Download European Exploration

European Exploration
Unit Question: What are the political,
economic, and cultural reasoning for
exploration?
The pressures that led to exploration
• Throughout the Renaissance, Reformation and Wars of
Religion, exploration was also occurring.
• This period ultimately resulted in the spread of European
dominance from The New World in the west and Asia in the
east.
• In the 15th century Constantinople was conquered by the
Ottoman Turks resulting in the establishment of Ottoman
Empire.
• This empire became a presence which intimidated the
Europeans in trading with the east.
• As the Ottomans established themselves, western European
states such as Spain, France, and England became more
politically centralized resulting in a growing sense of national
pride and ambition and sense of adventure
More Reasons for Exploration
• As they lost followers to Protestantism, the Catholic church
and nations still associated with it, began to increase
exploration efforts seeing it as a way to gain new converts.
• "Glory, God and Gold" became the primary factors
motivating exploration.
• The technological innovations such as:
• new sailing and navigational developments (caravel ships,
the astrolabe, and the magnetic compass)
• which were a byproduct of the intellectual curiosity of the
Renaissance.
• These provided the new explorers the tools and means to
face the significant challenge of reaching the eastern
trading markets by water as opposed to land.
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
[Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons Technology
Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419
Sails Pitch … I mean Sales Pitch time
You are sales men and you are at a conference for explores and adventures. Your job is
to write and present a sales pitch that is no longer than two minutes long. You must
sell your invention of the time to explorers. You classmates will be you your judges on
you pitch.
You will work in partners and have approximately 15 minutes to research and write
your pitch.
You have two minutes to sell your technology of the time
• Remember: How will this invention help an explorer reach their ultimate goal of
God, Gold, or glory. Why should they use this invention to aid in their exploration?
Remember you are trying to persuade someone to buy your item.
You will be assigned a partner and a topic:
• Caravel
• Astrolabe
• Stern post rudder
• Magnetic Compass
• Gunpowder
• Lateen Sail
Other Voyages of Exploration
Atlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”
Spanish and Portuguese Explorations
1400-1600
European Empires 1660
The Americas on the eve of European
conquest, c. 1500.
Portuguese Maritime Empire
1. Exploring the west coast of
Africa.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
4. Admiral Alfonso de
Albuquerque (Goa, 1510;
Malacca, 1511).
Portugal
A. Portugal took the lead in European exploration. In 1420, Prince Henry the
Navigator sponsored Portuguese fleets that sailed along the western coast of
Africa. They found gold. Europeans called the southern coast of West Africa
the Gold Coast.
B. In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounded the tip of Africa looking for a route to
India. Vasco da Gama made the trip to the port of Calcutta in India in 1498. He
took on a cargo of spices and returned to make a profit of several thousand
percent. The route became well traveled.
C. Portuguese fleets took control of the spice trade from the Muslims by force.
In 1510, Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque set up a Portuguese port at Goa, on
the western coast of India. He then sailed on to Melaka on the Malay
Peninsula. This was a thriving
port for the spice trade.
D. From Melaka, the Portuguese made expeditions to China and the Moluccas,
known as the Spice Islands. In the Spice Islands they signed a treaty with a
local ruler for the purchase and export of cloves to Europe. This treaty gave
Portugal control of the spice trade. Its trading empire was complete. Portugal
had neither the power, people, or desire to colonize Asian regions, however.
Question
Why was the spice trade so lucrative?
The Spanish Empire
A. The Spanish conquerors of the Americas—known as conquistadors—had incredible
success due to guns and determination. By 1550, Spain controlled northern Mexico.
Francisco Pizarro took control of the Inca Empire in the Peruvian Andes. Within 30 years,
the western part of Latin America, as Europeans called it, was under Spanish control.
B. The Spanish created a system of colonial administration. Queen Isabella declared that
the natives (called Indians after the Spanish word Indios, or “inhabitants of the Indies”)
were her subjects. She gave the Spanish the right, called encomienda, to use the natives
as laborers.
C. The Spanish were supposed to protect Native Americans, but few of them worried
about this matter. Forced labor, starvation, and disease took a huge toll on the Native
Americans.
D. European diseases ravaged the native populations, who lacked immunity
to such diseases as smallpox. Haiti had a population of 100,000 when Columbus
arrived. By 1570, only 300 Native Americans had survived. Mexico’s population
dropped from 25 million to 3 million.
E. Catholic missionaries converted and baptized hundreds of thousands of native peoples.
SIDE NOTE : Much of contemporary culture insists that Native American replace the
word Indian. What is the argument for the change? Do you think paying attention to
the names of peoples and groups is important for society?
Opened the
New world to
exploration
Christopher Columbus [1451-1506]
Four voyages to the Americas –miscaluclations
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Ferdinand Magellan & the First
Circumnavigation of the World:
Early 16cnt 1480 to 1521 – Skilled Portuguese seaman who
sailed for Spain …died in the Philippines Islands
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Aztecs
vs.
Hernando Cortez 1460 1574Conquistador
overwhelmed the Aztec
Montezuma II
The Death of Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
The First Spanish Conquests:
The Incas
vs.
Francisco
Pizarro (14751541)
300 men took
the Incas
Aided by
Atahualpa
A few other Names
1. John Cabot – (1450 – 1499) Italian that helped
claim NA for England
2. Jacques Cartier ( 1491 – 1557) Laid claim to NA
fro French
3. St. Francis Xavier (1506- 15520 Jesuit Missionary
that used his religious zeal to establish
Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan
4. Balboa – (1475 – 1519) Stowaway hijacked a
ship and led the expedition to the pacific
Slaves Working in a
Brazilian Sugar Mill
Encomienda System
• Aztec & Inca civilizations destroyed
• Spanish control
• Subjects of Queen
– Encomienda - the right of landowners to use
Native Americans as laborers
– Protection - required but not followed
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Mestizos
Native Indians
Creoles
Mulattos
Black Slaves
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
and
Treaty of Saragossa
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of Demarcation
Treaty or not here we come…
• Both Spain and Portugal feared the other
would claim some of its newly “discovered
"territories”. They resolved the problem by
agreeing on a line of demarcation dividing
their new domains. In the 1494 Treaty of
Tordesillas
• The Line ran north-to-south through the
Atlantic Ocean and the easternmost part of
South America.
• Portugal claimed the unexplored territories
east of the line, Spain to the west.
10/3/13
Bell Ringer: What is the Columbian
Exchange?
The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Columbian Exchange
Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
Treasures
from the Americas!
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
The Slave Trade
1. Existed in Africa before the coming
of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves
with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves
brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exported
to other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million
Africans shipped to the Americas.
Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”
“Coffin” Position Below Deck
African Captives
Thrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
European Empires in the Americas
Administration of the Spanish Empire in
1. Encomienda
the New World
or forced
labor.
2. Council of
the Indies.-
this was a council that
carried out the rules and regulations of the
Spanish crown- tended to be loyal to the crown
not the Spanish Americans.
Viceroyalties
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.
The Influence of the Colonial Catholic
Church
Guadalajara
Cathedral
Spanish Mission
Our Lady of
Guadalupe
Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542
New Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers
and wealth to dominate trade in
the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia  consolidated its
holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the
Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
Impact of European Expansion
1. Native populations ravaged by
disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially
silver, into Europe created an
inflationary economic climate.
[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across
the continents [“Columbian
Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
New Colonial Rivals
5. New Patterns of World Trade