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SESSION 8 GENDER ISSUES IN THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE SESSION GOAL To enable workshop participants to understand where and how to address gender issues through the project cycle GENDER ISSUES IN THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE Integrating Gender into the Project Life Cycle 1. Project design & appraisal 4. Assess needs & identify problems Project Life Cycle 3. Monitor & Evaluate 2. Implement project start-up & undertake activities GENDER INTEGRATION IN USAID PROGRAMMING Automated Directive System Gender Questions • How will gender relations affect the achievement of sustainable results? Identify gender relations at the start of the project through gender analysis and establish an appropriate baseline • How will proposed results affect the relative status of men and women? ↓ (monitor changes) Describe gender relations at the end of the project (results) and start of the next project (new baseline) 4 INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT DESIGN AND APPRAISAL 1. Project Design and Appraisal Step 1: EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES for attention to gender issues; restate them to strengthen interaction between gender and economic growth goals Step 3: ANALYZE DATA for gender differences that may affect the achievement of program objectives INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT DESIGN AND APPRAISAL Step 1: EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES for attention to gender issues to strengthen interaction between gender and economic growth goals EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES Guiding Questions: • Who are the direct participants of the project? • How might differences in participants’ and stakeholders’ sex, age, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity affect their ability to access information and services? • What are the different roles and responsibilities women and men have that will affect program outcomes and allocation of its benefits? • What are the social, legal or cultural taboos or obstacles that might prevent women or men from participating in the project? EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES Information on Gender: Available Resources • • • • Project reports and case studies Gender assessments and analyses Ethnographic studies and articles National and local household and labor surveys INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT DESIGN AND APPRAISAL Step 2: COLLECT DATA on gender relations, roles, and identities related specifically to program objectives – Sector-specific gender assessment – Project-specific gender assessment (e.g. Valuechain gender assessment) COLLECT DATA Data Collection Methods – – – – – Individual in-depth or structured interviews Group interviews Focus groups Surveys Observation COLLECT DATA Gender Analysis Questions: • Who does what, including when and where tasks are done? • Who has what (access and ownerships issues)? • Who makes decisions and what is the decisionmaking process? • Who gains and who loses as a result of development interventions? 11 COLLECT DATA Questions to consider when collecting data? • Have you reviewed relevant published or project studies on the identified activity for data on both men and women? • Have you interviewed both women and men in relevant stakeholder groups across all project components? (e.g. producer association, group ranches, conservation organizations, women’s associations, policy advocacy groups) INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT DESIGN AND APPRAISAL Step 3: ANALYZE DATA for gender differences that may affect the achievement of program objectives: • Access to Factors of Production and Enterprise Development • Practices and Participation • Knowledge and Beliefs • Laws, Policies, and Regulatory Institutions GENDER ANALYSIS ACTIVITY Questions to Answer: • What is the income per capita by sex? Fill in the corresponding boxes. • What is the average return per tree/vine by sex? Fill in the corresponding boxes. • What does the data tell us? • What factors might explain these results? • What additional information do we need to explain the results? INTEGRATING GENDER INTO PROJECT STARTUP AND ACTIVITIES 2. Implement project start-up & undertake activities Step 1: DESIGN PROGRAM ELEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES to address gender issues (constraints and opportunities) Step 2: REVISE PROGRAM OBJECTIVE AS NECESSARY to address gender issues (constraints and opportunities) INTEGRATING GENDER INTO PROJECT STARTUP AND ACTIVITIES Step 1: DESIGN PROGRAM ELEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES to address gender issues (constraints and opportunities) – Gender-based constraints are barriers that inhibit either men’s or women’s access to resources or opportunities of any type – Gender-based opportunities are avenues for change that can improve women’s or men’s access to productive resources or opportunities for advancement DESIGN PROGRAM ELEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES Determining Strategies for Desired Results: • What activities will the program have to implement to ensure that men and women’s needs are addressed? • How will activities ensure equitable participation by women and men? • In what ways will program activities benefit women and men? • What kinds of strategies will help the program ensure that activities benefit women and men equitably? Continuum of Approaches for Gender Integration Gender Exploitative Gender Accommodating Gender Transformative GENDER INTEGRATION MATRIX Project Objectives Original project objective: Increase employment opportunities in horticultural production and processing plants Revised project objective: Increase employment opportunities in horticultural production and processing plants, especially in previously underrepresented positions Data Collection (new info) • In households women plant, weed, and harvest; men prepare land • Cultivation tasks vary by crop • Most women have completed primary education • Women are hired into low-paying production & processing jobs • Men are hired as supervisors • Sexual harassment is common ID of Gender Constraints Social conditions (attitudes, harassment, lack of training) restrict employment opportunities for women, particularly in moving from line jobs to supervisory positions in horticultural production and processing plants. Actions to reduce gender constraints • Provide management training to women. • Publicize opportunities in supervisory and management positions to men and women. • Provide trainings on sexual harassment to men and women. INTEGRATING GENDER INTO PROJECT STARTUP AND ACTIVITIES Step 2: REVISE PROJECT OBJECTIVE AS NECESSARY to address gender issues (constraints and opportunities) REVISING PROJECT OBEJCTIVE EXERCISE • Does the current objective allow you to carry out activities that would remove or reduce the identified constraints? • How might you modify the objective to address the gender constraints? GENDER INTEGRATION MATRIX Project Objectives Data Collection Identify of Gender Constraints Actions to gender reduce constraints Original project objective: To raise rural household incomes through increased horticulture productivity •Majority of membership criteria to producer associations (roughly 85 percent) is based on land ownership •Post-harvest income is deposited in a bank account in the name of the registered producer •Many women do not have access to income deposited in bank accounts •Evidence of some households that open joint bank accounts •Women operate roughly half of farm enterprises •Women receive technical information about crops from their husbands •Married women lack incentives to increase productivity •Women have less access to inputs and technical assistance because membership to associations is based on formal land ownership •Devise innovative payment schemes to allow control of income to flow more directly to women •Explore the feasibility in different associations of promoting joint association membership and/or joint bank accounts Revised project objective: 22