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IDEAS & Aims Tim N. Taylor Linda Copeland Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Style Matters PART FIVE: SENTENCE SKILLS: IMPROVING STYLE AND CORRECTING ERRORS Chapter 14 Style Matters Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives In this chapter, you will learn how to . . . LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4 LO5 Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. Understand and create simple sentences. Understand and write compound sentences. Understand and write complex sentences. Understand and write compound-complex sentences. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives In this chapter, you will learn how to . . . LO6 LO7 Write sentences that contain well-placed modifiers. LO8 Eliminate wordy constructions to make sentences concise. Write sentences containing appropriate appositives and parallel constructions. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction • A writer who has crafted different types of sentences and varied the lengths of those sentences is said to have style. • To have style as a writer, you need to know how to construct different types of sentences. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence. All sentences must have at least one independent clause. • An independent clause—or a complete sentence—has three parts: Subject Verb Complete Thought Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. Subjects • The subject of a sentence usually answers the question “Who or what is the sentence about?” The subject of a sentence is usually a noun or a pronoun. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. Subjects • A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Most nouns are common nouns. They are not capitalized. • Proper nouns, which name particular persons, places, or things, are always capitalized. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. Common Nouns country language boy gum day month Proper Nouns France English Andrew Trident Wednesday January Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. • Pronouns that can be used as subjects include the following: I you he she we it they everybody everything someone somebody everyone Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. these those that this which LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. Examples of Independent Clauses with Subjects Bolded: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Kara hopes to complete her degree in occupational therapy in two years. The art museum will open an exhibit on impressionism next month. I plan to join the campus Horticulture Club. Smoking is not allowed in my community’s businesses. English and algebra are my hardest subjects. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Style Matters EXERCISE 1: Identify Subjects Let’s Review and Apply Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 1: Identify Subjects • 1. Roya plans to major in computer science. • 2. She would like a career as a web designer. • 3. Who will be able to drive car pool next week? • 4. Regular dieting and exercising will control most people’s weight. • 5. Studying takes up most of my time on weekends. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • Verbs • A complete sentence must have a verb. Most verbs are action verbs, which tell us what the subject is doing and when the action occurs. eat hope sang allowed taught learned made waited spoke forget fly sleep catch watch run Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • Verbs • Linking verbs link the subject of a sentence to one or more words that describe or identify the subject. was were am is are become has have seem appear act turn sound get remain Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. feel grow taste look smell LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • Verbs • Helping verbs can be used to help the main verbs express a special meaning or a particular time. can had are am might did have was should could does has being must may do is will shall would Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. were been LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • Examples of Independent Clauses with Subjects Bolded and Verbs Underlined: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The band played for over two hours. Everybody was standing and swaying to the music. This is the best concert of the year. The dog leaped into the air and caught the Frisbee. Alan should have been paying more attention. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Style Matters EXERCISE 2: Identify Subjects and Verbs Let’s Review and Apply Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 2: Identify Subjects and Verbs • 1. Your success will depend upon your effort. • 2. Amy entertained us with her jokes. • 3. The trip to Mexico sounded like an inexpensive vacation. • 4. We had been planning this vacation for two years. • 5. Who would have expected a hurricane? Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • Problems in Identifying Subjects and Verbs • Some sentence constructions can confuse writers and lead to errors in subject/verb agreement and fragments. • The most common problems in identifying subjects and verbs are the following: Confusing words in prepositional phrases for subjects and verbs Finding subjects after verbs Confusing participles with verbs Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • Confusing Words in Prepositional Phrases for Subjects and Verbs. • The subjects and verbs of independent clauses are never found in a prepositional phrase—a group of words following a preposition. Remembering this rule will help you avoid subjectverb agreement errors in your writing. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A box of matches sits on the fireplace mantel. The houses near the river run the risk of being flooded. The villagers tried to flee the approaching tsunami. Letters in an old suitcase were the basis of a best-selling novel. Jon used several techniques to try to relax before tests. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Style Matters EXERCISE 3: Identify Prepositional Phrases, Subjects, and Verbs Let’s Review and Apply Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 3: Identify Prepositional Phrases, Subjects, and Verbs • 1. A can of month-old baked beans sits in my brother’s refrigerator. • 2. Amber wanted to impress her boss by taking on extra responsibilities without extra pay. • 3. The screams of the unhappy baby echoed through the quiet church. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 3: Identify Prepositional Phrases, Subjects, and Verbs • 4. The origins of that word can be found in the Oxford English Dictionary. • 5. The jockey urged his horse to reach the finish line first. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • Finding Subjects after Verbs. • Subjects can come after verbs—the words that describe the action or state of being of the subject. • To determine the subject in these kinds of sentences, ask “Who or what is the sentence about?” or “Who or what is performing the action in the sentence?” Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • Examples: • 1. Here are the invoices from last month. • 2. There have been several complaints about cars speeding in school zones. • 3. Running through the city park was a pack of stray dogs. • 4. There goes the man in charge of the recycling center in my city. • 5. In my refrigerator were expired milk, moldy cheese, and a box of baking soda. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Style Matters EXERCISE 4: Identify Prepositional Phrases, Subjects, and Verbs Let’s Review and Apply Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 4: Identify Prepositional Phrases, Subjects, and Verbs • 1. Scrambling across the field to kick the ball were three aspiring soccer stars. • 2. Here are the tickets to get into the concert. • 3. Rising over the mountains was a golden morning sun. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 4: Identify Prepositional Phrases, Subjects, and Verbs • 4. There have been three principals in three years at my son’s school. • 5. Huddled at the school bus stop were three small children in winter snowsuits. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • Confusing Participles with Verbs. • Do not confuse a participle phrase with the verb of a sentence. • A participle is a verb form that functions as an adjective in a sentence. Participles ending in -ing often introduce phrases or groups of words that describe a noun or pronoun in a sentence. • Writers sometimes mistake these participles as verbs and end up writing fragments. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. Fragments with Highlighted Participles Jay daydreaming at his desk Job applicants hoping for an interview Albert being an honest man Fragments Corrected by Adding a Helping Verb Fragments Corrected by Adding a Verb and Finishing the Thought Jay had been daydreaming at Jay, daydreaming at his desk, did not notice his angry boss his desk. standing behind him. Job applicants were hoping for an interview. Job applicants, hoping for an interview, formed a line stretching down the street. Albert has been an honest man. Albert, being an honest man, returned the wallet he found to the owner. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Style Matters EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments Let’s Review and Apply Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments • 1. Ansai hoping to impress his supervisor • a. Ansai had been hoping to impress his supervisor. • b. Ansai, hoping to impress his supervisor, worked late every night this week. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments • 2. Bags sitting unclaimed at the airport • a. Bags were sitting unclaimed at the airport. • b. Bags, sitting unclaimed at the airport, are searched by airport personnel. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments • 3. The coach watching the young rookie in the bullpen • a. The coach had been watching the young rookie in the bullpen. • b. The coach, watching the young rookie in the bullpen, took diligent notes. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments • 4. My car sputtering and smoking • a. My car was sputtering and smoking. • b. My car, sputtering and smoking, slowly came to a stop. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 5: Correct Fragments • 5. Cody singing the national anthem • a. Cody is singing the national anthem. • b. Cody, singing the national anthem, brought the crowd to their feet. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence. All sentences must have at least one independent clause. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. Dependent clauses have two parts: • Subject • Verb Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. A dependent clause may not stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause written by itself is a fragment. To correct a dependent clause fragment, add an independent clause. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. Dependent Clause Fragment Correction Because my alarm was broken Because my alarm was broken, I overslept and missed class. Which is my favorite show A power outage interrupted Law and Order, which is my favorite show. So that I will get the classes I need I always register early so that I will get the classes I need. Although my car is old Although my car is old, it is still reliable. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Style Matters EXERCISE 6: Correct Dependent Clause Fragments Let’s Review and Apply Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 6: Correct Dependent Clause Fragments • 1. Before I begin drafting a paper, I prewrite and organize. • 2. Even though my car is old and has a lot of miles on it, I would not trade it for anything. • 3. I hope to have a career in cyber forensics, which is why I attend college. • 4. When I have free time, I enjoy playing video games. • 5. I will have to settle for part-time jobs until I finish my education. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. A phrase is a group of words that add detail to a sentence. A phrase may be missing a subject and/or a verb. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. Examples of Phrases: my role model and friend someone to count on the sun rising in the east now and forever finding the time quickly yet efficiently quietly weeping barking and growling long ago and far away taking his good old time strict but fair sweeping across the sky a tough nut to crack bright green berries to give thanks a man ahead of his time soft and fluffy knowing the right people warm and cozy of all the people I know through all our time together Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • A sentence must contain at least one independent clause in order to be complete. Most sentences also have one or more of the other building blocks: dependent clauses and phrases. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO1: Identify and create independent clauses, dependent clauses, and phrases. • As the clerk rang up my purchase, I noticed that she worked quickly and efficiently. • When the alarm sounded, the firefighters gathered their gear and jumped into the waiting fire truck. • Lumbering across the road, the buffalos of Yellowstone Park stopped traffic while tourist snapped pictures. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Style Matters EXERCISE 7: Identify Independent Clauses, Dependent Clauses, and Phrases Let’s Review and Apply Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 7: Identify Independent Clauses, Dependent Clauses, and Phrases • 1. ___ P caring for the environment • 2. ___ DC when Samuel returned from vacation • 3. ___ DC which will enable me to find a job • 4. ___ IC sometimes TV commercials seem to go on forever • 5. ___ P my new interests in genealogy and archeology Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. EXERCISE 7: Identify Independent Clauses, Dependent Clauses, and Phrases • 6. ___ IC Esteban visits a chiropractor for relief from back pain • 7. ___ P to pick the best candidate for the job • 8. ___ DC although the algebra class was challenging • 9. ___ DC if you take the time to review your notes each evening • 10. ___ IC writing is a skill requiring a lot of practice Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 14 Style Matters LO1: Identify and Write Independent Clauses, Dependent Clauses, and Phrases. Let’s Review and Apply Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Identify the subjects and verbs in the following sentences. (LO1) • a. Somebody hit my car and left a note on my windshield. • b. Late-night talk shows keep me awake most evenings. • c. Damon and Andreas have organized a neighborhood beautification group. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2. Identify prepositional phrases, subjects, and verbs in the following sentences. (LO1) • a. Bert hoped to win the affection of Jenny by sending her flowers. • b. Blocks of ice from the glacier have started to crumble and fall into the ocean. • c. My house along with several others in my neighborhood was damaged by the storm. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3. Identify prepositional phrases, subjects, and verbs in the following sentences. (LO1) • a. There is no way to open the safe without a combination. • b. In my closet hang clothes from my high school years. • c. On the kitchen counter lay the bill for the plumbing work on my sink. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4. Correct the following fragments two ways. First, add a helping verb to the participle to create a complete sentence. Then correct the fragment by adding a verb and completing the thought after the participle phrase. (LO1) • My dog barking and growling • My dog was barking and growling. • My dog, barking and growling, scared away the burglar. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5. Identify each of the following groups of words as an independent clause (IC), a dependent clause (DC), or a phrase (P). (LO1) P Marco hoping to play professional soccer • a. ___ • b. DC ___ before we could paint the room IC • c. ___ learning a new skill takes practice DC • d. ___ although my team did not win the championship game P • e. ___ to prepare for any emergency Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.