Download The Future Perfect-in-the

1. Read and translate the text:
PLANT ORGANS
The vegetative body of a plant consists of three major organs: the leaf, the stem, and
the root:
The shoot is an organ system composed of both stem and attached leaves. The
leaves attach to the stem at areas of restricted stem elongation called nodes. Together
the blade and petiole constitute a leaf. What is shown here is a simple leaf with one
blade at the end of the petiole. Other species may have compound leaves, with more
than one blade at the end of the petiole or along the side of the petiole. Also attached at
the node of the stem is an axillary (lateral) bud. This can differentiate into either a
branch shoot or a flower depending upon species and environmental conditions. The
most critical function of the leaf is photosynthesis, but also vital is evaporative cooling.
The leaf has an upper and lower epidermis, covered with cutin (wax) to reduce
water loss. The upper epidermis has window/lens functions to permit light to enter the
leaf. The palisade mesophyll is specialized for photosynthesis. The spongy mesophyll
can do some photosynthesis but is a major site of evaporative cooling. The lower
epidermis includes guard cells that can regulate the size of the stoma between them and
thus regulate gas exchange. Between the two layers of mesophyll are veins. Veins have
xylem tissue to conduct water and minerals from the soil, up the plant, and into the leaf
for photosynthesis and evaporative cooling. Veins have phloem tissue to conduct sugar
and amino acids from the leaf to the rest of the plant.
The stem is composed of the nodes, where leaves and lateral buds are attached and
therefore is an area of restricted stem elongation, and internodes, the portions of the
stem between nodes that elongate tremendously in some species and in some seasons.
The critical function of the stem is positioning and supporting the leaves in sunlight, but
also vital is transporting water and minerals up from the root and water, sugar, and
organic solutes down from the leaves to the root, or up to flowers, fruits, and seeds. The
stem grows from its tip, the apical bud or apical meristem.
Below the soil the plant continues in the form of roots. A central stout primary root
may develop in girth to form a taproot as in carrots, or it may send out many lateral
roots to form a branching fibrous root system. Many plants compromise and have both.
These penetrate the soil by growth just proximal to the root tip or root apex.
Anchorange would be a critical function for the root, but uptake of water and minerals
from the soil would be vital.
Vocabulary:
shoot – пагін
stem – стебло
elongation – подовження
node – вузол
blade – листкова пластинка
petiole – черешок листка
epidermis – шкірка (листка), епідерміс
axillary (lateral) bud – пазушна (бічна) брунька
vital – життєвий
evaporative cooling – охолодження випаровуванням
mesophyll – мезофіл
palisade mesophyll – палісадний мезофіл
spongy mesophyll – губчастий мезофіл
stoma – продихи
vein – жилка
xylem – ксилема
phloem – флоема
internode – міжвузля
apical bud – верхівкова брунька
apical meristem – апікальна меристема
taproot – головний (стрижневий) корінь
lateral root – бічний корінь
fibrous root system – мичкувата (волокниста) коренева система
root apex – верхівка кореня
root cap – кореневий чохлик
root hairs – кореневі волоски
2. Read and try to remember the vocabulary.
3. Learn the definitions:
Axil – the angle between the upper side of the stem and a leaf, branch, or petiole.
Axillary bud – a bud that develops in the axil.
Bud
–
undeveloped
–
Internode
Lateral
the
shoot
shoot
area
(branch)
of
from
the
–
which
stem
an
leaves
between
offshoot
or
flower
any
two
the
stem
of
parts
grow.
adjacent
nodes.
of
a
plant.
Leaf – an outgrowth of a plant that grows from a node in the stem. Most leaves are flat
and contain chloroplasts; their main function is to convert energy from sunlight into
chemical
energy
(food)
through
photosynthesis.
Node – the part of the stem of a plant from which a leaf, branch, or aerial root grows;
each
Petiole
plant
–
a
leaf
has
stalk;
it
attaches
many
the
leaf
nodes.
to
the
plant.
Root – a plant structure that obtains food and water from the soil, stores energy, and
provides
support
for
the
plant.
Most
roots
grow
underground.
Root cap – a structure at the ends (tips) of the roots. It covers and protects the apical
meristem
Stem
–
(the
(also
actively
called
the
growing
axis)
is
the
region)
main
of
support
the
of
the
root.
plant.
Tap root – the main root of some plants; the tap root extends straight down under the
plant.
Terminal bud – a bud located at the apex (tip) of the stem. Terminal buds have special
tissue, called apical meristem, consisting of cells that can divide indefinitely.
2. Check yourself:
1. What is a plant composed of?
2. What is the shoot?
3. What are the parts of the leaf?
4. What are the functions of the leaf?
5. What is the stem composed of?
6. What are the functions of the stem?
7. What part of a plant grows below the soil?
8. What are the functions of the root?
3. Fill in the gaps:
1. … attaches the leaf to the plant.
2. … is an organ system composed of both stem and attached leaves.
3. Undeveloped shoot from which leaves or flower parts grow is called … .
4. Between the two layers of mesophyll are … .
5. … is the main support of the plant.
6. Together the blade and petiole constitute … .
7. … is the main root of some plants that extends straight down under the plant.
8. … grows from its tip, the apical bud or apical meristem.
9. A bud that develops in the axil is called … .
10. … is an outgrowth of a plant that grows from a node in the stem.
4. Translate into English:
1. Рослина складається із стебла, кореня і листка.
2. Черешок і листкова пластинка утворюють листок.
3. Стебло – основна підтримка рослини.
4. Корінь рослини росте під землею.
5. Міжвузля – це ділянки стебла між вузлами.
GRAMMAR
The Future Perfect Tense
(Майбутній перфект ний час)
Future Perfect утворюється з допоміжного дієслова to have у Future Indefinite та
дієприкметника минулого часу (Past Participle) основного дієслова:
I shall have done
We shall have done
He will have done
You will have done
She will have done
They will have done
It will have done
У питальній формі перше допоміжне дієслово shall/will ставиться перед
підметом:
Will he have done?
У заперечній формі після першого допоміжного дієслова shall/will вживається
частка not:
He will not have done.
В усному мовленні вживаються такі ж скорочення, як і в Future Indefinite:
I’ll have done; I shan’t have done; He won’t have done.
Future Perfect вживається для вираження майбутньої дії, що закінчиться до
певного моменту або до початку іншої дії в майбутньому:
You’ll have forgotten me by then.
До того часу ви мене забудете.
I’ll have read the story by the time
Я прочитаю оповідання, поки ти
you come back.
повернешся.
У підрядних реченнях часу та умови замість Future Perfect вживається Present
Perfect:
Her room shall be ready before she
has finished her tea.
We’ll get a new flat when they
ЇЇ кімната буде готова, перш ніж вона
закінчить пити чай.
Ми одержимо нову квартиру, коли
збудують цей будинок.
have built the house.
Time expressions used with Future Perfect:
Before, by, by then, by the time, until (is used only in negative sentences with this
tense).
The Future Perfect-in-the-Past Tense
(Майбутній перфект ний час з точки зору минулого)
Future Perfect-in-the-Past утворюється так само, як і Future Perfect, але замість
допоміжних дієслів shall і will вживаються відповідно should і would:
I should have done
We would have done
He would have done
You would have done
She would have done
They would have done
It would have done
Future Perfect-in-the-Past вживається замість Future Perfect переважно в
підрядних додаткових реченнях, якщо дієслово головного речення виражає
минулу дію:
I thought you would have gone by now.
Я думав, що вже не застану вас.
У підрядних реченнях часу й умови замість Future Perfect-in-the-Past
вживається Past Perfect:
He said that he would give me the book
when he had read it.
Він сказав, що дасть мені цю книжку,
коли прочитає її.