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1937-1945 CHAPTER 23 Global Conflict: World War II CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “…a day that will live in infamy.” Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941 ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE 1937 1938 1939 1941 Japan attacks China’s five northern provinces December: Japanese warplanes sink U.S. Panay March: Hitler annexes Austria September: Hitler occupies Sudetenland September: the Munich Accords March: Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatens Poland August: Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression pact and invade Poland September: Britain and France declare war on Germany Congress passes 3rd Neutrality Act June: Executive Order 8802 December 7: Pearl Harbor naval base attacked by Japanese bombers ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE 1942 1943 February: War Relocation Authority Office of War Information U.S. government officials learn of Nazi efforts to exterminate Jews Operation Torch June: Adm. Nimitz wins at Midway August: Battle of Stalingrad begins January: Battle of Stalingrad ends United Mine Workers strike Smith-Connally Act May: Axis soldiers in north Africa surrender ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE 1944 1945 Allied soldiers reach Rome February: Adm. Nimitz secures the Marshall Islands and the Marianas June: D-Day June: Attack on Saipan April: Hitler commits suicide April: FDR dies of cerebral hemorrhage May: Victory in Europe Allied victories in Iwo Jima and Okinawa July: Truman, Stalin, Churchill demand unconditional surrender at Potsdam, Germany July: first test of atomic bomb August: Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombed with nuclear weapons September: Japanese surrender ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers GLOBAL CONFLICT: WORLD WAR II Overview Mobilizing for War Pearl Harbor: The United States Enters the War The Home Front Race and War Total War ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers MOBILIZING FOR WAR The Rise of Fascism Aggression in Europe and Asia The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Rise of Fascism Mussolini’s “March on Rome” in 1922 Hitler’s “Beer Hall” putsch in 1923 Hitler’s Mein Kampf condemned Versailles Treaty and proposed Final Solution for European Jewry Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933 Upon President of Germany’s death, Hitler became the Fuhrer of the Third Reich ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Aggression in Europe Hitler marched into Rhineland March 1938: Hitler annexed Austria September 1938: Hitler demanded Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia September 29, 1938: Hitler met with Mussolini, Daladier, Chamberlain in the Munich Conference March 1939: Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia August 1939: Hitler and Stalin signd pact of nonaggression and agreed to divide Poland. September 1, Hitler invaded Poland. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Aggression in Asia 1931: Japanese military staged coup and took over foreign policy 1932: Japanese troops occupied Manchuria in China 1937: Japan attacked China’s five northern provinces December, 1937: Japan sunk American gunboat on Yangtze River, but apologized ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Great Debate: Americans Contemplate War The “cash and carry” Neutrality Act The Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies: advocated helping England by all means short of war The America First Committee: isolationists seeking protection behind the oceans ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers PEARL HARBOR: THE UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR December 7, 1941 Japanese American Relocation Foreign Nationals in the United States Wartime Migrations ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers December 7, 1941 7:55am: Japanese bombers attacked U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The surprise attack killed more than 2,000 U.S. soldiers and destroyed most of the U.S. Pacific fleet, and half of the U.S. Far East Air Force. Congress immediately declared war against Japan. 3 days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Japanese American Relocation More than 100,000 Japanese Americans rounded up and placed in internment camps Executive Order of internment and War Relocation Authority 1943: some leave to attend colleges, take service jobs, or serve in the military ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Foreign Nationals in the United States German and Italian nationals subjected to new regulations Smith Act of 1940 All foreign-born residents registered and fingerprinted, as well as broader grounds for deportation Prompted by the war, a large number of immigrants became American citizens. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Wartime Migrations African Americans migrated to northern cities to work in war industry plants Mexicans imported to work in the agricultural and seasonal jobs ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE HOME FRONT Building Morale Home Front Workers, Rosie the Riveter, and Victory Girls ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Building Morale Office of War Information Movies Radio programs Publications Posters Encouraging work in war industries and preserving the “American way of Life” ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Home Front Workers, Rosie the Riveter, and Victory Girls New employment opportunities for women and disabled Rosie the Riveter, symbol of women war workers Wages climb Unions include women and minorities as members Victory Girls: a fling with a soldier is a patriotic duty ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers RACE AND WAR The Holocaust Racial Tensions at Home Fighting for the “Double V” ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Holocaust 6 million Jews are killed, along with homosexuals, disabled, and Gypsies (or Romani) American knowledge of Jewish persecution began in 1930s Word of extermination camps in 1941 Anti-Semitism grew in the United States Denmark defied Nazis; Dominican Republic took in Jewish refugees ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Racial Tensions at Home Randolph, President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, suggested march to Washington to protest discriminatory hiring practices in defense industry Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 banning discrimination in defense industries Fair Employment Practices Commission ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Fighting for the “Double V” African Americans enthusiastically enlisted in the armed services Navajo “Code Talkers” By 1945, one-third of all able-bodied Native Americans served during the war ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TOTAL WAR The War in Europe The War in the Pacific The End of the War ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The War in Europe Allies attacked through “the soft underbelly of Europe” May, 1943: Germans driven from Africa Eastern front: Battle of Stalingrad. Soviets pushed Germans back in February, 1943 Summer of 1943: Allies seized Sicily September 1943: Mussolini surrendered 1943: Germany covered with bombs: heavy loss of German lives June, 1944: Operation Overlord (D-Day invasion) Allies at German border by September May, 1945: Germany surrendered ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers World War II in Europe ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The War in the Pacific Philippines fell to Japanese in May, 1942 May, 1942: U.S. victory at Battle of the Coral Sea August, 1942: Guadalcanal battle began General MacArthur “leapfrogs” around southern Pacific Admiral Nimitz moved across the Central Pacific Late 1944: U.S. captured Mariana Islands and began bombing Japan ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers World War II in the Pacific ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The End of the War The Manhattan Project July 26, 1945: Truman and Churchill and the Potsdam Declaration August 6, 1945: Atom bomb on Hiroshima: 80,000 people died immediately August 8, 1945: Atom bomb dropped on Nagasaki September 2, 1945: Japan surrendered ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers