Download A study to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCE
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
PERFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
1
Name of the candidate and Mrs. Shiji Samuel
address
I year M.Sc.(N)
Sy.No.31/1,Hennur-Bagalur road,
Kadusonnappanahalli,
Kannur Post, Bengaluru.
2
Name of the institution
Koshy’s College of Nursing.
3
Course of the study and subject
I Year M.Sc. Nursing
Medial Surgical Nursing.
4
Date of Admission to course
5
Title of the topic
23/05/2011
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted
teaching programme regarding knowledge of primordial
prevention of cardiac diseases among primary school
teachers in selected schools of Bangalore.
1
INTRODUCTION
“Cutting rates and granting tax breaks may be good for the market's heart, but the long-term prognosis is
poor if the financial system's arteries remain damaged.”
Heart diseases or cardiovascular diseases are the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels
(arteries and vein). While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is
usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease). These conditions usually have similar
causes, mechanisms, and treatments.1
Heart disease is the leading cause of the death in the United States. Over one quarter of all deaths is from
heart disease. It is also a major cause of disability. The risk of heart disease increases as age advances. There is a
greater risk of heart disease for a man over age 45 or for a woman over age 55. There is also a greater risk if
there is a close family member who had heart disease at an early age.2
World Health Organization (WHO*) reports that non-communicable chronic diseases are responsible for
about 70% of worldwide deaths. In India, mortality data from Registrar-General of India prior to 1998 were
obtained from predominantly rural populations where vital registration varied from five to fifteen percent. CVD*
were the largest causes of deaths in males (20.3%) as well as females (16.9%) and led to one point seven to two
million deaths annually. Regional studies have also reported that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of
deaths in urban as well as rural populations. WHO* has predicted that from years 2000 to 2020 loss from CHD*
in India shall double in both men and women from the current seven point seven and five point five million
respectively. Prevalence studies report that CHD* diagnosed using history and ECG* changes have trebled in
both urban and rural adults from early 1960s and current prevalence rates are 10-12% in urban and four to five
percent in rural adults.3
The root cause of most cases of cardiovascular disease is a build-up of atheroma, a fatty deposit within
the inside lining of arteries.
Lifestyle factors that reduce the risk of forming atheroma and developing
cardiovascular diseases include no smoking, choosing healthy foods, a low salt intake, regular physical
*WHO- World Health Organization; *CVD- Cardio Vascular Diseases;
*CHD- Chronic Heart Disease; *ECG- Electrocardiogram
2
activity, keeping weight and waist size down, and drinking alcohol in moderation. Blood pressure and
cholesterol level are also important.4
Chest X-rays, Radionuclide scanning, Echocardiography, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance
Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography, blood tests for Creatine PhosphoKinase, Lactic DeHydrogenase and
Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase. Blood Urea Nitrogen and creatinine and coronary angiography are
the different diagnostic tests done for cardiac diseases.5
An article regarding the epidemiological basis for preventive strategies explains the approaches to
prevent the diseases. Prevention can be considered on a number of levels. Primordial prevention seeks to
prevent at a very early stage, often before the risk factor is present in the particular context, the activities which
encourage the emergence of lifestyles, behaviors and exposure patterns that contribute to increased risk of
disease. For example, a child seeing their parents smoke cigarettes may wrongly consider this a good lifestyle
choice for later in life; advising parents to quit smoking in such circumstances can be considered primordial
prevention. There are two approaches to prevention, targeting a whole population whether they are exposed to
risk factors or not, or tackling only those identified as being high risk.6
Primary prevention generally means the effort to modify risk factors or prevent their development with
the aim of delaying or preventing new-onset CHD*. The term "secondary prevention" denotes therapy to reduce
recurrent CHD* events and decrease coronary mortality in patients with established CHD.* Secondary
prevention strategy is aimed at both control of risk factors and direct therapeutic protection of coronary arteries
from plaque eruption. This dual approach has led some investigators to view secondary prevention efforts as
treatment of coronary artery disease.7
Changing the eating and activity habits of children takes time. Start with small, easy steps. For example,
cut out after-dinner snacks or go for an after-dinner walk instead of watching television. Set a good example,
and try to get children involved in choosing a new healthy step to take each day. If lifestyle changes are made a
group effort, it will make them easier.8
*CHD- Chronic Heart Disease
3
The author states that the children should be encouraged to avoid or quit smoking. The health effects of
smoking should be discussed with them. The different measures to handle peer pressure to smoke should be
taught. Teens that have parents who smoke are more likely to smoke themselves. Parents should set a good
example by not smoking or quitting smoking. Firm rules should be set regarding no tobacco use in home and
schools.8
Children and youth should do 60 minutes or more of physical activity every day. A great way to
encourage physical activity is to do it as a family. Limit children's television, video, and computer time to
encourage them to be more active.8
Learning how to manage stress, relax, and cope with problems can improve emotional and physical
health. Having supportive people in life with whom can share feelings or concerns can help relieve stress.8
6.1. NEED FOR THE STUDY
Cardiovascular diseases remain the biggest cause of deaths worldwide, though over the last two decades,
cardiovascular mortality rates have declined in many high-income countries but have increased at an
astonishingly fast rate in low and middle-income countries. The percentage of premature deaths from
cardiovascular disease ranges from four percentages in high-income countries to 42% in low-income countries.
The evidence that most cardiovascular disease is preventable continues to grow.
Results of long-term
prospective studies consistently identify persons with low levels of risk factors as having lifelong low levels of
heart disease and stroke.7
National Communicable Disease Policy 2010-2015 defines the key result areas for the Non
communicable Diseases. Policy is based on the key strategic goals of the Health Sector Plan 2008-2018. The
main is strengthening health promotion and primordial prevention. The non communicable diseases identified as
priority diseases in Samoa are cardio-vascular disease, cancer diseases, diabetes & obesity, chronic respiratory
diseases: asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Results from the STEPS* Survey 2002 show the
magnitude of the non communicable diseases problem. In the survey, a sample of
*STEPS- Stepwise approach to surveillance
4
2,817 people, between the ages of 25 and 64 years, was surveyed from six villages in the Apia Urban area, five
in Rural Upolu and five in Savaii. The NCD* Step Survey report recommends that prevention and health
promotion needs to be more community focused and emphasis should be on the young and high risk populations
especially men.9
A meta analysis study was done on the use of statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
The objective of the study was to assess the effects, both harms and benefits of statins in people with no history
of CVD.* The researcher checked reference lists of previous systematic reviews, searched the Cochrane Central
Register of Controlled Trials. The study included all cause mortality, fatal and non-fatal CHD*, CVD* and
stroke events, combined endpoints, change in blood total cholesterol concentration, revascularization, adverse
events, quality of life and costs. The investigator concluded that primary prevention with statins may be cost
effective and improve patient quality of life. The researcher advices caution in prescribing statins for primary
prevention among people at low cardiovascular risk. 10
An article on coronary heart disease prevention initiative published in Kolkata, India explains that
chronic heart disease is a significant problem in India. To achieve the goal of preventing cardiovascular diseases
it is important to avoid the occurrence of major risk factors themselves. Primordial prevention is concerned with
control of smoking, and improvement in eating and exercise habits. It begins in childhood when health risk
behavior begins. Parents, teachers and peer groups are important in imparting health education to children. In
Indian urban adolescent school children there is a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia
and high fat diet. The need to promote dietary discretion and physically active lifestyles in children is important
for primordial prevention. Better social, economic and cultural statuses correlate inversely with lifestyle factors
of smoking, abnormal food patterns and exercise.11
An article on Heart disease and Stroke briefs that in 2010, the total costs of cardiovascular diseases in the
United States were estimated to be $*444 billion. More than one of three (83 million) U.S. adults currently lives
with one or more types of cardiovascular disease. An estimated 935,000 heart attacks and 795,000 strokes
occurs each year.12
*NCD- Non Communicable Diseases; *CVD- Cardio Vascular Diseases;
Chronic Heart Disease;
*$- Dollar
5
* CHD-
Heart attacks are three to four times more likely to occur in a cigarette smoker than in a nonsmoker and
the smoker's heart attack is more likely to be fatal. The risk of cardiac arrest is ten times greater for male
smokers and five times greater for female smokers as it is for nonsmokers. Within one year of quitting smoking,
the risk of heart attack falls 50%. Within ten years, ex-smokers who smoked one pack per day or less have the
same heart attack risk as those who have never smoked.13
School-based programmes of physical education and sports have been reduced due to financial pressures,
which may contribute to later sedentary behavior and obesity. Children who grow up in an environment with few
opportunities to smoke will be less likely to adopt this behavior, another risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in
adult life. Policy actions that influence structural characteristics of the environment such as food patterns,
physical activity and cigarette and alcohol availability may have important consequences in the future. 14
A cohort study was done to estimate the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health and its relationship
with incident cardiovascular disease in United States of America among people 45 to 64 years. The researchers
used data from atherosclerosis risk in communities study cohort to estimate the prevalence of ideal
cardiovascular health and the corresponding incidence rates of cardiovascular disease. Among 12,744
participants initially free of cardiovascular diseases, only point one percentage had ideal cardiovascular health,
17.4% had intermediate cardiovascular health, and 82.5% had poor cardiovascular health. The researchers
concluded that clearly, to achieve the American Heart Association goal of improving cardiovascular health by
20% by 2020, there is a need to redouble nationwide primordial prevention efforts at the population and
individual levels.15
Keeping in view the above information and importance of empowering the primary school teachers who
can easily influence the children in this age group which in turn can cause a great reduction in the incidence of
the disease and the working experience of the researcher motivated to do a video assisted teaching for primary
school teachers regarding primordial prevention of cardiac diseases.
6
6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including
substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.
Review of literature is an integral component of any study or research project. It enhances the depth of
knowledge and inspires a clear insight into the problems. It is a preface to and rationale for engaging in primary
research.
The review of literature in this study is organized under the following headings:
 Studies related to knowledge regarding primordial prevention of cardiac diseases.
 Literature related to knowledge regarding primordial prevention of cardiac diseases.
1. Studies related to knowledge regarding primordial prevention of cardiac diseases.
A cost family study was conducted regarding the spending on cardiovascular primary preventive
activities and the prescribing behavior of primary preventive cardiovascular medication in Dutch family practices
at Netherlands. A mixed method was used, which consisted of questionnaire and video recordings of
hypertension. The study identified that total expenditure on cardiovascular primary preventive activities in
family practices was *€38.8 million, of which 47% was spent on blood pressure measurements, 26% on
cardiovascular risk profiling, and 11% on lifestyle counseling. Fifteen percent of all cardiovascular medication
prescribed in FP*s was a PPCM*. The researcher concluded that total costs of cardiovascular primary preventive
activities in FP*s such as blood pressure measurements and lifestyle counseling are relatively low compared to
the costs of PPCM*.16
A study was done on Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women through Diet and
Lifestyle in Massachusetts. The researchers followed 84,129 women participating in the Nurses' Health Study
who were free of diagnosed cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Women in the low-risk category had a
relative risk of coronary events. Eighty-two percent of coronary events in the study cohort
*FP- Family practices;
*€- Pound
*PPCM- Cardiovascular Primary Preventive Measures
7
could be attributed to lack of adherence to this low-risk pattern. They concluded that among women, adherence
to lifestyle guidelines involving diet, exercise, and abstinence from smoking is associated with a very low risk of
coronary heart disease.17
A Heart study was done on Plant-based foods and prevention of cardiovascular disease among Finnish
men and women found an inverse association between intake of both vegetables and risk of coronary artery
disease. A single 24-h recall instrument and incidence of ischemic stroke among 832 men [multivariate RR* of
stroke for each increment of three servings per day of fruit and vegetables was 95%] was assessed. The
investigator also found an inverse association between vegetables rich in carotenoids (e.g., broccoli, carrots,
spinach, lettuce, yellow squash, tomatoes) and risk of CAD*.18
A Meta Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials was done on the effect of reduced dietary salt for the
prevention of cardiovascular disease analyzed seven studies done in United Kingdom among adults with
cardiovascular diseases who were on restricted salt intake. The researcher concluded that despite collating more
event data than previous systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (665 deaths in some 6,250
participants), there is still insufficient power to exclude clinically important effects of reduced dietary salt on
mortality or cardiovascular morbidity in normotensive or hypertensive populations. Further evidence is needed
to confirm whether restriction of sodium is harmful for people with heart failure.19
A study was done on consuming a diet that is high in sugar and saturated fat results in relative modest
obesity compared with a sugar-free, low-fat diet but greatly accelerates left ventricular dysfunction in a rat
model of essential hypertension among rats suggests that the links between a diet high in sugar and saturated fat
compared with a sugar-free, low fat diet lead to cardiac dysfunction despite modest levels of obesity, and a diet
for humans that is low in sugar and rapidly absorbed starches and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids are
associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease.17
The systematic review and meta-analysis, carried out by Finnish researchers states that short people are at
greater risk of developing heart disease than tall people. The researchers found that short adults were
approximately one point five times more likely to develop cardiovascular heart disease and die from it
*CAD- Coronary Artery Disease; *RR- Relative Risk.
8
than were tall people. The researcher concluded that height cannot be controlled by people but they can control
their weight, lifestyle habits and exercise and all of these together affect their heart disease risk. In addition,
because the average height of populations is constantly increasing, this may have beneficial effect of deaths and
illness from cardiovascular disease.20
The study led by UC* Irvine's Heart Disease Prevention Program, involved 6,600 people ages 45 to 84
suggests that high calcium levels in coronary arteries up the risk of heart attacks and strokes in people with
diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The results showed that whereas 16 percent were diabetic primarily type two,
another 25 percent had metabolic syndrome, a combination of disorders that can lead to cardiovascular disease
and diabetes. The study also suggest that individuals with significantly high levels of coronary calcium or carotid
wall thickness should receive more aggressive monitoring and treatment for any associated risk factors.21
A cross sectional study was conducted on comparison of primary care models in the prevention of
cardiovascular disease. The study was performed with 82 primary care practices from three delivery models in
Eastern Ontario, Canada. Overall, quality of diabetes care was higher (69%) in community health centers, while
smoking cessation care and weight management was higher (33%) in the blended-capitation models. This study
concluded the evidence suggesting that primary care delivery model impacts quality of care.22
A study was conducted on selective contribution of waist circumference reduction on the improvement of
sleep-disordered breathing in patients hospitalized with type two diabetes mellitus in Japan among patients with
type two diabetes mellitus. Forty inpatients received treatment for Type two diabetes mellitus. Overnight cardiorespiratory monitoring and laboratory tests were conducted before and after treatment of Type two diabetes
mellitus. The researchers concluded that abdominal obesity might be a target for the treatment of sleepdisordered breathing and prevention of potential cardiovascular diseases in Type two diabetes mellitus.23
A study was done to assess the physical activity levels of students in government-owned senior secondary
schools and its association with their physical characteristics and level of study in Ibadan, Western Nigeria
among adolescents. A modified version of the self-reported physical activity questionnaire for adolescents
validated for Nigerian adolescents was used for data collection. The researchers recommended that there should
*UC- University of California
9
be educational programmes in place which emphasize the benefits of exercise, primordial prevention of future
chronic and cardiovascular diseases and also the incorporation of physical education in the secondary school
curriculum to safeguard their present and future well being.24
2. Literature related to knowledge regarding primordial prevention of cardiac diseases.
A comprehensive survey on primary prevention of coronary heart disease explains that Primordial
prevention is the preferred method to lower cardiovascular risk. Primordial prevention, a term first used by
Strasser, refers to individual behavioral lifestyle characteristics that achieve a level of health that does not permit
risk factors to appear. The author concluded that a combination of approaches, such as the addition of lifetime
risk, refinement of risk prediction, guideline compliance, novel treatments, improvement in adherence, and
primordial prevention, including environmental and social intervention, will be necessary to lower the present
high risk burden.25
American Heart Association guide for improving cardiovascular health explains about the primordial
prevention of cardiovascular diseases. These guidelines are directed at the social and physical environment,
rather than the medical care system or even public health agencies. The clear distinction between primordial and
primary prevention relates to primordial prevention activities lying outside the medical model.26
An article on Primordial Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease explains that the 3rd International Heart
Health Conference held in Singapore focused attention on preventing the risk to heart health, from womb to
tomb, meaning that cardiovascular risk prevention had to be encouraged throughout the life span. Primordial
prevention has important implications in the relationship between socioeconomic circumstances and adult risk
factors. Primordial prevention prevents the appearance of the mediating risk factors in the population, focusing
on aspects of social organization and aiming to modify the conditions that generate and structure the unequal
distribution of health-damaging exposures, susceptibilities and health-protective resources among the
population.14
A Policy Statement from the American Heart Association explains that disturbing trends for chronic
disease and conditions like obesity and diabetes mellitus are emerging in which the incidence rates not only are
increasing but also are affecting people at an earlier age. These trends highlight the important need for primordial
10
and primary prevention across the lifespan. Several lines of evidence support the need for and value of
primordial and primary prevention beginning early in life. 27
Sify news in Washington reported that seven simple lifestyle changes can add decade to one’s lifespan.
According to a cardiologist, the focus on prevention strategies would reduce cardiovascular disease. The author
states that with seven simple steps to a healthy life, one can expect to live an additional 40 to 50 years after the
age of 50. Eating healthy, knowing and controlling blood pressure, maintaining a healthy weight, prevention
from diabetes and living smoke-free were other steps prescribed by the health specialist for a healthy living.28
A news reports that men who don't have children may be at increased risk of dying from heart disease.
Low testosterone levels, which may contribute to infertility, are a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A
new study published in Human Reproduction suggests that men who do not have children may be at greater risk
for developing heart disease. Those men without children were at 17% greater risk of dying from cardiovascular
disease than men with at least one child. Men who had no children or just one child were at 13% greater risk
compared to men who had two or more children. The author states that although the results do not show that the
lack of sons causes cardiac in men, do suggest that the infertility could be a signal early warning about possible
future in the heart complications.29
An article on acute coronary syndrome in primary health care in Portuguese suggests that Cardiac
complaints are very common in clinical practice and the high prevalence of coronary disease and its sequels
places the family doctor in the frontline of the struggle against this pathology. The family doctor has a primordial
role in continuing care initiated at the hospital and in implementing aggressive secondary prevention measures.
By knowing and applying them into practice, the family doctor takes his part in reducing the burden of
cardiovascular diseases and in controlling this epidemic.30
An article on early intervention and prevention of myocardial infarction published in Bangalore, India,
states that although there has been a decline in the incidence of ischemic heart disease in Western Europe, North
America and Australia/New Zealand, it remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide due to
rapidly increasing incidences in developing countries. Prevention is the key to reduce the burden of this disease.
Primordial prevention which involves reducing the prevalence of risk factors rests mainly on public education,
11
media and legislation and government policy and is very dependent on individual governments’ commitment and
determination. It requires promoting a healthier lifestyle in the population as a whole by encouraging people to
seek alternatives and making them available.31
An article on Heart failure epidemiology and prevention in India published in New Delhi, India, propose
that the incidence and prevalence rates of heart failure are rising due to population, epidemiological and health
transitions. Based on disease-specific estimates of prevalence and incidence rates of heart failure, we
conservatively estimate the prevalence of heart failure in India due to coronary heart disease, hypertension,
obesity, diabetes and rheumatic heart disease to range from one point three to four point six million, with an
annual incidence of four lakh ninety one thousand six hundred to one point eight million. Policy-level
interventions, such as regulations to limit salt and tobacco consumption, are effective for primordial prevention
and would have a wider impact on prevention of heart failure.32
An article on prevention a fantasy or the future of medicine a panoramic view of recent data status, and
direction in cardiovascular prevention states that lowered death rates from heart disease and reduced rates of
smoking are seriously threatened by the inexorable rise in overweight and obesity. Latest data indicate that 32%
of children are overweight or obese, and fewer than 17% exercise sufficiently.
Over 68% of adults are
overweight, 35% are obese, nearly 40% fulfill criteria for the metabolic syndrome, eight to thirteen percent have
diabetes, 34% have hypertension, 36% have pre hypertension, 29% have pre diabetes, 15% of the population
with either diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia are undiagnosed, 59% engage in no vigorous activity, and
fewer than five percent of the United States population qualifies for the American Heart Association definition of
ideal cardiovascular health. Primordial prevention, which does not allow risk values to appear in a population,
affords more complete protection than subsequent partial reversal of elevated risk factors or biomarkers. Current
evidence supports recent calls for massive educational programs supporting primordial prevention and achieving
population-wide ideal cardiovascular health through lifestyle modification.33
6.3 STATMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme regarding knowledge of primordial
prevention of cardiac diseases among primary school teachers in selected schools of Bangalore.
12
6.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.
To assess the knowledge regarding primordial prevention of cardiac diseases among primary school
teachers in selected schools of Bangalore.
2
To evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme regarding knowledge of primordial
prevention among primary school teachers in selected schools of Bangalore.
3.
To find out the association between knowledge on primordial prevention of cardiac diseases with selected
demographic variables. (Age, gender, monthly income, type of family, source of information, educational status)
6.5 HYPOTHESIS
H1- There will be a significant difference in the post test score on knowledge of primary school teachers
regarding primordial prevention of cardiac diseases.
H2- There will be a significant association between knowledge of primary school teachers regarding primordial
prevention of cardiac diseases with selected demographic variables.
6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
 Evaluate: In this study it means to determine the difference in the pre test and post test scores.
 Effectiveness: It refers to significant gain in knowledge as determined by significant differences
in pre test and post test scores.
 Video Assisted Teaching Programme: It is a systematically organised teaching programme
prepared by the investigator and validated by experts which contain videos about primordial
prevention of cardiac diseases.
 Knowledge:
It refers to the response of the primary school teachers to the investigators’
structured knowledge questionnaire.
 Primordial Prevention: Primordial prevention consists of actions and measures that inhibit the
risk factors of cardiac diseases like modification of activities, life style changes, exercise, smoking
cessation, stress adaptation and dietary modifications.
13
 Cardiac Diseases: Cardiac disease or Heart disease is an umbrella term for a variety of diseases
affecting the heart such as atherosclerosis, ischemia, hypertension, thrombosis and
hypercholesterolemia which can lead to a heart attack or myocardial infarction.
 Primary School Teachers: Teachers who are trained to teach in Primary Schools for pupils
between the age of six and eleven.
 Schools: A recognized place for acquiring knowledge and mental training.
6.7 ASSUMPTIONS
1. Primary school teachers may have certain knowledge about primordial prevention of cardiac
diseases.
2. Primary school teachers may have interest to know more about primordial prevention of cardiac
diseases
6.8 DELIMITATIONS
1. Primary school teachers who are teaching in selected schools of Bangalore.
2. Primary school teachers who are available at the time of study.
3. Primary school teachers between the ages of 25-50 years.
7 MATERIALS AND METHODS:
7.1 SOURCE OF DATA
All the primary school teachers who are available at the selected schools of Bangalore.
7.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Research method
:
Quasi experimental method
Research design
:
Pre test Post test design.
Sampling technique
:
Convenient Sampling.
Sample size
:
80 primary school teachers
Setting of the study
:
Selected primary schools of Bangalore.
14
7.2.1 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SAMPLE
INCLUSION CRITERIA
This study includes:
 Primary school teachers who are present at the time of data collection.
 Primary school teachers both male and female.
 Primary school teachers between the age group of 25-50 years.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
This study excludes:
 Primary school teachers who are below 25 years and above 50 years.
 Primary school teachers who are not available during the study in the selected schools of Bangalore.
7.2.2 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS
A planned video assisted teaching programme will be prepared and valuated by the experts of Nursing
and Medicine.
A structured knowledge questionnaire will be used to evaluate the knowledge regarding
primordial prevention of cardiac diseases among primary school teachers. Content validity of the tool will be
ascertained in consultation with guide and experts from various fields like medicine, nursing and statistics.
Tool consists of two sections. Section A consists of demographic variables and Section B consists of
structured knowledge questionnaire regarding primordial prevention of cardiac diseases.
7.2.3 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD
Simple descriptive and inferential statistics will be used. Frequency and percentage distribution will be
done to analyze demographic variables. Mean and standard deviation will be done to assess the knowledge
regarding primordial prevention of cardiac diseases. Correlation coefficient will be used to determine the
15
association of knowledge regarding primordial prevention of cardiac diseases with selected demographic
variables.
7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR INTERVENTION TO
BE CONDUCTED ON SUBJECTS OR OTHER HUMAN’S OR ANIMALS? IF SO
DESCRIBE BRIEFLY.
YES. Only a structured knowledge questionnaire will be used. No other intervention which causes any
physical or mental harm will be used in the study.
7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED?
YES. Consent will be taken from the Primary school teachers before conducting the study.
A written permission from the concerned authority will be obtained prior to the study.
Confidentiality and anonymity of the information provided by the teachers will be maintained.
16
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9
SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE
10
REMARKS OF THE GUIDE
Providing awareness on the primordial prevention of
the cardiac diseases can prevent the disease in the
earlier stage to build up a healthy generation.
11
NAME AND DESIGNATION
Mrs.A.SHEEBA,
11.1 GUIDE
HOD, MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
11.2 SIGNATURE
11.3 CO-GUIDE
11.4 SIGNATURE
11.5 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Mrs.A.SHEEBA
MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
11.6 SIGNATURE
12
12. 1 REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN Preventive aspects have gained momentum than cure
OR PRINCIPAL
these days and the study helps to catch the children at
the earliest stage of life.
12.2 SIGNATURE
21