Download skull-requirements

REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE SKULL
2005 (Hollósy-Tóth-Toller)
1. Major constituents (neurocranium + viscerocranium, calvaria or vault; borderlines)!
2. Students have to know and recognize all the bones forming the skull and be able to
demonstrate the major parts of these bones (e.g. body of the sphenoid bone, inferior
surface of the pyramid, orbital part of the frontal bone, etc.)!
2. Sructures, the content of which has also to be known:
(Be able to show, to tell where it leads to and what does it contain…) CN=cranial nerve
Cribriform plate - fila olfactoria (CN I)
Optic canal - optic n. (CN II),ophthalmic a.
Superior orbital fissure - oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), abducent (CN VI) and
ophthalmic (1st div. of CN V) nerves, sup. ophthalmic v.
Foramen rotundum - maxillary n. (2nd div. CN V)
Foramen ovale - mandibular (3rd div. of CN V)
Foramen spinosum - middle meningeal a.
Hypophyseal fossa - hypophysis or pituitary gland
Trigeminal impression - trigeminal ganglion
Carotid canal & sulcus - internal carotid a.
Internal acoustic pore & meatus - facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Jugular foramen - glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X) & accessory (CN XI) nerves,
int. jugular v.
Foramen magnum - continuation of medulla oblongata into the spinal cord, vertebral a.
Hypoglossal canal - hypoglossal (CN XII) n.
Condylar canal - condylar emissary v.
Grooves (sulci) for superior sagittal, transverse, sigmoid, superior & inferior petrosal sinuses
(+ definition of these sinuses: special veins the wall of which is formed by dura mater)
Musculotubal canal - auditory or Eustachian tube, tensor tympani m.
Stylomastoid foramen - exit of facial (CN VII) n.
3. Just the name of the structure has to be known:
(Be able to show and to tell where it leads to…)
Petrotympanic fissure
Anterior clinoid process
Sulcus chiasmatis (chiasmatic groove)
Tuberculum sellae + middle clinoid processes
Dorsum sellae + posterior clinoid processes
Crista galli
Synchondroses, and the fissures closed by cartilage in live (esp. the sphenopetrosal &
petrooccipital fissures!)
Tegmen tympani
Arcuate eminence
Foramen lacerum
Cerebral et cerebellar fossae
Internal and external occipital crests
Internal and external occipital protubertances
Supreme, superior et inferior nuchal lines
Styloid and mastoid processes
Pharyngeal tubercle
Choana
Vomer
Pterygoid process (medial and lateral plates)
Pterygoid fossa
Pterygoid hamulus
Scaphoid fossa + sulcus (groove) for auditory tubae
Pterygoid canal
Mandibular fossa
Articular tubercle
Temporal and infratemporal fossae, infratemporal crest
4. Cranial fossae
Students have to be able to name and show those parts of the cranial bones that form the
walls or borders of cranial fossae. (E.g.: superior margin of the pyramid, occipital squama).
The structures are above.
5. The facial cranium (= viscerocranium)
Orbit
The bones, their major parts forming the aditus orbitae (eg. frontal process of maxilla)
The bones, their major parts forming the walls of the orbit
Connections of the orbit (where do they lead to): supraorbital foramen, frontal notch,
(fossae for lacrimal gland & lacrimal sac) - nasolacrimal canal, anterior and posterior
ethmoidal foramina, optic canal, superior and inferior orbital fissures, infraorbital
sulcus (groove), canal & foramen, zygomaticoorbital foramen
The bony nasal cavity
The bones, their parts bordering the anterior nasal (piriform) aperture
The bones, their parts forming the walls of the nasal cavity (uncinate process,
ethmoidal bulla, semilunar hiatus)
The conchae, and the the bones they belong to. The nasal meatuses (sup., middle, inf.
& common) and their connections
The bones, their parts bordering the posterior nasal aperture (choana)
Paranasal sinuses and their openings into the nasal cavity. What are they good for?
Connections: cribriform plate, sphenopalatine foramen, incisive canal
The hard palate, the osseus wall of the oral cavity
The bones, their parts forming the bony walls of the oral cavity. The sutures between
them
Incisive foramen, greater and lesser palatine foramina. Palatine canals, where do they
lead to?
Pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) fossa
Where is it located? Be able to show it (through the pterygomaxillary fissure)!
Which bones by which parts of them do form its walls?
Connections (where do they lead to?): greater and lesser palatine canals,
sphenopalatine foramen, inferior orbital fissure (only the medial one fifth of it!),
foramen rotundum (maxillary n.!), pterygoid canal, pterygomaxillary fissure
6. Mandible
Body, base, ramus and angle of mandible
Alveolar part, dental alveoli, interdental-, interradicular septa
Mandibular notch
Coronoid process
Condylar process, head and neck, pterygoid fovea
Masseteric & pterygoid tuberosities
Mental protuberance & spine, sublingual fovea, digastric fossa
Mylohyoid line and groove, lingula
Mandibular foramen and canal, mental foramen
7. Temporomandibular joint
As we used to describe any other joint: articular surfaces, disc, capsule, ligaments, axes,
movements)
8. Calvaria
The bones (and their parts), which constitute the calvaria and the sutures between them
Fontanelles (with their clinical significance: delivery, taking blood sample, intracranial
pressure, ultrasonic test!)
Groove for superior saggital sinus
Frontal crest
Arterial sulci (for the branches of middle meningeal artery)
Internal and external laminae (tables), diploe, correlations with fractures of the skull (epidural
bleeding!)
Emissaries (their function is more important than their name!)