Download A estrutura da paisagem como moduladora da relação entre

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A estrutura da paisagem como
moduladora da relação entre parasitas e
mamíferos
Jean Paul Metzger
Universidade de São Paulo
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A estrutura da paisagem como
moduladora da relação entre parasitas
e mamíferos
Jean Paul Metzger
Universidade de São Paulo
PAISAGEM, MAMÍFEROS E
PARASITAS
1. A perspectiva da ecologia de paisagens em estudos de
serviços ecossistêmicos
1. Controle biológico no café: um serviço provido por
morcegos
Landscape ecology
Landscape
structure
Landscape ecology is
an ecology of spatial
interactions among
landscape units
Ecological
processes
Landscape
ecology
Shape
Area
Fragmentation
Edge
effects
Precipitation
Temperature
Matrix
Biodiversity, processes and
services
Isolation
Species interaction
Stepping
stones
Soil
Topography
Geological conditions
Corridors
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Landscape Ecology
Landscape
structure
Ecological
processes
• Populational
processes
• Species interactions
• Ecosystem processes
• Ecosystems services
“Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect
contributions of ecosystems for human wellbeing” (TEEB 2010)
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J. Wu, Landscape Ecology 2013
Landscape perspective in ecosystem services
BIODIVERSITY
ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES
ECOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
Landscape perspective in ecosystem services
LANDSCAPE
STRUCTURE
BIODIVERSITY
ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES
ECOLOGICAL
PROCESSES
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Biodiversity,
Local ecological
processes
Ecosystem
services
(modified from L. Nichols)
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Local level
Biodiversity,
Local ecological
processes
Ecosystem
services
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Local level
Landscape
structure
Spatial
ecological
processes
Biodiversity,
Local ecological
processes
Ecosystem
services
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Landscape level
Landscape
structure
Local level
Spatial
ecological
processes
Biodiversity,
Local ecological
processes
Ecosystem
services
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Regional level
Landscape level
Landscape
structure
Local level
Spatial
ecological
processes
Biodiversity,
Local ecological
processes
Ecosystem
services
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Landscape
structure
Spatial
ecological
processes
Biodiversity,
Local ecological
processes
Ecosystem
services
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Composition
(land use, land
cover,
heterogeneity)
Landscape
structure
Spatial
arrangement
(fragmentation,
fragment size,
proximity)
Spatial
ecological
processes
Biodiversity,
Local ecological
processes
Ecosystem
services
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Composition
(land use, land
cover,
heterogeneity)
Connectivity
of mobile agent
of ecosystem
services
Edge effects
Landscape
structure
Spatial
arrangement
(fragmentation,
fragment size,
proximity)
Spatial
ecological
processes
Complementation,
Supplementation
Spillover effects
Biodiversity,
Local ecological
processes
Ecosystem
services
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Composition
(land use, land
cover,
heterogeneity)
Landscape
structure
Spatial
arrangement
(fragmentation,
fragment size,
proximity)
Connectivity
of mobile agent
of ecosystem
services
Community
(composition,
richness)
Edge effects
Species
abundances
Spatial
ecological
processes
Biodiversity and
Local ecological
processes
Complementation,
Supplementation
Spillover effects
Ecological
interactions
(pollination,
predation)
Population
dynamics
Ecosystem
services
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Composition
(land use, land
cover,
heterogeneity)
Landscape
structure
Spatial
arrangement
(fragmentation,
fragment size,
proximity)
Connectivity
of mobile agent
of ecosystem
services
Community
(composition,
richness)
Edge effects
Species
abundances
Spatial
ecological
processes
Biodiversity and
Local ecological
processes
Complementation,
Supplementation
Spillover effects
Ecological
interactions
(pollination,
predation)
Population
dynamics
Regulating
services
(crop
pollination, pest
and disease
control, water
quality)
Ecosystem
services
Provision services
(water supply)
Supporting
services (carbon
sotcks)
Composition
(land use, land
cover,
heterogeneity)
Landscape
structure
Spatial
arrangement
(fragmentation,
fragment size,
proximity)
Connectivity
of mobile agent
of ecosystem
services
Community
(composition,
richness)
ES
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Edge effects
Species
abundances
Habitat %
ES- supporting
ES - regulating
Spatial
ecological
processes
Biodiversity and
Local ecological
processes
Ecosystem
services
Complementation,
Supplementation
Spillover effects
Ecological
interactions
(pollination,
predation)
Population
dynamics
Landscape
structure
Spatial
arrangement
(fragmentation,
fragment size,
proximity)
Community
(composition,
richness)
Edge effects
Species
abundances
Habitat %
ES- supporting
ES - regulating
Spatial
ecological
processes
Biodiversity and
Local ecological
processes
Ecosystem
services
Complementation,
Supplementation
Spillover effects
Ecological
interactions
(pollination,
predation)
Population
dynamics
Trade-offs?
ES
Composition
(land use, land
cover,
heterogeneity)
Connectivity
of mobile agent
of ecosystem
services
ES
Landscape framework for ecosystem services
Habitat %
http://ecologia.ib.usp.br/projetointerface/
Team
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Sub-Projects
PAISAGEM, MAMÍFEROS E
PARASITAS
1. A perspectiva da Ecologia de Paisagens em estudos de
serviços ecossistêmicos
1. Controle biológico no café: um serviço provido por
morcegos
Efeitos da estrutura da paisagem sobre o
controle biológico do bicho-mineiro-docafeeiro (Leucoptera coffeella, Lepidoptera:
Lyonetiidae) provido por aves e morcegos
Felipe Librán Embid
Orientador: Jean Paul Metzger
Coffee pests
Bicho-mineiro do café, Leucoptera coffeella
(Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae).
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É a principal praga do cafeeiro no Brasil. É
uma praga indireta. As lagartas se
alimentam das folhas causando lesões que
podem provocar desfolha, diminuindo a
área fotossintética.
Coffee pests
PEST CONTROL
LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE
PESTS
PREDATORS
PEST CONTROL
Transbordamento entre habitats
(cross-habitat spillover)
Ecossistemas naturais
derbycanyonnatives.com
news.mongabay.com
Ecossistemas agrícolas
Seleção de paisagens
10 meses de coleta de dados (Junho 2014 –
Março 2015)
8 paisagens de 2 km de raio
Gradiente de cobertura florestal nativa
4 unidades experimentais por paisagem
High production
> 200 years of plantation
Experimento de exclusão de aves e morcegos
Foto: Pedro Leite
Foto: Pedro Leite
Resultados esperados
Queda de folhas
Cobertura florestal
Frutificação
Cobertura florestal
Resultados obtidos
Baixa cobertura florestal local
Alta cobertura florestal local
Aves e morcegos aumentam a frutificação numa media
de 13% em locais de baixa cobertura local
Significativo
Não significativo
Low landscape cover
High landscape cover
Low local cover
High local cover
Low landscape cover
High landscape cover
Low local cover
High local cover
LANDSCAPE STRUCUTRE
www.panoramio.com
Composition
(forest cover)
Connectivity (?)
Landscape
structure
Spatial
ecological
processes
Spatial
arrangement
(proximity)
Predator
composition,
abundance (?)
Pest
abundance (?)
Spillover effects
(?)
Biodiversity and
Local ecological
processes
Ecological
interactions (?)
Population
dynamics (?)
Coffee pest
control
Acknowledgments
http://ecologia.ib.usp.br/projetointerface/
PAISAGEM, MAMÍFEROS E
PARASITAS
Extra - Paisagem e hantavirose
• Hantaviroses:
- Síndrome Cardiopulmonar por
Hantavírus (HCPS)
- Letalidade: 30% ~ 50%
-Doença rural, agrícola ou periurbana
Sigmodontinae (Cricetidae)
- Rápido crescimento
populacional
- Generalistas, beneficiados
pelas mudanças na paisagem
- Dominantes em habitats
perturbados e agrícolas
• Transmissão
Vírus nas fezes,
saliva e urina
Vírus na forma
aerolisada
Inalação do vírus
HCPS
• Sul e Sudeste do Brasil:
- Reservatórios:
Necromys lasiurus
(Araraquara)
Oligoryzomys nigripes
(Juquitiba)
Fonte: Bonvicino et al., 2008
Perda e fragmentação
de habitat
HCPS
Espécies reservatório
Soropositivos
Perda e fragmentação
de habitat
Perda de espécies
especialistas
Espécies generalistas
mais abundantes
Estrutura da comunidade
Disponibilidade de
alimento
Espécies reservatório
Fragmentos
Cultivos
Interações
intraespecíficas
Soropositivos
HCPS