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8th Science Revision Study Guide
TERM 1
What are 5 characteristics of all living things?
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What is the Cell Theory?
How can a plant “respond to a stimulus”? Give an example:
What types of cells have a cell membrane?
What are 3 types of cells that have a cell wall?
What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?
Which bases pair up together?
What holds the nitrogen bases to each other?
What types of cells have a nucleus?
What types of cells have chloroplasts?
What does the mitochondria do?
What does the ribosome do?
What do the vacuole and lysosome do?
What is different about the offspring of asexual reproduction vs. sexual reproduction?
What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?
What is a tissue? How many types of cells in a tissue?
What is an organ? How many types of tissue in an organ?
What is passive transport? Give an example:
What is active transport? Give an example:
What is endocytosis?
What is exocytosis?
What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
What are the products of photo synthesis?
Write the equation for photosynthesis:
What is an autotroph? Give two examples:
What is a heterotroph? Give two examples:
What are the two ways autotrophs can get energy?
What are the reactants for cell respiration?
What are the products of cell respiration?
Write the equation for cell respiration:
What are the four phases of mitosis (in order)?
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Describe what happens during each phase of mitosis:
What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
What are the phases of meiosis?
What is binary fission? What organisms use binary fission?
What is the male part of the flower?
What is the female part of the flower?
What is pollination?
What is fertilization?
What is the purpose of transcription and translation? Where does each one occur?
Describe what Mendel did. What was his first experiment? What happened?
What is a genotype? Give an example:
What is a phenotype? Give an example:
What are alleles?
What are dominant and recessive alleles?
What does homozygous mean? Give an example:
What does heterozygous mean? Give an example:
If you have an organism with a dominant phenotype, can you tell if it’s homozygous (AA) or
heterozygous (Aa) just by looking at the organism?
How are cells of unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms different?
Give an example of a unicellular fungi:
Give an example of a unicellular protist:
Give another example of another unicellular organism:
Give an example of a multiicellular fungi:
Give an example of a multicellular protist:
Give another example of another multicellular organism:
What is a stimulus?
What is a response?
What is a diploid cell?
What is a haploid cell?
In an experiment what is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable?
TERM 2
What is a species? What do members of a species have in common?
What is an inherited trait? Give three examples:
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Which would have more species, a family or an order? Why?
What is an acquired trait? Give three examples:
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What type of trait can be affected by evolution?
What is a fossil?
Give examples of three types of fossils and how they are formed:
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What is an evolutionary tree? What can it tell you?
What are vestigial structures? Give two examples:
What are two things that can affect the traits an organism has?
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What is genetic variation? Give two examples of how genetic variation is present among
offspring of the same parents:
What does “fit” mean, in evolutionary terms?
Give 4 examples of things organisms might have to compete for:
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What are alleles?
What are three types of artificial selection?
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Why would someone use hybridization as an artificial selection strategy?
Why would someone use cloning as an artificial selection strategy?
What are three things scientists can learn by studying fossils?
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What domain includes all the plants and animals?
What is genetic engineering? Give a specific example:
What are two structural adaptations that help desert plants survive the heat?
What are cones?
What is a behavioral adaptation that helps plants survive harsh winters?
What are three behavioral adaptations that help animals survive harsh winters?
Describe how the rates of extinction and speciation relate to biodiversity:
What is an invasive species?
How can an invasive species cause problems for native species?
What is a disadvantage to inbreeding?
What is taxonomy?
What is phloem?
What domain includes most of the thermophiles and halophiles?
What two taxa are used in binomial nomenclature?
Describe the structure of bacteria, with at least 4 characteristics:
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Why are viruses considered nonliving?
List the 8 taxa from largest to smallest:
How are fungi cells different than plant cells?
How are mosses different than all other plants?
Why can ferns be so much bigger than mosses?
What is xylem?
What type of plant produces cones?
What type of plant produces flowers and fruits?
What are the 5 classes of vertebrates? Give a defining characteristic for each one.
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The appendix is a vestigial structure in humans. Other animals, such as horses, also have an
appendix, but it is not vestigial. Explain this:
Why are plants called producers?
What are two other types of organisms (other than plants) that are producers?
Why do species always have to continue to adapt, even though they are fit for the environment?
In general, why are larger animals more at risk from climate change than smaller organisms?
Why do gorillas and chimps (and humans) have so many traits in common?
Write a couple of sentences about the finches Darwin observed on the Galapagos Islands. Why
did each island have a different species of finch? Why are the beaks of the different finch species
different on different islands?
TERM 3
What are 7 examples of electromagnetic radiation?
Compare the rate of speed at which longitudinal waves travel through gases, liquids and solids:
Why is it not useful to ask the previous question (above) about transverse waves?
Describe how a wave is reflected if it hits a barrier at a perpendicular angle:
Describe how a wave is reflected if it hits a barrier at a 45 degree angle:
What is the Law of Reflection?
What is the node of a standing wave, and what is the anti-node? Draw a picture.
What is wave reflection?
What is wave refraction?
What is wave diffraction?
What is bulk modulus?
What is the range of frequency, in Hz, of audible sound?
What is the lowest intensity of sound, in decibels, that humans can hear?
How does a longitudinal wave (like a sound wave) have “peaks” and “troughs”? Draw a diagram
of a longitudinal wave and label the peaks, troughs, and equilibrium points:
Would you describe a sound wave as a transverse wave?
What is a surface wave?
What is a seismic wave?
How do the particles move in a longitudinal wave?
How do the particles move in a transverse wave?
How do the particles move in a surface wave?
Describe the effects that can occur when waves interfere;
What happens to the amplitude of two waves that undergo constructive interference?
What happens to the amplitude of waves that undergo destructive interference?
If two waves interfere with each other, how are the two waves affected afterwards?
Why does a hard smooth surface make a better echo than a soft, uneven surface?
What is the range of audible sound in dB?
What is the range of audible sound in Hz?
What happens to the intensity of sound as you move closer to the sound source? Be specific!
What happens to the intensity of sound as you move farther from the sound source? Be specific!
What are 3 ways to change the speed (frequency) of a vibrating string?
Which mechanical waves can travel through gases and liquids, and which cannot?
What causes beats?
What is rarefaction?
What is an incident wave?
What is a reflected wave?
How is a reflected wave different that the incident wave, and how is it the same?
Why do waves “bunch up” as they get closer to shore?
What happens to wave frequency as waves get closer to shore?
What happens to wave period as waves get closer to shore?
What happens to wave amplitude as waves get closer to shore?
What happens to wavelength as waves get closer to shore?
Which of the following change when a mechanical wave is reflected?
speed
frequency
wavelength
period
Do you think particles can undergo reflection like waves do?
amplitude
Graph 1: Displacement (cm) over time (s)
Graph 2: Displacement (cm) over distance (m)
According to the graphs above,
a) what is the wavelength?
b) what is the period?
c) what is the frequency
d) what is the amplitude
e) what is the frequency?
f) what is the speed of the wave?
If the wave graphed above is a longitudinal wave, label a point that would be a rarefaction and
label a point that would be a compression.
Of the quantities you described in a-f (above) which one corresponds to the amount of energy
transported by the wave?
Describe the piezoelectric effect. How does this work in a microphone?
Rank the 7 forms of EM radiation from highest energy to lowest energy:
Explain how different types of electromagnetic radiation are classified.
Explain how Young’s experiment worked, and how it suggested that light energy is wave-like:
Describe 3 ways people use radio waves:
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Describe 3 ways people use microwave radiation:
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Explain how ultraviolet light affects living things.
Describe how X-rays are used in medicine.
Describe 2 ways gamma rays can be used
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Identify 3 sources of natural light and 3 sources of artificial light:
Describe the spectrum of visible light.
Explain why different objects appear different, even with the same light shining on them
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Explain how the visible properties of an object are related to how light interacts with the object.
Explain why different things have different colors.
What is opacity?
Do particles exhibit “interference” like waves do?
Describe the relationship between a wave front and a ray.
Predict the direction that a light ray will travel after it reflects off a surface. Give an example.
What is the “normal” line with respect to a reflective boundary? Draw a diagram of this:
Compare how smooth objects reflect light with how rough objects reflect light (your answer
should include the words “parallel” and “scattered).
What causes most surface waves on the water?
Describe the image formed when light reflects off of convex mirrors. Is the image real or virtual?
Where is the image located?
Explain why objects can look distorted when viewed through transparent materials such as water
or glass.
What causes light to bend when it moves from one medium into another?
Predict how light will change speed and direction when it moves from one medium (air) into
another (glass) into another (water). Relate the change in direction to the “normal line”. Draw a
diagram:
If a wave has a wavelength of 0.25m and a frequency of 30Hz, what is the speed of the wave?
What is the difference between a trough and a rarefaction?
What is elasticity?
What is resonance? Give an example.
What is density? Give an example.
Describe how sound waves can generate “dead spots” and “live spots” in a room if two speakers
are in use:
What is the photoelectric effect?
What is one use of ELF waves? What does ELF stand for?
What does it mean when we say something “emits” light?
What is sonar used for?
Draw the reflected images:
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Label the reflected images as real or virtual
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