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Ethernet Cable Installation and Troubleshooting Brian Shuman, RCDD November 2003 © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Agenda • Introduction • Design Considerations • Copper Cable Installation Guidelines • Troubleshooting • Standards Update • Summary © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Design Considerations Environmental Evaluation • Temperature (max & min) • Moisture (humidity, wash down) • Chemicals, oils, etc. • EMI (sources and severity) © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Design Considerations (cont) Distances • Keep copper runs to 100 meter max total channel length • Reduce length for elevated temp or use high temp cable • Limit patch length to 10 meters if 90 meters of horizontal is used • Use fiber optic cabling for longer runs © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Design Considerations (cont) Component Selection • Cat 5e minimum • Industrial grade cable jackets — Sun Res — Oil Res — Special jackets for unique applications, just ask! • Upjackets for added robustness • Armor for even more robustness © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Design Considerations (cont) Component Selection (cont) • Sealed connectors — IP67 rating for wash down — Not intended for submerged applications • Shielded components for high EMI applications © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Design Considerations (cont) Component Selection (cont) • RJ-45 vs M12-4 — RJ-45 is commercial standard — M12-4 is sealed has a smaller footprint than sealed RJ-45s — Must use Ethernet M12-4 (D-coded) © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Design Considerations (cont) Pathways & Spaces • Tray or conduit where needed • Route cabling away from potential noise sources (drives, welders, power lines, etc.) • Cross power lines perpendicularly © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Copper Cable Installation Guidelines Pulling Cable • Minimize pull force — Commercial cables stretch easily! • Lay cable into tray where possible © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Copper Cable Installation Guidelines Terminating • Minimize jacket removal — Pairs should not be exposed outside of the connector • Minimize pair untwist length — TIA 568-B recommends ¼” max — 1/8” or less is achievable • Pre-terminated, pre-certified assemblies for “plug and play” installation • Keep spares “just in case” © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Copper Cable Installation Guidelines Terminating • RJ-45 “pin-out” • T568B most common • M12-4 pin-out © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. RJ-45 Wiring Diagram T568A Pair 3 Pair 2 Pair 1 1 2 3 W-G G W-O 4 Pair 4 5 BL W-BL 6 O © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. 7 W-BR 8 BR RJ-45 Wiring Diagram T568B Pair 3 Pair 2 Pair 1 1 2 3 W-O O W-G 4 Pair 4 5 BL W-BL © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. 6 G 7 W-BR 8 BR M12 - 4 D Pin Out Pin Name Signal 1 Transmit Data + TX+ 3 Transmit Data - TX- 2 Receive Data + RX+ 4 Receive Data - RX- © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Administration • TIA 606 Standard describes commercial cabling administration • Document methodology —What do the labels mean? • Keep duplicate copies • Labeling software & label printers are available © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Testing & Certification Handheld Testers vs. Multimeters • Need to measure RF parameters • Insertion loss (attenuation), NEXT, Return Loss, ELFEXT, Delay, Skew, etc. • Basic continuity check not sufficient! © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Testing & Certification Channel vs. Link Requirements • Channel includes patch cords • Channel has a plug on each end • Channel testing is recommended • Channel is what the devices actually see • Link has a jack on each end (90 meters max) • Link is not what the devices will see, only part of the communication path! © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Testing & Certification Testing Two Pair Systems • Requires user configured set-up • Only two pair M12 approved — Use M12 to RJ-45 adaptor patch cord Single end grounding of the shield and wire mapping • Use unshielded cable setting © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Testing & Certification Test Documentation • Proves everything was OK when you left! Final Check Out • Connectors fully engaged to switch or device • Unused connectors capped © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Wiring Errors • Wire map checks wiring pin out • Reversed pair • Split pair • Transposed Pairs © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Correct Wire Map Correct pairing 1 1 2 2 3 3 6 6 5 5 4 4 7 7 8 8 © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Incorrect Wire Maps Reversed pair Transposed pairs Split pairs 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Length and VP • VP is Velocity of Propagation • IF VP is set high, measured length will be too long • Testers have default VP, may not be correct • Consult the cable manufacturer’s data sheet © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Failures in Testing • Check setting (link vs.channel) • Check limits (Cat 5e vs. Cat 6) • *Pass or *Fail — Too close to call within the accuracy of the tester © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Temperature and Attenuation • Tester measures absolute attenuation • Temperature correction not included • Good idea to test at operating temperature • An hour or more may be needed to allow cabling to reach the ambient temperature © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Time Domain Reflectometry • Pulse is sent down the pair • Reflections are correlated to length • Shows impedance/RL discontinuities • Lists value as a percent of the total power reflected • Typically termination issues © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Time Domain NEXT • Pulse is sent down the transmit pair • Reflections are correlated to length on receive pair • Shows NEXT source(s) • Lists value as a percent of the total power reflected • Typically termination issues © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Troubleshooting Noise measurements • Handheld testers give ambient noise warning • May show a crosstalk failure • Spectrum analyzer would be needed to determine noise source and magnitude • Most noise sources are intermittent. Must catch the offender “in the act” © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Standards Update • Specification available • Planning and Installation Manual available • Both are continually being reviewed and updated © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Standards Update (cont) TR-42.9 Currently on Draft 2 M.I.C.E. Table • Mechanical — Shock, vibration, etc. • Ingress (sealing) • Climatic — UV radiation, temperature, etc. • Environmental (EMC) © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Standards Update (cont) • M.I.C.E. 1 is commercial off the shelf (COTS) • M.I.C.E. 2 will be “light industrial” • M.I.C.E. 3 will be “heavy industrial” • Defining these will happen next week • Standard is scheduled for end of 2004 release • Balloting process has yet to begin © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Standards Update (cont) • Working group progressing toward a standard • Originated M.I.C.E. concept • Standard by the end of 2004? • Technical advisory group (TAG) from US working closely with ISO/IEC © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Standards Update (cont) • Group is working to insure interoperability and harmonization among the different standards groups • Installation guide available © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Summary Copper cable installation guide • Be gentle! Troubleshooting • Use the right tools! Standards Update • Stay tuned! © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. Questions? © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved. WWW.BELDEN.COM © 2003, Belden Inc. ©2003, Belden Wire and Cable Company. All rights reserved.