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Grade 10
Geography
Unit: Climate
Mr. Masi
Room 320
Name: _____________________
Student Workbook
Climate Connections
Please define the following terms using your textbook pgs. 121-132:
 Weather:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Climate:
_____________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________
 Continental Climate:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Maritime Climate:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Temperature Range:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Moderating Effect:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Air Mass:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Prevailing Winds:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Front:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Jet Stream:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Convectional Precipitation:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Relief Precipitation:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Cyclonic Precipitation:
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Total: /13
Introduction to Climate:
 ______________ is the day to day characteristics of atmospheric
_________________.
 Talk with the people about how weather has affected you in the
past month?
1.
2.
3.
 Records of a certain places ____________ patterns are kept from
different parts of Canada, as well as all over the world.
 Those records show weather patterns that have ______________
over long periods of time
 ________________ is the long term pattern of weather
 Canada’s climate varies greatly because of 4 basic facts:
1. Canada extends a great distance _____________ and
_______________
2. Different ____________________ produce different climate
conditions
3. _________________ regions have different climates than
inland regions (BC vs. Manitoba)
4. Wind and pressure systems ______________ weather
conditions from one part of the country to the other
How Latitude Affects Climate:
 Distance from the _____________________ is a key factor in
whether a region is hot or cold
 Energy from the sun, that hits the Earth at the equator, covers a
small area, allowing it to be a _______________ temperature
 When the same amount of energy from the Sun hits further
North, it is spread over a larger area because of the curvature of
the Earth (fig. 11-3)
 Therefore, places closer to the North and South Poles experience
___________________ temperatures than those close to the
equator because the same amount of energy is spread over a
_____________________ area
 How does the Climate of a location impact whether a person
decides to live there or not? Discuss and complete below:
1.
2.
Consolidating Questions about Climate:
In your own words, answer the questions below, using your notes to assist you.
1. Why does Canada’s weather have so much variety?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. How does latitude impact the climate of a location? Please use
specific examples of where climate is warmer and cooler on the
globe, and why this is so.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Relief and Elevation:
 Mountain ranges act as great walls that can block the movement
of ________ masses
 This is why Vancouver often has warm, rainy weather in winter,
while Calgary, on the other side of the cordillera has cold dry
weather
 If you hike from the base of a tall mountain to its summit, you
would notice that the temperature ___________, and the air
feels more moist as you climb
 Why does it get colder even though you are getting closer to the
sun?
o As air rises, it expands due to lower air pressure. As the air
expands it loses ___________, and therefore cools down
The Cooling of a Rising Air Mass
So, why does an air mass cool as it rises?
An air mass cools as it rises because as it rises, it expands .And as air
expands, it loses heat because there is more space between the
particles and heat escapes.
How quickly does an air mass cool?
Before condensation (which happens at 900m), the air mass will cool
at a rate of 1°C for every 100 metres it rises.
After condensation (anything past 900m), the air mass will cool at a
rate of 0.6°C for every 100 metres it rises.
What information do you need to figure out how much a certain air
mass has changed over a given area?
You will need the following pieces of data to figure out how much an air
mass changes in temperature:
1. The starting temperature of the air mass
2. The starting elevation of the air mass
3. The height the air mass reaches
Points to Remember:

Condensation always begins at 900m, no matter what!

The rate of cooling is always 1°C for every 100 metres before
condensations, and 0.6°C for every 100 metres after!
Don’t worry!! We will do one together first…
Calculating the Changes in Temperature of a Rising Air Mass
EXAMPLE (to be completed together in class):
Air Mass Cooling Assignment
Value: 30 marks
Remember:



Condensation begins at the dew point
Air cools at a rate of 1°C/100m below the dew point
Air cools at 0.6°C/100m above the dew point
For each of the following questions, please draw a diagram and show all of your work. Each question
is worth 5 marks so you must show all of your work to get full marks.
1. At sea level, the temperature of an air mass is 16°C. Wind is forcing the air mass over a
mountain range that is 1800m high. If the dew point is at 1000m, determine the following:
a. What is the temperature of the air mass at the dew point?
b. What is the temperature of the air mass at the top of the mountain range?
c. Is there snow at the top of this mountain range at this time of year?
2. At sea level, the temperature of an air mass is 8°C. Wind is forcing the air mass over a
mountain range that is 1300m high. If the dew point is at 600m, determine the following:
a. What is the temperature of the air mass at the dew point?
b. What is the temperature of the air mass at the top of the mountain range?
c. Is there snow at the top of this mountain range at this time of year?
3. At sea level, the temperature of an air mass is 4°C. Wind is forcing the air mass over a
mountain range that is 1600m high. If the dew point is at 800m, determine the following:
a. What is the temperature of the air mass at the dew point?
b. What is the temperature of the air mass at the top of the mountain range?
c. Is there snow at the top of this mountain range at this time of year?
4. At sea level, the temperature of an air mass is 22.5°C. Wind is forcing the air mass over a
mountain range that is 2600m high. If the dew point is at 1350m, determine the following:
a. What is the temperature of the air mass at the dew point?
b. What is the temperature of the air mass at the top of the mountain range?
c. Is there snow at the top of this mountain range at this time of year?
5. At sea level, the temperature of an air mass is 12°C. Wind is forcing the air mass over a
mountain range that is 2150m high. If the dew point is at 950m, determine the following:
a. What is the temperature of the air mass at the dew point?
b. What is the temperature of the air mass at the top of the mountain range?
c. Is there snow at the top of this mountain range at this time of year?
6. At sea level, the temperature of an air mass is 3.5°C. Wind is forcing the air mass over a
mountain range that is 1575m high. If the dew point is at 1250m, determine the following:
a. What is the temperature of the air mass at the dew point?
b. What is the temperature of the air mass at the top of the mountain range?
c. Is there snow at the top of this mountain range at this time of year?
Total: _______
30
Continental and Maritime Environments:
Pre-Reading Question: Look in the glossary of your textbook to answer
the question below:
*What is temperature range?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
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 Areas that are far from oceans and other large bodies of water in
the interior of land masses are said to have a Continental Climate
o The temperature range in these climates is ___________
because there is no large body of water to moderate hot
_________ temperatures and cold _________ temperatures
 On the other hand, coastal areas (along the ocean) have a
Maritime Climate
o The temperature in these areas does not vary nearly as
much. The summers do not get as _____________and the
winters do not get as ____________ as continental climates
because they are near a large body of water. How does this
help temperature?
What does the temperature range tell us about the type of climate?
Temperature range of less than 25°C =
Maratime Climate
Temperature range of 25°C or more =
Continental Climate
Moderating Effect of Water:
 Water warms up and cools down at a much slower rate than land
masses
 In the summertime the water stays cool and wind that blows
across it keeps the surrounding land __________. In winter, the
water retains the heat from the summer and keeps the
surrounding land __________ throughout the winter
 Water currents play a very important role in the moderating
effect of water. Some ocean currents are warm while some
currents are cold
Consolidating Questions about the Moderating Effect of Water:
In your own words, answer the questions below, using your notes to assist you.
1. What are the two different types of climate? How are they
different?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. How does water moderate the temperature of land near it?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Air Masses & Ocean Currents
Air Masses:
 An air mass is a large volume of air with the climate conditions of
the area where it ________________
 An air mass that originates over a body of water will contain
____________________. As these air masses move they will
release that moisture in some form of _________________
 If an air mass originates in a continental climate it will generally
be ___________________
Ocean Currents:

The temperature of an ocean current affects the temperature of
the __________ that passes over it.

For example, British Columbia has a mild climate, due to the warm
North Pacific Current that heats the cool moist air that passes
over in the BC.
Wind and Pressure Systems:
 Air has weight, that weight is called ______ __________________
 Differences in air pressure occur as different parts of the Earth are
heated to different ___________________
 As warm air rises, an area of low pressure is created
 As the warm air cools, it falls back towards the Earth and creates
an area of high pressure (fig. 11-9)
 Air moves along the surface of the Earth from high pressure areas
toward low pressure areas
 This movement of air is what we call ________________
 _____________________ are well established patterns of air
movement that occur around the Earth
 Most of Canada and the United States is influenced by prevailing
winds that blow from West to East, called the
_______________________
 The location of the prevailing winds north or south of us indicates
the type and origin of our ________________
 The ______________ front is the boundary between cold, dry
polar air and warm, moist tropical air. The jet stream above it is
called the polar-front jet stream. This jet stream is what enables
season changes around the earth
Precipitation:
 You will understand why this occurs if you remember 2 points:
1. Air cools as it rises
2. As air cools, water vapour condenses more than it
evaporates (cold air holds less water vapour than warm air)
 Air rises for the following reasons:
1. It is forced over high elevation (mountains). This causes
______________________ Precipitation.
2. It rises because it absorbs heat from the Earth’s surface. This
causes ________________________ Precipitation.
3. It rises because there is a cooler, denser air mass flowing
beneath it that is forcing it up. This causes
_______________________ Precipitation.
Relief Precipitation:
 Mountain barriers create relief precipitation
 As warm moist air rises up the windward slope of the mountain, it
__________________ and cools. As air cools, moisture in the air
condenses to form clouds and if it cools enough,
______________________ will form.
 As the clouds become larger, and the air becomes cooler, the
clouds will become too heavy to hold the moisture. The moisture
will fall to the ground as ________________ (either rain or snow)
 Relative Humidity (RH) refers to the amount of ______________
in the air
 As the now cool air descends on the more protected leeward side
of the mountain, it will become ________________
 Warmer air is able to hold more moisture than cooler air, so
precipitation and cloud formation decrease
o This results in a very dry climate or _____________ shadow
on the leeward side (example--Calgary, AB)
Diagram of Relief Precipitation:
Convectional Precipitation:
 This type of precipitation is very common in the summer in
continental locations like the _____________________ provinces
 As the ground heats up, the air above it is forced to ___________
 The rising air cools and expands and the water vapour within it
condenses to form puffy white ______________
 As the day gets later these puffy clouds combine during updrafts
to form storm clouds that can become very large, very tall and
have very dark bottoms
 These clouds can get so tall that they may even produce ice
pellets known as ____________
 These clouds will eventually become saturated with too much
moisture and a ________________________ is usually the result
 This type of precipitation tends to create rain storms that include
high winds, heavy rain, and a possibility of hail, but are usually
quite _____________ in duration
 These types of storms can cause considerable damage to property
and even ___________________, which can have a huge
economic impact
Diagram of Convectional Precipitation:
Cyclonic Precipitation:
 As you know from earlier, air masses of different temperatures do
not mix easily, instead a boundary forms between them—this
boundary is called a _______________; It is along this front that
cyclonic precipitation occurs
 These storms form when a warm, moist air mass collides with a
cold, dense air mass
 As the warm moist air moves towards the low pressure it is forced
to rise above the cold dense air at the leading edge of the warm
air mass, where it continues to cool and eventually creates
_________________________
 A variety of weather can occur during this cyclonic process
Diagram of Cyclonic Precipitation:
 These low pressure cyclonic storm systems move __________ to
__________ through the country and spread precipitation over
large areas, especially in the winter.
Assignment:
Please complete questions 5-10 on page 133 of your textbook
“Geographic Issues of the Twenty-first Century”, in the space provided.
Page 133 # 5-10:
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__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
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Climate Graphs:
 Climate graphs, like many types of graphs, can provide us with a
lot of information about a location in just one place.
 Climate graphs illustrate the average _________________ and
the total amount of __________________ for each month or the
total for the year
 We can also interpret these graphs to tell us its probable location
by analyzing which months are warmest and coldest (seasons),
when most of the precipitation occurs and how much
precipitation falls during the year.
Organization of Climate Graphs:
 The Bars on climate graphs represent
________________________ (think of it as a rain gauge).
 The line on climate graphs represent
________________________.
 The ______ axis has the months of the year, because this
information is __________________ (doesn’t rely on the other set
of information).
 The ____________________ and ____________________ scales
are on both sides of the y axis. They go on the y axis because this
information is ______________________ (meaning it relies on the
other set of data).
An example of a Climate Graph:
Miami, Florida
Climate Graph Assignment
Major Unit Project
Value: 50 marks
Using the climate information I have provide you with (following this page in your
climate booklet), make a climate graph for two different cities from around the
world. Your graphs should be titled with the name of your city and country you
are graphing and both axes should be properly labelled.
When you have completed your graph, you must also:
(5 marks X 2 graphs = 10marks)
1. Create a write up for each city, explaining the following:
 Warmest & coldest month(s)
 Wettest & driest month(s)
 Average(mean) temperature
 Temperature range
 Whether it is a continental or maritime location
(MUST SHOW YOUR WORK FOR THIS)
2. Each graph must include:
Item
Title of the city
Written explanations
Climate graphs: data represented properly
Location data provided under each graph
Overall neatness of project
World map included with the three
locations labelled
Mark Value
2 marks
10 marks
12 marks per graph = 24 marks
2 marks per graph = 4 marks
8 marks
2 marks
Total Project Value: _______
50
Climate Graph Data Tables
Major Unit Project
Alert, NT
January
-32
8
February
-33
5
March
-33
7
April
-24.7
7
May
-11.2
11
June
-0.5
14
July
3.9
18
August
1
27
September
-10
28
October
-20
16
November December
-26
-30
8
8
Atlanta, GA
January
Temp.
6
Precip.
110
February
7
112
March
11
148
April
16
117
May
21
94
June
24
93
July
26
125
August
25
90
September
22
80
October
17
64
November December
11
6.4
87
108
Barrow Point, AK
January
Temp.
-26
Precip.
5
February
-28
2
March
-26
2
April
-18
2
May
-8
2
June
1
8
July
4
23
August
4
20
September
-1
13
October
-8
13
November December
-17
-24
8
5
Salt Lake City, UT
January
Temp.
-2
Precip.
34
February
-1
30
March
-5
39
April
10
44
May
15
36
June
19
25
July
25
16
August
24
22
September
18
13
October
12
29
November December
3
-1
33
32
Phoenix, AZ
January
Temp.
10
Precip.
18
February
12
21
March
16
17
April
20
8
May
25
3
June
30
3
July
33
20
August
32
29
September
29
18
October
22
11
November December
15
11
13
21
New Orleans, LA
January
Temp.
13
Precip.
112
February
15
119
March
17
157
April
21
137
May
25
130
June
28
139
July
29
201
August
29
161
September
27
152
October
23
81
November December
17
14
95
124
Temp.
Precip.
Montreal, PQ
January
Temp.
-10
Precip.
83
February
-9
81
March
-3
78
April
6
72
May
13
72
June
19
85
July
21
89
August
20
77
September
16
82
October
9
78
November December
2
-7
85
89
January
19
51
February
20
48
March
21
58
April
23
98
May
25
163
June
27
187
July
28
171
August
28
177
September
27
241
October
26
208
November December
22
20
71
43
Mazatlan, MX
January
Temp.
20
Precip.
18
February
20
12
March
21
5
April
23
3
May
24
3
June
27
33
July
29
115
August
29
211
September
29
196
October
27
58
November December
24
21
20
18
Los Angeles, CA
January
Temp.
13
Precip.
78
February
14
83
March
15
57
April
17
30
May
18
3
June
20
1
July
23
0
August
23
2
September
22
5
October
20
10
November December
17
15
27
74
Houston, TX
January
Temp.
13
Precip.
94
February
14
81
March
17
61
April
21
86
May
25
112
June
28
96
July
29
131
August
29
90
September
27
96
October
22
91
November December
16
14
103
104
Honolulu, HI
January
Temp.
23
Precip.
95
February
23
84
March
23
73
April
23
33
May
24
24
June
25
8
July
26
12
August
26
22
September
26
25
October
25
47
November December
24
23
54
76
Miami, FL
Temp.
Precip.
Climate Unit Marking Sheet:
Student Name:
Climate Project Breakdown:
Climate Booklet Mark Breakdown:
Item
Mark Value
Title of the city
2 marks
Written explanations
10 marks
Climate graphs: data represented properly
12 marks per graph = 24 marks
Location data provided under each graph
2 marks per graph = 4 marks
Overall neatness of project
8 marks
World map included with the three
locations labelled
2 marks
Total Project Value: _______
50
Assignment:
Value:
Climate Connections
13 marks
Air Mass Cooling Assignment
30 marks
p. 33 # 5-10
12 marks
Climate Graph Term Project
50 marks
Completion of Notes (Fill in
the blanks) and Consolidating
Questions
20 marks
Score Achieved:
Unit Total:
125 marks
______
125