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Calendarium The early Romans attempted to syncronize the months with the first crescent moon following a new moon resulting in some months of 29 days and some of more. Every other year, February was shortened and a leap month (Intercalaris) was added in an attempt to realign lunar cycles with the solar calendar...this was a mess! Every other year, February was shortened and a leap month (Intercalaris) was added in an attempt to realign lunar cycles with the solar calendar. The lengths of the years in a four year cycle of this lunisolar calendar were 355, 377, 355, and 378 days. This added up to 4 days too many to stay in sync with the solar year. Eventually Julius Caesar asked an astronomer, Sosigenes of Alexandria, Egypt, to devise a better calendar. What resulted is called the Julian Calendar. He abandoned aligning the months with lunar cycles, and adopted months of 30 or 31 days length, keeping February at 28 days. He introduced an extra day in February in leap years. Sound familiar? Julius Caesar re-named the 5th month after himself. His successor, Augustus Caesar, re-named the 6th month after himself. The first day of each month was called Kalendae, or calends. Debts were due on this day, so books to track payments were called calendarium (account book) from which we get our modern day calendar. I (prīmus) II (secundus) III (tertius) IV (quārtus) V (quīntus) VI (sextus) VII (septimus) VIII (octāvus) IX (nōnus) X (decimus) Month January Latin Januarius Origin February Februarius March Martius Named after the god Mars. April Aprilis The traditional etymology is from the Latin aperire, "to open," in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to "open," May Maius Probably named after the fertility goddess Maia. June Junius Named after the Roman goddess Juno, wife of Jupiter and equivalent to the Greek goddess Hera July Julius Named after Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.E. Prior to that time its name was Quintilis from the word quintus, fifth, because it was the 5th month in the old Roman calendar. August Augustus Named after emperor Augustus in 8 B.C.E. Prior to that time the name was Sextilis from the word sextus, sixth, because it was the 6th month in the old Roman calendar. September September From the word septem, seven, because it was the 7th month in the old Roman calendar. Januarius and Februarius were added in 700 BC, making the months no longer match up. October October From the word octo, eight, because it was the 8th month in the old Roman calendar. Januarius and Februarius were added in 700 BC, making the months no longer match up. November November From the word novem, nine, because it was the 9th month in the old Roman calendar. Januarius and Februarius were added in 700 BC, making the months no longer match up. December December From the word decem, ten, because it was the 10th month in the old Roman calendar. Januarius and Februarius were added in 700 BC, making the months no longer match up. Janus is the Roman god of gates and doors (ianua), 1. beginnings and endings, 2. He was worshipped at the beginnings of important events in a person's life 3. the beginnings of important events in a person's life. 4. beginning of the harvest time, planting, marriage, birth, etc. 1. is named for the Februa/Februatio festival, which occurred on the 15th day of the Roman month. 2. A later Roman god Februus personified both the month and also purification, and is named for them. 3. Thus, the month is named for the festival and not for the god. I. Origin of the names of the days a. The names of the days are in some cases derived from Teutonic deities or, such as in Romance languages, from Roman deities. b. The early Romans, around the first century, used Saturday as the first day of the week. i. As the worshipping of the Sun increased, the Sun's day (Sunday) advanced from position of the second day to the first day of the week 1. (Saturday became the seventh day). Latin Spanish Dies Solis Domingo Dies Lunae Dies Martis Lunes Norse Domenica Sunnon-Dagaz Mon(an)dæg Lunedi Martes Martedi Dies Mercurii Miércoles Mercoledi Wodnesdæg Dies Jovis Jueves Giovedi Thursdæg Dies Veneris Viernes Venerdi Frigedæg Dies Saturni Sábado Sabato Sæter(nes)dæg c. Italian Tiwesdæg was established as imperial calendar in the late Roman empire i. and furthered by the Christian church for historical reasons. ii. The British Empire used the seven-day week and spread it worldwide. iii. The Norse Viking invasions of Britain changed the pronunciation of the days. Sunday The name comes from the Latin dies solis, meaning "sun's day": the name of a pagan Roman holiday. It is also called Dominica (Latin), the Day of God. The Romance languages, languages derived from the ancient Latin language (such as French, Spanish, and Italian), retain the root. French: dimanche; Italian: domenica; Spanish: domingo German: Sonntag; Dutch: zondag. [both: 'sun-day'] Monday The name comes from the Anglo-Saxon monandaeg, "the moon's day". This second day was sacred to the goddess of the moon. French: lundi; Italian: lunedi. Spanish: lunes. [from Luna, "Moon"] German: Montag; Dutch: maandag. [both: 'moon-day'] Tuesday Tiu (Twia) is the English/Germanic god of war and the sky.The Romans named this day after their war-god Mars: dies Martis. Wednesday The day named to honor Wodan (Odin). The chief divinity of the Norse pantheon, Odin is a god of war and death, of poetry and wisdom. The Romans called it dies Mercurii, after their god Mercury. Thursday The day named after the Norse god Thor. Thor is the Norse god of thunder. He was very popular as the protector of both gods and humans against the forces of evil. He even surpassed his father Odin in popularity because, contrary to Odin, he did not require human sacrifices. In the Norse languages this day is called Torsdag. The Romans named this day dies Jovis ("Jove's Day"), after Jove or Jupiter, their most important god. French: jeudi; Italian: giovedi; Spanish: jueves. German: Donnerstag; Dutch: donderdag. Friday Norse goddess of love, beauty, and fecundity (prolific procreation). Saturday This day was called dies Saturni, "Saturn's Day", by the ancient Romans in honor of Saturn. In Anglo-Saxon: sater daeg. French: samedi; Italian: sabato; Spanish: sábádo. and in Danish and Norse: Lørdag ("washing day").