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WORLD WAR II September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 ACTIONS OF TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS- JAPAN • 1922- sign international treaty to respect China’s borders • 1928- sign Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war • Government weak- Constitution put strict limits on prime minister & cabinet powers • Civilian leaders had little control over armed forces • Military leaders reported only to emperor • As long as Japan remained prosperous, civilian government kept power • Great Depression of 1930’s blamed on gov’t & military won control • Plan on solving economic issues with global expansion • Raw materials • Area to expand ACTIONS OF TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS- JAPAN • 1930- Invade Manchuria • China’s northern most province • Rich in iron & coal • Set up puppet government • Japanese begin to arrive in large #s to build mines and factories • 1933-Withdrawl from League of Nations • No way for League to enforce policies • A lot of protests from other world countries • July 7, 1937- Japan invades China • Exchange shots at a railroad bridge near Beijing • Sweep into northern China • Northern cities, including Beijing & Nanjing (capital) fall into Japanese control • “The rape” of Nanjing- Mass killing of Chinese soldiers & civilians ACTIONS OF TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS- ITALY • Encouraged by League’s failure to stop Japan • Dreamed of colonial empire in Africa • Ethiopia- independent nation • Could not defeat Italy’s airplanes, tanks, guns, and poison gas with their spears & swords. • Appealed to League of Nations with no actions • Britain allows Italians through Suez Canal into Ethiopia • Hope to keep peace in Europe by giving Mussolini Africa ACTIONS OF TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS- GERMANY • March, 1935- Hitler announces they would not obey Treaty of Versailles restrictions • League’s failure encourages Hitler • Rhineland- 30-mile wide buffer zone on each side of Rhine River • Buffer between France & Germany • Important industrial area • March 7, 1936- Hitler moves into area • French unwilling to risk war • British urged appeasement: making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war • Hitler admitted he would have backed down if challenged • October, 1936- agreement with Italy • November, 1936- agreement with Japan AXIS POWERS!!! ACTIONS OF TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS- GERMANY • November 5, 1937- announces plans to absorb Austria & Czechoslovakia • Would then expand into Russia & Poland • Treaty of Versailles prohibited union between Germany & Austria • Annexed Austria March 1938 • Britain & France ignored • Czechoslovakia- prosperous democracy w/strong army & defense treaty with France • 3M German speakers lived in western border region called Sudetenland • 1938-Hitler demanded this area return to Germany • Czechs refused & asked France for help GERMAN EXPANSION • 1935-1939 • Unopposed by the League of Nations 1. Rhineland 2. Austria 3. Sudetenland MUNICH CONFERENCE • France & Britain preparing for war when Mussolini proposed a meeting • Leaders met in Munich to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia but Czechoslovakia was not included in meeting • Hitler believed Sudetenland should be part of Germany, • Leaders: Adolf Hitler--Germany Neville Chamberlain—England Premier Edouard Deladier---France Benito Mussolini--Italy • Hitler promised the world if he received the Sudetenland, there would be no war. MUNICH CONFERENCE • Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement • Believed that by sacrificing Czechoslovakia he had satisfied Hitler and he would stop being aggressive • Hitler promised the world if he received the Sudetenland, there would be no war. • September 30, 1938- Hitler is given Sudetenland • FDR ( Franklin Roosevelt) sent a letter to Hitler asking him to honor the Munich Conference • 6 months later, Hitler would invade and take the rest of Czechoslovakia UNITED STATES Isolationism• The policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries. • Citizens believed involvement in WWI had been a costly mistake • Beginning in 1935- Congress passed 3 Neutrality Acts • Banned loans & the sale of arms to nations at war • Believed this would keep the US our of another war ACTIONS OF TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS- SOVIET UNION • Britain & France asked the Soviet Union to join them in stopping Germany & Italy • France & Britain distrusted Stalin • Stalin resented being left out of the Berlin Conference • Bargaining with Hitler while talking with France & Britain • Reached agreement with Hitler on August 23, 1939 • 10 year nonaggression pact • Agreed to never attack each other (publicly) • Agreed to divide Poland between themselves (secretly) • Agreed Russia could take over Finland & Baltic countries (secretly) GERMANY IN POLAND • Why Poland? • Germany lost this after WWI • If Hitler invaded Poland, Great Britain and France would declare war on Germany. • August 23, 1939 @ dawn, Hitler launches surprise attack from air & ground • Blitzkrieg “lightning war” • Poland falls to Germany 3 weeks before France or Britain can make any military response • Hitler annexed western half of Poland WWII BEGINS IN EUROPE • Germany invades Poland on September 1, 1939- THIS ACT BEGINS WORLD WAR II • Great Britain & France declare war on Germany on September 3rd, 1939 SOVIETS IN POLAND • September 17, 1939- Soviet troops sent into eastern Poland • Begin to annexation • Lithuania, Latvia, & Estonia fell without struggle • Finland resisted • November, 1939- 1M Soviet troops sent into Finland • Stalin thought he would win quickly • Finns outnumbered & outgunned but fiercely defended country • March, 1940-Stalin forces Finns to accept surrender terms ACTUAL WAR BEGINS • April 9, 1940- First true act of war after was is declared • Hitler launches surprise invasion of Denmark & Norway • Denmark falls 4 hours after attack begins • Norway surrenders 2 months later Hitler planned to build bases on their coasts in order to attack Great Britain THE BATTLE FOR FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN • May, 1940- Hitler begins dramatic sweep through Holland, Belgium, & Luxembourg • Part of plan to attack France • Kept Allied attention on these countries • Hitler sends larger force of tanks & trucks through Ardennes (heavily wooded area in NE France & Luxembourg • Reached France’s northern coast in 10 days • Head north to join German forces in Belgium THE BATTLE FOR FRANCE & GREAT BRITAIN • May 26, 1940- Germans trapped Allied forces around northern French city of Lille • German victory inevitable • Belgium surrendered • Allies escape to beach of Dunkirk- trapped with no where to go • May 26 to June 4th – 1 of the most heroic acts of WWII • Britain sends fleet of 850 ships to Dunkirk • Civilian ships: yachts, lifeboats, motorboats, paddle steamboats, and fishing boats joined • Sailed back and forth saving 338,000 soldiers while under fire. FRANCE FALLS • June 10th- Mussolini joins Hitler and declares war on G.B. & France • Italy attacks France from the south • June 14th- Paris falls to Germany • June 22nd- France surrenders • Leaves G.B. to fight alone GERMANY ATTACKS GREAT BRITAIN • Operation Sea Lion • Germany’s planned attack on Royal Air Force (RAF) followed by landing 250,000 soldiers on British shores. • RAF- 2,900 planes • Luftwaffe (German Air Force)- 4,500 planes • Target airfields and aircraft factories • Move bombing to cities to lower moral • RAF fight back hard with radar and Enigma (a German code-making machine) • Becomes known as the Battle of Britain • September, 1940-May 10, 1941 LESSON LEARNED- GERMANY COULD BE BLOCKED! EASTERN FRONT & MEDITERRANEAN • G.B.’s resistance shifts Hitler’s strategy • Germany & Italy attack Africa • Mussolini needed to equal Italy to Germany • Sept. 1940- Mussolini ordered army to move east from Libya • Goal- to seize Egypt & Suez Canal for access to oil in Middle East • 1 week= 60 miles into Egypt • Forced British troops back • Dec. 1940- British attack & destroy Italy • By Feb. 1941, G.B. swept 500 miles across N. Africa & capture 130,000 Italian soldiers • February, 1941- Hitler send Erwin Rommel to Libya • Commands new tank corps- Afrika Korps • Attacked in Agheila causing British to retreat 500 miles east to Tobruk WAR IN THE BALKANS • Summer, 1940- Hitler begins planning attack on USSR • Bulgaria, Romania, & Hungary join Axis power in 1941 • Yugoslavia & Greece (both British) resist • Hitler invades both on April 6th, 1941 • Yugoslavia fell in 11 days • Greece fell in 17 days HITLER INVADES THE SOVIET UNION • Operation Barbarossa • Blitzkrieg invasion begins June 22, 1941 • Russians use scorch and retreat strategies • By Sept. 8th, Germans surround Leningrad • Plan on starving 2.5M inhabitants by bombing food warehouses • More than 1M people died over the winter • Leningrad does not fall HITLER INVADES THE SOVIET UNION • Begin march for Moscow on October 2, 1941 • Surround Moscow in December but Russians counterattack • Germans wearing summer uniforms retreat • Fuel & oil freezing • Tanks, trucks, & weapons not working • Hitler demands no retreat • German troops settle 125 miles outside Moscow & hold line until March 1943 • Costs 500,000 German lives UNITED STATES AIDES ITS ALLIES • 1935 & 1937- Neutrality Acts • Illegal to sell arms or lend $$ to nations at war • March 1941- President Roosevelt develops Lend-Lease Act • Lend or lease arms to countries vital to US • By summer of 1921- US Navy escorting British ships carrying US arms • Hitler orders submarines to sink all cargo ships • Roosevelt & Churchill issue Atlantic Charter • Upheld free trade among nations & the right of people to choose own gov’t • Later serves at Allies peace plan at end of war • September 4th- German U-boat fired on US destroyer • US Navy ordered to shoot German subs on sight • US now involved in an undeclared naval war with Hitler
