Download The Reformation Counter Reformation

The Reformation
Counter Reformation
Religious and Political
Crisis in North and Central Europe
1517-1555
Did the actions of Martin Luther create
positive or negative change?
Was life “improved”?
How does this religious reformation appear in
other regions?
The Protestant Reformation
Italian Renaissance humanism
Christian humanist, Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)
In Praise of Folly
Martin Luther
Justification by faith alone
Ninety-five Theses, 1517
Three pamphlets, 1520
Excommunication, 1521
Edict of Worms
Peasants’ War, 1524-1525
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556)
Wars
Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Thirty Years Wars
Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521)
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Educated and
trained as a Catholic
theologian
His “95 Theses” and
the challenge on
indulgences
Development of his
thinking leads to
excommunication
(1520)
Background to the Reformation
Ongoing abuses within the Church
The “training” of average priests
The privileges of church leaders
Pluralism
Nepotism
General worldliness
Literacy and print culture
Political changes
Europe in the Reign of Charles V
Luther’s Thinking Develops and
ideas spread after 1517
Three Significant Pamphlets (1520)
Address to the Christian Nobility of the
German Nation
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
Freedom of a Christian
Two Major Doctrinal Innovations
Sola Fide (By Faith Alone)
Sola Scriptura (Scripture Only)
The Role of Print Culture in
Spreading Luther’s Thought
Luther at the Diet of Worms (1521): “I cannot and I will
not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither
right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.”
Luther Seeks Refuge with Duke
Frederick of Saxony
German princes harbor
Luther as challenge to
papal role in politics
Charles V unable to
respond initially due to
other concerns
Luther translates
Bible into German
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
Based in Zurich
Scripture as the only
authority
Non-sacramental
liturgy(They’re
Symbols)
Marburg Colloquy
(1529) dispute with
Luther
Dies in Battle during
Swiss civil war
Anabaptists: Radical Reformers
“Re-baptizers”: Bible a
blueprint for society
Conrad Grebel & the
Swiss Brethren --
Schleitheim
Confession (1527)
Thomas Muentzer
claims Luther sold out
Muenster Experiment
in 1534-35
Menno Simons
advocates pacifism
(Mennonites)
Jean Calvin (1509-1564)
Catholic priest who
converts in 1534 and
flees to Geneva
Brief time in Strasbourg
with Martin Bucer
Institutes of the
Christian Religion (1536):
Predestination
Return to Geneva, the
center of Reform in late16th century
The Catholic Reformation
Charles V tries negotiation, then force
Schmalkaldic League: Protestant princes
come together to defend themselves
Defeated in 1547 at Mühlberg
Peace of Augsburg (1555): Cuius regio, eius
religio.
“Reform in the bones”: New Foundations
Capuchins
Ursulines
Jesuits: The shock troops of Catholic
reform: education and advisors to rulers
Pope Paul III Recognizes
Ignatius of Loyola
Catholic
Propaganda
Against Luther
The Catholic Reformation
(“Reform in the Head”)
Initial response is to ignore
Fifth Lateran Council (1513-1517): “Men
are to be changed by, not to change,
religion.”
Paul III (r. 1534-1549)
Interesting blend of old and new
Places reformers in the curia
“Advice of the Reform of the Church”
(1537)
Sets up Roman Inquisition (The Holy
Office in 1542)
Calls Council of Trent (1545-1563)
The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Reaffirmed Old Doctrines
Authority in tradition AND Scripture
Church seen as sole interpreter of Bible
Salvation through faith AND works
Affirmed distinction between laity and
priesthood
Rejected predestination
Improved training of priests and required
bishops to spend time in their dioceses
Encouraged missionary zeal
Repressive measures as well: Inquisition
and “The Index”
Sorting Through the Doctrinal
Differences
Sources of Salvation
Attitude towards Sacraments
Role of the Clergy
Relations between Church and State
Religions in Europe ca. 1560
Huguenots
(French
Calvinists)
2,000
Congregations
(ca.1561)
Thirty Years War
1618 - 1648
Conflict began when, on May 23, 1618, the Protestants
in Prague threw two of Bohemian king Ferdinand II's
ministers out a window. This act was known as the
Defenestration of Prague.
Bavarian
Danish
Swedish
French
The population of central Europe and the Germanic
regions fell from 15 million in 1600 to 11 million in 1650
Bohemian Phase
Bohemians chose a Protestant over a Catholic
successor to Rudolph II. They threw two ministers
of Ferdinand II out the window when he refused to
interfere and with his refusal many Protestants
began to be persecuted. This began the 30 years war
which had 4 different phases but was fought mostly
on Germanic soil.
It expanded to include the dynastic rivalries of
ambitious German princes and the determination of
certain European powers, notably Sweden and France,
to curb the power of the Holy Roman Empire, then
the chief political instrument of Austria and the
ruling Habsburg family. The first phase ended with
Ferdinand II bringing the Germanic city states back
into the Catholic fold.
Danish Phase
The Germanic city states sought help from
other protestant countries, notably England and
Denmark.
England, fearful of igniting the Catholic
resurgence of Spain chose to stay out of the
battle. Denmark intervened.
Christian IV really wanted the Duchy of
Holstein returned to his rule and thought that
by appearing to support the Germanic city
states would reap the rewards of a weakened
Holy Roman Empire.
Christian’s armies combined with other
protestant supporters was defeated.
Swedish Phase
Richelieu and the French did not like the
increasing power of the Hapsburgs but because
France was a Catholic state it could not
intervene on the side of the Protestants.
Richelieu allied with the Swedish and supplied
them men and supplies while appearing to stay
out of the battle.
The Peace of Prague gave some concessions to
the Saxon Protestants, ending this phase of the
war but not defeating the Hapsburg ambitions.
French Phase
Religious issues were not a factor in the beginning of the
4th and final phase with France declaring war on the
Spanish Hapsburgs who sought to take the throne of
France through marriage and inheritance.
The Danes entered on the side of their former enemies,
the Holy Roman Empire and after many battles which saw
each side winning some victories the Hapsburgs, now
under the rule of Ferdinand III capitulated signing the
Treaty of Westphalia.
The Treaty, in addition to establishing Switzerland and
the Dutch Republic (the Netherlands) as independent
states, the treaty gravely weakened the Holy Roman
Empire and the Habsburgs, ensured the emergence of
France as the chief power on the Continent, and
disastrously retarded the political unification of Germany.
Peasants avenge 30 Years War
Results and Impact
30% decrease in German population
devastation of German agriculture
ruin of German commerce and industry
the breakup of the Holy Roman Empire, which was a mere
shell in the succeeding centuries
the decline of Hapsburg greatness.
The war ended the era of conflicts inspired by religious
passion, and the Peace of Westphalia was an important
step toward religious toleration.
The incredible sufferings of the German peasantry were
remembered for centuries.
The political settlements of the peace were to the
disadvantage of Germany as well as the Hapsburgs.
The poor relationship between N Germany from Austria
was to continue for more than two centuries
Religious conflict
Creates hostile environment and
migration begins, much of it to the new
world
Conflict between secularist and
reformers forces new claims by
monarchs regarding divine authority