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+ A estrutura da paisagem como moduladora da relação entre parasitas e mamíferos Jean Paul Metzger Universidade de São Paulo + A estrutura da paisagem como moduladora da relação entre parasitas e mamíferos Jean Paul Metzger Universidade de São Paulo PAISAGEM, MAMÍFEROS E PARASITAS 1. A perspectiva da ecologia de paisagens em estudos de serviços ecossistêmicos 1. Controle biológico no café: um serviço provido por morcegos Landscape ecology Landscape structure Landscape ecology is an ecology of spatial interactions among landscape units Ecological processes Landscape ecology Shape Area Fragmentation Edge effects Precipitation Temperature Matrix Biodiversity, processes and services Isolation Species interaction Stepping stones Soil Topography Geological conditions Corridors + Landscape Ecology Landscape structure Ecological processes • Populational processes • Species interactions • Ecosystem processes • Ecosystems services “Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems for human wellbeing” (TEEB 2010) + J. Wu, Landscape Ecology 2013 Landscape perspective in ecosystem services BIODIVERSITY ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES Landscape perspective in ecosystem services LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE BIODIVERSITY ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES Landscape framework for ecosystem services Biodiversity, Local ecological processes Ecosystem services (modified from L. Nichols) Landscape framework for ecosystem services Local level Biodiversity, Local ecological processes Ecosystem services Landscape framework for ecosystem services Local level Landscape structure Spatial ecological processes Biodiversity, Local ecological processes Ecosystem services Landscape framework for ecosystem services Landscape level Landscape structure Local level Spatial ecological processes Biodiversity, Local ecological processes Ecosystem services Landscape framework for ecosystem services Regional level Landscape level Landscape structure Local level Spatial ecological processes Biodiversity, Local ecological processes Ecosystem services Landscape framework for ecosystem services Landscape structure Spatial ecological processes Biodiversity, Local ecological processes Ecosystem services Landscape framework for ecosystem services Composition (land use, land cover, heterogeneity) Landscape structure Spatial arrangement (fragmentation, fragment size, proximity) Spatial ecological processes Biodiversity, Local ecological processes Ecosystem services Landscape framework for ecosystem services Composition (land use, land cover, heterogeneity) Connectivity of mobile agent of ecosystem services Edge effects Landscape structure Spatial arrangement (fragmentation, fragment size, proximity) Spatial ecological processes Complementation, Supplementation Spillover effects Biodiversity, Local ecological processes Ecosystem services Landscape framework for ecosystem services Composition (land use, land cover, heterogeneity) Landscape structure Spatial arrangement (fragmentation, fragment size, proximity) Connectivity of mobile agent of ecosystem services Community (composition, richness) Edge effects Species abundances Spatial ecological processes Biodiversity and Local ecological processes Complementation, Supplementation Spillover effects Ecological interactions (pollination, predation) Population dynamics Ecosystem services Landscape framework for ecosystem services Composition (land use, land cover, heterogeneity) Landscape structure Spatial arrangement (fragmentation, fragment size, proximity) Connectivity of mobile agent of ecosystem services Community (composition, richness) Edge effects Species abundances Spatial ecological processes Biodiversity and Local ecological processes Complementation, Supplementation Spillover effects Ecological interactions (pollination, predation) Population dynamics Regulating services (crop pollination, pest and disease control, water quality) Ecosystem services Provision services (water supply) Supporting services (carbon sotcks) Composition (land use, land cover, heterogeneity) Landscape structure Spatial arrangement (fragmentation, fragment size, proximity) Connectivity of mobile agent of ecosystem services Community (composition, richness) ES Landscape framework for ecosystem services Edge effects Species abundances Habitat % ES- supporting ES - regulating Spatial ecological processes Biodiversity and Local ecological processes Ecosystem services Complementation, Supplementation Spillover effects Ecological interactions (pollination, predation) Population dynamics Landscape structure Spatial arrangement (fragmentation, fragment size, proximity) Community (composition, richness) Edge effects Species abundances Habitat % ES- supporting ES - regulating Spatial ecological processes Biodiversity and Local ecological processes Ecosystem services Complementation, Supplementation Spillover effects Ecological interactions (pollination, predation) Population dynamics Trade-offs? ES Composition (land use, land cover, heterogeneity) Connectivity of mobile agent of ecosystem services ES Landscape framework for ecosystem services Habitat % http://ecologia.ib.usp.br/projetointerface/ Team + + Sub-Projects PAISAGEM, MAMÍFEROS E PARASITAS 1. A perspectiva da Ecologia de Paisagens em estudos de serviços ecossistêmicos 1. Controle biológico no café: um serviço provido por morcegos Efeitos da estrutura da paisagem sobre o controle biológico do bicho-mineiro-docafeeiro (Leucoptera coffeella, Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) provido por aves e morcegos Felipe Librán Embid Orientador: Jean Paul Metzger Coffee pests Bicho-mineiro do café, Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae). - É a principal praga do cafeeiro no Brasil. É uma praga indireta. As lagartas se alimentam das folhas causando lesões que podem provocar desfolha, diminuindo a área fotossintética. Coffee pests PEST CONTROL LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE PESTS PREDATORS PEST CONTROL Transbordamento entre habitats (cross-habitat spillover) Ecossistemas naturais derbycanyonnatives.com news.mongabay.com Ecossistemas agrícolas Seleção de paisagens 10 meses de coleta de dados (Junho 2014 – Março 2015) 8 paisagens de 2 km de raio Gradiente de cobertura florestal nativa 4 unidades experimentais por paisagem High production > 200 years of plantation Experimento de exclusão de aves e morcegos Foto: Pedro Leite Foto: Pedro Leite Resultados esperados Queda de folhas Cobertura florestal Frutificação Cobertura florestal Resultados obtidos Baixa cobertura florestal local Alta cobertura florestal local Aves e morcegos aumentam a frutificação numa media de 13% em locais de baixa cobertura local Significativo Não significativo Low landscape cover High landscape cover Low local cover High local cover Low landscape cover High landscape cover Low local cover High local cover LANDSCAPE STRUCUTRE www.panoramio.com Composition (forest cover) Connectivity (?) Landscape structure Spatial ecological processes Spatial arrangement (proximity) Predator composition, abundance (?) Pest abundance (?) Spillover effects (?) Biodiversity and Local ecological processes Ecological interactions (?) Population dynamics (?) Coffee pest control Acknowledgments http://ecologia.ib.usp.br/projetointerface/ PAISAGEM, MAMÍFEROS E PARASITAS Extra - Paisagem e hantavirose • Hantaviroses: - Síndrome Cardiopulmonar por Hantavírus (HCPS) - Letalidade: 30% ~ 50% -Doença rural, agrícola ou periurbana Sigmodontinae (Cricetidae) - Rápido crescimento populacional - Generalistas, beneficiados pelas mudanças na paisagem - Dominantes em habitats perturbados e agrícolas • Transmissão Vírus nas fezes, saliva e urina Vírus na forma aerolisada Inalação do vírus HCPS • Sul e Sudeste do Brasil: - Reservatórios: Necromys lasiurus (Araraquara) Oligoryzomys nigripes (Juquitiba) Fonte: Bonvicino et al., 2008 Perda e fragmentação de habitat HCPS Espécies reservatório Soropositivos Perda e fragmentação de habitat Perda de espécies especialistas Espécies generalistas mais abundantes Estrutura da comunidade Disponibilidade de alimento Espécies reservatório Fragmentos Cultivos Interações intraespecíficas Soropositivos HCPS