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Careers for Geoscientists In the Petroleum Industry Professor Howard Johnson Shell Professor of Petroleum Geology Department of Earth Science & Engineering PRESENTATION OUTLINE 1. Background to the oil & gas industry 2. Geoscience applications in Petroleum E&P 3. Qualifications & opportunities Projected World Energy Supplies! Hydroelectric 1993 100 100 BILLION BARRELS Solar, Wind Geothermal 80 Billion Barrels of Oil Equivalent 60 perYear (GBOE) 40 Nuclear Electric Coal Natural Gas Crude Oil 20 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 3000 after Edwards, AAPG 8/97 Global Oil and Gas Exploration History 90 Ghawar 80 Discovered Volumes and Average Field Size have been in STEADY DECLINE since the late 1960s 70 60 Bboe 50 Current Burning Rate @ 49 Bboe/yr 40 30 ‘modelled’ 20 10 Annually Discovered Volumes 0 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Discovery Year 'corrected' for South Pars and Kashagan … and this despite increased efforts and advances in technology involved Of the World's Total Recoverable Oil and Gas ..... • Roughly 1/3 has been produced already • Roughly 1/3 has been discovered but remains to be produced • Roughly 1/3 still has to de discovered Especially the latter 1/3 still carries a HUGE degree of uncertainty Definition of recoverable is not at all simple and controlled by assumptions regarding Technical and Commercial viability. There is no point in trying to be too precise about the future at this stage What is relatively certain is that in future: It will all become more difficult It will all become more expensive but also: The product will become more and more valuable Lots of interesting and important work will remain for you! 1960s-90s discoveries: ‘Easy Oil’ • Structural traps dominant • Large, simple structures • Obvious traps • Good quality reservoirs • Simple rock-fluid systems (minor EOR) • Basic concepts (eg struct/strat) • Simple technologies • Qualitative models (eg fluid flow) • Single, deterministic models • Low resolution seismic imaging • Shallow burial depths (reservoir) • Shallow water depths (sea-bed) >2000s discoveries: ‘Hard Oil’ • Structural & stratigraphic traps • Small, complex structures • Subtle traps • Variable quality reservoirs • Complex rock-fluid systems (>EOR) • Advanced concepts (eg sequence strat.) • Advanced technologies (eg computing) • Quantitative models (eg fluid flow) • Multiple, stochastic models • High resolution seismic imaging • Deeper burial depths (reservoir) • Deeper water depths (sea-bed) Oil and gas exploration and production is becoming more and more geologically challenging, but this is aided by advanced technology PRESENTATION OUTLINE 1. Background to the oil & gas industry 2. Geoscience applications in Petroleum E&P 3. Qualifications & opportunities The Petroleum E & P Cycle: Geologists are Everywhere! Exploration Production Operations Geologists Development Geologists & Geophysicists Exploration Geologists & Geophysicists Reservoir Geologists Regional Geologists 3D Reservoir Modellers Structural Geologists Sedimentologists Stratigraphers Wellsite Geologists Petroleum E&P is all about understanding the interaction of rocks and fluids at different scales, hence geology is everywhere! Exploration: charging a reservoir (10s-100s mill. years) Production: depleting a reservoir (10-100 years) Oil & Gas Trap Seal Basic Ingredients: • • • • Heat Source Rock Migration Path Trap – Reservoir (porous) – Seal (impermeable) – Structure (geometry) • Right Timing Migration Reservoir Buoyancy Driven Expulsion Source Rock Maturation Heat The basic geological concepts apply to both E&P Brent Field: • 40 Ma to charge • 40 years to produce! Exploration: How to do it? Integrates stratigraphy, sedimentology, structural geology, basin analysis, seismic interpretation & geochemistry The Exploration Process Decision prospect inventory Phase 2: Prospect Focus Prospect level understanding prospect segmentation/ shotpoint risk (‘surgical mapping’) risk seismic imaging basin statistics - field size dist - analogs structural styles data management uncertainty seismic attributes geol modeling Play Focus Phase 1: Play Focus Fundamental basin/play level & regional understanding (‘forensic geoscience’) Professor Al Fraser (IC): ‘Geology from the bottom up!’ stratigraphy - well data - fieldwork CRS: Common Risk Segment lead inventory play risk - CRS maps - success rates Regional Understanding sequence stratigraphy plate reconstructions regional seismic grav & mag petroleum systems basic maps - structure - isopachs documentation Courtesy BP The Exploration Process: Play Focus Structural Analysis Pet. Sys. modelling Geological modelling Visualisation Reservoir characterisation Play Fairway Analysis and Risk segment mapping Courtesy: Prof. Al Fraser Regional Tectonics & Palaeogeography (Courtesy: MSc Petroleum Geoscience students, Imperial College, 2009) Location of the study area http://www.serg.unicam.it/Reconstructions.htm Tectono-Stratigraphic Evolution: Lower Congo Basin (Courtesy: MSc Petroleum Geoscience students, Imperial College, 2009) 1. Pre-rift 2. Rift (Early Cretaceous) • Anoxic lacustrine basins: source rocks • Salt deposition # !" #" !" Salt deposition 3. Post-rift (Late Cretaceous) 4. Post-rift (Tertiary to present) • Thermal subsidence • Carbonate & clastic deposition • Basinwards tilting & initial gravity sliding • Basinward tilting due to SW African uplift • Detached ‘rafts’ slide basinwards • Uplift causes sea level fall, erosion & submarine fan deposition # !" Uplift & Tilting # Detached Rafts !" Structural & Stratigraphic Interpretation !" #" !"#$ %"!$ %"#$ &"#$ '"!$ )*)$+,-$ &"!$ '"#$ ("!$ ("#$ #"!$ !.$ #" %!!!!.$ W #+-(3"9%B%)" %#!!!.$ Y Z Top Landana &!!!!.$ X &#!!!.$ !" !"#$ %"!$ %"#$ $%&"7/%8(0(" $%&"7/11,(" 7/%8(0(" *9":;<"7+" *9"=;>"7+" *9"?@;>"7+" *9"?:"7+" *9"?A;>"7+" $%&"6+4("" $%&"./01+" 2+34%0+-(5" $%&"'%()(" *+,-" Top Pre-salt Detachment &"#$ '"!$ '"#$ ("!$ ("#$ #"!$ (Courtesy: MSc Petroleum Geoscience students, Imperial College, 2009) )*)$+,-$ &"!$ Evidence of Petroleum Migration (Courtesy: MSc Petroleum Geoscience students, Imperial College, 2009) Play Summary: Lower Congo Basin (Courtesy: MSc Petroleum Geoscience students, Imperial College, 2009) 5km West Sea Level East Pliocene to Recent Sediments Malembo Marine Shale Seal Western Graben Landana Mar. Shale 1 Malembo Miocene Sst. Turbidites Channels Eastern Graben 1 Detachment Surface 2 5km Pinda Carbonates Reservoir Landana Mar. Shale Malembo Marine Shale Seal Iabe Marine Shale Source & Seal Raft Loeme Salt Weld Chela Sst Reservoir 3 Pre-Salt 4 Bucomazi Source Rock Lucula Sandstone Lucula Sandstone Post-Salt Migration 1 Malembo Turbidites 2 Pinda Carbonates Pre-Salt Migration 3 Chela Sandstones 4 Lucula Sandstones Exploration Process: Prospect Focus Structure Segments Reservoir Prospect Inventory Risk and Volume AVO mmbo OIL OIL OIL Courtesy: Prof. Al Fraser Production: How to do it? OPERATIONAL AREAS CORMORANT FIELD NORTH SEA DGH903050 © SPE 1986, Stiles & McKee, 1986 Examples of Sandstone Reservoir Architecture Cormorant Block IV: Fault Pattern Changes Initial Development Plan Revised Development Plan Later Development Plan Sedimentology, structural geology & rock properties are all integrated into 3D Reservoir Geological Models 4D Seismic: Monitoring Gas Re-Injection 1993 ( 0 months) 1998 ( 10 months) 1999 ( 20 months) No injection 12 BCF injection 24 BCF injection Courtesy of BP PRESENTATION OUTLINE 1. Background to the oil & gas industry 2. Geoscience applications in Petroleum E&P 3. Qualifications & opportunities This is a good time to join the petroleum industry……… • High & increasing demand from all types of employers • High & increasing global energy demand • Technically challenging E&P projects: • Frontier exploration (e.g. deep & ultra-deep water • E&P in conventional basins • Mature basins & fields • Improved oil recovery • Enhanced oil recovery • Complex &/or deeper reservoirs • Application of continuously developing & new technologies: • 3D/4D seismic • Drilling (Extended reach, multi-laterals, deep water, etc.) • Downhole surveillance/monitoring • Higher resolution modelling capabilities International Technical Skills Portfolio Entry qualifications: • • • • • • BSc: possible for technical assistant positions, mud logging, etc. Masters degrees: essential for professional positions (international entry level) MSci: possible to join directly, but usually only with the larger companies MSc in Petroleum Geoscience or Geophysics is the prefrerred graduate entry level qualification for most companies MSc Petroleum Engineering: e.g. geophysics graduates could consider this (a high level of numeracy is required) PhD: essential for those considering a specialist career, such as • Sedimentology • Structural Geology • Biostratigraphy • Geochemistry • Basin modelling • Reservoir modelling • Etc. Conclusions MSc Petroleum Geoscience: Overview of Course Timetable Production Geoscience Exploration Geoscience Independent Projects USA Examinations Term 1 October Development Geology Wessex Basin Field Trip Petropyhsics Sesmic methods Seismic interpretation Structural Geology N. Somerset Field Trip Petroleum Engineering Reservoir characterisation Geostatistics Reservoir modelling Wytch Farm Group Project Term 2 January Term 3 April Sequence stratigraphy Carbonate reservoirs Clastic reservoirs Biostratigraphy Petroleum Geochemistry Petrol. Systems Analysis Basin Analysis Basin modelling Seismic interpretation Advanced seismic methods Barrel Award May Summer June July September Final presentations Independent Project Utah & W. Texas Field Trips Clastic & carbonate systems Fluvial-deltaic clastic systemss Fluvial-aeolian clastic systems Delta & salt tectonics Carbonate reefal build-ups Carbonate reservoirs & diagenesis Back-Up The Main Players National Oil Companies Saudi Aramco, Gasprom, CNPC, ADNOC, KOC, PDVSA, PEMEX, Pertamina, ENI-AGIP, Petrobras, Petronas, PDO, QGPC, etc. Major Integrated Oil Companies ExxonMobil , Shell, BP, Total, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, ENIAgip, Yukos-Sirfnet, BG Group, etc. Large Independent Oil Companies Occidental, Repsol-YPF, Marathon, Hess, etc. Small Independent Oil Companies Premier, Perenco, Anadarko, Apache, Talisman, etc. Service Companies Halliburton, Schlumberger, Baker-Hughes, GeoServices, etc. Consulting Companies Gaffney-Cline, Scott-Pickford, RPS, RDS-Helix, etc. Software Companies Schlumberger-GeoQuest, Halliburton-Landmark, Paradigm, Midland Valley, Roxar, IKON, etc. National Oil Companies Saudi Aramco Gasprom (Russia) CNPC (China) ADNOC (Abu Dhabi) KOC (Kuwait) PDVSA (Venezuela) PEMEX (Mexico) Pertamina (Indonesia) Petronas (Malaysia) Petrobras (Brazil) PDO (Oman) QGPC (Qatar) ENI-AGIP (Italy) StatoilHydro (Norway) etc. Comments: • emphasis on local staff (LS) development • excellent training (for LS) • expanding international interests • growing international staff (IS) • variable, often growing, E&P diversity • good appliers of technology • abundant work opportunities, especially for experienced staff • limited long-term career opportunities for IS staff • excellent long-term career opportunities for LS staff • ENI & StatoilHydro behave more like independent oil companies Super Major Integrated Oil Companies ExxonMobil Total Chevron ConocoPhillips Shell BP Yukos-Sirfnet BG Group etc. Comments: • excellent training • broad work opportunities • good management structures • E&P diversity • well-organised • high quality staff • technical excellence (best at the moment) • technical leaders with active research &/or technical centres • long-established international outlook • large international operations • strength in depth • relatively abundant, in-house specialists • staff carry high-level of professional respect Large Independent Oil Companies Hess CEPSA EnCana Marathon Nexen Occidental OMV Premier Reliance Repsol-YPF RWE Suncor Talisman etc. Comments: • moderate-very good training • early responsibility • variable E&P diversity • highly focused, broad-based staff • good appliers of technology • fast decision-making • focused international outlook • close to points of decision-making • benefits of smaller company size Small Independent Oil Companies Premier Perenco Anadarko Apache Endeavour Talisman Hardman Maersk Lundin Frontera Noble Energy Samson Spinnaker Venture etc. Comments: • limited in-house training, mainly external • immediate responsibility • variable E&P diversity • highly focused, EP staff • good appliers of technology • very fast decision-making • focused international outlook • often immediate points of decision-making • benefits of small company size with flexible management Service Companies Halliburton Schlumberger Baker-Hughes GeoServices Expro PGS CGG Veritas TGS-Nopec etc. Comments: • excellent in-house training • immediate responsibility • focused on operational activities • highly specialised • high technology in operational setting • very fast decision-making • highly pressured job • exciting, but difficult, environments • irregular hours, harsh conditions • excellent learning experiences • highly paid (usually) • a good way to start learning the business Consulting Companies Gaffney-Cline Scott-Pickford RPS RDS-Helix Neftex etc. Comments: • immediate responsibility • focused on review studies & outsourced projects • highly specialised in some cases • broad/generalised in others • work is undertaken on behalf of clients (e.g. oil co.) • often short-duration projects • report back to client(s) • lots of travel (often) • may involve secondment into companies • ideal for specialists or experienced generalists • can involve leading-edge work • but often working for somebody else Software Companies Schlumberger-GeoQuest Halliburton-Landmark Paradigm Midland Valley Comments: Roxar • Ideal for specialists Platte River • Increasing consultancy services Ikon Science • highly specialised software, in some cases etc • work is undertaken on behalf of clients (e.g. oil co.) • often short-duration projects • report back to client(s) • lots of travel (often) • may involve secondment into companies • ideal for specialists • usually involves leading-edge work • but often working for somebody else Petroleum Geoscience professional societies American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) - student chapter in Department - monthly meetings with guest lecturers - internet access to AAPG Bulletin and AAPG Explorer - FREE annual student membership (sponsored by Chevron) Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain (PESGB) - monthly lecture meetings in central London - informal network of UK oil industry contacts - £17.50 annual student membership (http://www.pesgb.org.uk) Geological Society of London - library and research conferences in central London - Journal of the Geological Society - £50 annual student membership (http://www.geolsoc.org.uk) London Petrophysical Society - monthly lecture meetings in central London - FREE annual student membership (http://www.lps.org.uk) Energy Institute - regular meetings in central London - graduate membership (http://www.energyinst.org.uk) Petroleum Geoscience & Engineering: Some Useful Career Links