germany
Congress passes 3rd Neutrality Act
June: Executive Order 8802
December 7: Pearl Harbor naval base attacked by Japanese bombers
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TIMELINE
1942
1943
February: War Relocation Authority
Office of War Information
U.S. government officials learn of Nazi efforts to exterminate Jews
Operation Torch
June: Adm. Nimitz wins at Midway
August: Battle of Stalingrad begins
January: Battle of Stalingrad ends
United Mine Workers strike
Smith-Connally Act
May: Axis soldiers in north Africa surrender
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TIMELINE
1944
1945
Allied soldiers reach Rome
February: Adm. Nimitz secures the Marshall Islands and the
Marianas
June: D-Day
June: Attack on Saipan
April: Hitler commits suicide
April: FDR dies of cerebral hemorrhage
May: Victory in Europe
Allied victories in Iwo Jima and Okinawa
July: Truman, Stalin, Churchill demand unconditional surrender at
Potsdam, Germany
July: first test of atomic bomb
August: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed with nuclear weapons
September: Japanese surrender
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GLOBAL CONFLICT:
WORLD WAR II Overview
 Mobilizing for War
 Pearl Harbor: The United States Enters
the War
 The Home Front
 Race and War
 Total War
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MOBILIZING FOR WAR
 The Rise of Fascism
 Aggression in Europe and Asia
 The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War
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The Rise of Fascism
 Mussolini’s “March on Rome” in 1922
 Hitler’s “Beer Hall” putsch in 1923
 Hitler’s Mein Kampf condemned Versailles Treaty
and proposed Final Solution for European Jewry
 Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933
 Upon President of Germany’s death, Hitler became
the Fuhrer of the Third Reich
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Aggression in Europe
 Hitler marched into Rhineland
 March 1938: Hitler annexed Austria
 September 1938: Hitler demanded Sudentenland from
Czechoslovakia
 September 29, 1938: Hitler met with Mussolini,
Daladier, Chamberlain in the Munich Conference
 March 1939: Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia
 August 1939: Hitler and Stalin signd pact of nonaggression and agreed to divide Poland. September 1,
Hitler invaded Poland.
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Aggression in Asia
 1931: Japanese military staged coup and took over
foreign policy
 1932: Japanese troops occupied Manchuria in China
 1937: Japan attacked China’s five northern
provinces
 December, 1937: Japan sunk American gunboat on
Yangtze River, but apologized
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The Great Debate:
Americans Contemplate War
 The “cash and carry” Neutrality Act
 The Committee to Defend America by Aiding the
Allies: advocated helping England by all means
short of war
 The America First Committee: isolationists
seeking protection behind the oceans
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PEARL HARBOR: THE UNITED
STATES ENTERS THE WAR
 December 7, 1941
 Japanese American Relocation
 Foreign Nationals in the United States
 Wartime Migrations
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December 7, 1941
 7:55am: Japanese bombers attacked U.S. naval
base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
 The surprise attack killed more than 2,000 U.S.
soldiers and destroyed most of the U.S. Pacific
fleet, and half of the U.S. Far East Air Force.
 Congress immediately declared war against
Japan.
 3 days later, Germany and Italy declared war on
the United States.
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Japanese American
Relocation
 More than 100,000 Japanese Americans
rounded up and placed in internment camps
 Executive Order of internment and War
Relocation Authority
 1943: some leave to attend colleges, take
service jobs, or serve in the military
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Foreign Nationals in
the United States
 German and Italian nationals subjected to
new regulations
 Smith Act of 1940
 All foreign-born residents registered and
fingerprinted, as well as broader grounds for
deportation
 Prompted by the war, a large number of
immigrants became American citizens.
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Wartime Migrations
 African Americans migrated to northern
cities to work in war industry plants
 Mexicans imported to work in the
agricultural and seasonal jobs
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THE HOME FRONT
Building Morale
Home Front Workers, Rosie
the Riveter, and Victory Girls
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Building Morale
 Office of War Information
 Movies
 Radio programs
 Publications
 Posters
 Encouraging work in war industries and
preserving the “American way of Life”
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Home Front Workers, Rosie the
Riveter, and Victory Girls
 New employment opportunities for women
and disabled
 Rosie the Riveter, symbol of women war workers
 Wages climb
 Unions include women and minorities as
members
 Victory Girls: a fling with a soldier is a
patriotic duty
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RACE AND WAR
 The Holocaust
 Racial Tensions at Home
 Fighting for the “Double V”
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The Holocaust
 6 million Jews are killed, along with
homosexuals, disabled, and Gypsies (or Romani)
 American knowledge of Jewish persecution
began in 1930s
 Word of extermination camps in 1941
 Anti-Semitism grew in the United States
 Denmark defied Nazis; Dominican Republic
took in Jewish refugees
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Racial Tensions at Home
 Randolph, President of the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters, suggested march to
Washington to protest discriminatory hiring
practices in defense industry
 Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802
banning discrimination in defense
industries
 Fair Employment Practices Commission
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Fighting for the “Double V”
 African Americans enthusiastically enlisted in
the armed services
 Navajo “Code Talkers”
 By 1945, one-third of all able-bodied Native
Americans served during the war
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TOTAL WAR
 The War in Europe
 The War in the Pacific
 The End of the War
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The War in Europe
 Allies attacked through “the soft underbelly of Europe”
 May, 1943: Germans driven from Africa
 Eastern front: Battle of Stalingrad. Soviets pushed Germans
back in February, 1943
 Summer of 1943: Allies seized Sicily
 September 1943: Mussolini surrendered
 1943: Germany covered with bombs: heavy loss of German lives
 June, 1944: Operation Overlord (D-Day invasion)
 Allies at German border by September
 May, 1945: Germany surrendered
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World
War II
in
Europe
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The War in the Pacific

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Philippines fell to Japanese in May, 1942
May, 1942: U.S. victory at Battle of the Coral Sea
August, 1942: Guadalcanal battle began
General MacArthur “leapfrogs” around southern Pacific
Admiral Nimitz moved across the Central Pacific
Late 1944: U.S. captured Mariana Islands and began
bombing Japan
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World
War II
in the
Pacific
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The End of the War
 The Manhattan Project
 July 26, 1945: Truman and Churchill and the
Potsdam Declaration
 August 6, 1945: Atom bomb on Hiroshima:
80,000 people died immediately
 August 8, 1945: Atom bomb dropped on
Nagasaki
 September 2, 1945: Japan surrendered
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