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General Energetics (be able to
apply these concepts!)
• Potential energy – stored energy/energy at rest
• Kinetic energy –energy in motion
• Conductionv-transfer of energy through solid
matter
• Convection – transfer of energy through a fluid
• First law of thermodynamics – energy cannot be
created or destroyed
• Second law of thermodynamics – energy is
degraded to a lesser form (increasing disorder)
• Renewable – generated again within a human
lifespan
Pollution
• Point source – a pollution source that can be identified
• Non point source- source cannot be located – indirect;
run off
• BOD – biological oxygen demand – amount of oxygen
required to support biological functions • Indicator species – species that can indicate the
condition of the environment
• Eutrophication – growth of vegetation in a water body –
artificial due to increase in nitrates and phosphates
• Primary pollutant – causes direct harm to environment
• Secondary pollutant – one or mor chemcials react to
create pollutatnt
• Stationary source – immovable source of pollution i.e.
factory
• Mobile source – movable source of pollution i.e. vehicle
Air Pollution
• Air pollution
– Primary
• CO, Nox, sox, VOCs, Particulates, Lead
– Criteria – regulated by EPA
• Nox, voc, sox, particulates, ozone, CO
• Sources
– Burning fossil fuels – co, nox, voc, sox
– Construction/mining/agriculture - particluates
– Indsutrial chemicals – vocs, lead, co
– Secondary
• Tropsopheric ozone – car exhaust (NOX) + O2 + sunlight
• Smog– industrial – grey smog (SOX)
– Photochemical - - brown – (ozone/NOX)
» Concentration of cars
» Heat island
» Sunlight & temp
» Inversion layer ( layer of cold air trapping layer of warm air)
• acid deposition Sox and (nox) combine with water vapor
– Can form many miles from source
– Primary source – coal burning powr plants
Problems with AP
• Smog –
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Respiratory distress (asthma, bronchitis, emphysema)
Damages vegetation/building materials
Blocks sunlight/ limits vision
Asethic value
• Acid PRecip
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Weakens plants – depletes nutrients in soil
Deteriorates buildings/metals
Increase in metal concentrations in water
Lowers pH of water
Aggrevates respiratory problems
• Tropospheric Ozone
– Respiratory distress
– Acts as a greenhouse gas
– Component of smog
Indoor AP
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Radon, smoke, asbestos, formaldehyde, dust/particulates, chloroform, lead
(paint and pipes), CO, VOCs, molds, fungus, viruses, bacteria,
Causes of Sick Building Syndrome
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Symptoms of SBS
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Enclosed building
Poor ventilation
Unfiltered/recycled air
Lack of vegetation
Nausea/vomiting
Allergies
Dizziness
Skin irritation
Irritability/memory loss
Solutions
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Ventilation
No smoking indoors
Cleaning filters
Add plants
Using low/no odor chemicals for cleaning
Replace/limit carpet & fabric furniture
Remeditation/reduction Strategies
• Remediation/cleanup
– Source – Power Plants - Filter – scrubbers (sox, nox,
particulates) – electrostatic precipitator; bag house;
– Catalytic converters
– clean coal – wash/scrib before use
• Reduce pollution created
– Switch to alternative energy – wind, solar, hydro,
geothermal, biomass
– Regulations – clean air act
– Subsidies or tax breaks for purchasing/using
alternative energies
– Tax use of conventional energies
Tropos vs strato Ozone
• Stratospheric
• Tropospheric
– Created by VOCs, nox and
oxygen
– Ground level
– Creates respiratory
problems
– Component of smog
– Chemical formula for
formation
– NOX + O2  NO + O3
– Naturally occurring
– Protects UV radiation
– Being depleted by
CFCs –
chlorofluorocarbons
– Impact of depleted
Ozone
• Higher skin cancer
rates; cataracts;
weakens immune
system;
• Damages crops
Ultraviolet light hits a chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) molecule, such as CFCl3, breaking
off a chlorine atom and
leaving CFCl2.
Sun
Cl
Ozone Depletion
UV radiation
The chlorine atom attacks
an ozone (O3) molecule,
pulling an oxygen atom off
it and leaving an oxygen
molecule (O2).
Summary of Reactions
CCl3F + UV Cl + CCl2F
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
Repeated
Cl + O Cl + O2
many times
Once free, the chlorine atom is off
to attack another ozone molecule
and begin the cycle again.
A free oxygen atom pulls
the oxygen atom off
the chlorine monoxide
molecule to form O2.
The chlorine atom
and the oxygen atom
join to form a chlorine
monoxide molecule
(ClO).
Fig. 20-18, p. 486
Detection and treatment of Pollution
• Montreal Protocol – International treaty calling for ban on
ozone depleting chemicals
• Physical treatment – filter through screens to remove
physical debris
• Primary sewage treatment – physical and organic
material
• Secondary sewage treatment – biological treatment
• Turbidity – density of suspended particles in water
column
• Dissolved oxygen – amount of oxygen dissolved
(contained) in water – can be an indicator of pollution
levels
• Dead zone – excess nutrients from runoff depletes
oxygen and kills off life
Water Pollution Types
• Disease-causing Agents – pathogens
• Oxygen Demanding Agents – organic waste:
manure
• Water-soluble Inorganic Chemicals – acids,
toxic metals
• Inorganic Plant Nutrients – nitrogen and
phosphorus
• Organic Chemicals – oil, pesticides, detergents
• Sediment or Suspended Material – erosion,
soil
• Water-soluble Radioactive Isotopes – radon
uranium
• Heat – electric and nuclear power plants
Water Pollution
• Water pollution
– Artificial Eutrophication
• Excess nitrates & phosphates from fertilizers
– Run off from agriculture, yards and golf courses
• Excess growth of algae
– Death of algae causes loss of oxygen (higher BOD)
– May result in “dead zones” areas of low DO in oceans
• Solutions
– Reduce runoff ; use less fertilizer – switch to organic fertrillizers
(manure)
– Surface and groundwater
• Landfill leachate – heavy metals, toxic chemicals
• Sewage – bacteria, protozoans (parasites); toxic chemicals;
medications
• Radioactive material – hazardous waste disposal
• Oil and gasoline – runoff from roads & parking lots; boating;
underground tanks
• Industrial effluent – discharge of contaminated liquids from factories
• Mining – acid mine drainage (water mixing with minerals creates
acid)
Category
Example
Oxygen
demanding
waste
Animal
Sewage,
manaure and feedlots,
plat debris
paper mills
food
processing
Acids, toxic
Runoff,
metals, salts industrial
effluent,
household
cleaners
Inorganic
Chemicals
Source
Effects
Deplete
water of Do –
causing fish
kills
Unusable for
drinking; skin
cancers,
nervous
systems, liver
kidney
damage
• Wastewater
– Municipal and household waste
• Primary treatment
– Screened for large particles
– Settling tank – settles particles removes scum
• Secondary
– Biological treatment – add “good” bacteria to consume
the bacteria present in water
• Tertiary
– Removes nitrates and phosphates
• Chlorinate/dechlorinate ( or UV or ozone to kill
bacteria)
• Clean water act – support to build wwtp for
municipalities
Climate Change
• Anthropogenic –human generated/created
• Greenhouse gases (name)
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Carbon dioxide
Methane
Water vapor
Nitrogen oxide
• Manmade – sf6, cfc,ozone, etc.
Albedo – ability to reflect light
Carbon sink – container for holding carbon i.e. ocean;
trees; coal/petroleum
Sequester – to set apart from
IPCC – international panel on climate change
Radiative forcing – something capable of changing heat
energy on the planet
Bioaccumulation –substances accumulates (builds up) in
the organism (especially in fatty tissues)
Biomagnification – amount increases up the food chain
Climate Change
• Greenhouse effect – 1) UV penetrates
atmosphere; 2) absorbed by objects on
earth based on albedo 3)heat energy is
generated; 4)heats the atmosphere – rises
5) heat is blocked by GHG; radiates in the
troposphere – results in global warming
• Global warming increases – due to
increase in GHG which traps more infrared
radiation
Inputs to GW
• Complex system of inputs
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GHG
Solar radiation changes (sunspots/flares)
Change in albedo
Vegetation
Water temp
Ocean changes
Tilt of earth
Relative cloud cover
Depletion of ozone layer
Tectonic plate movement – changes amount of
continuous land space
– Aerosols from fire/volcanic activity
– Extinction events
Evidence of Past climate change
• Ice Core Data
• Can be used to evaluate past climate
– Concetration of gases
– Particulates in the atmosphere
• Volcanoes/fires
– Types of organisms alive (pollen)
– Weather patterns
• Amount of snow cover => precipation levels
• Temperature changes
• Seasonal changes
• Tree rings
• Sedimentary rock – ocean basins
• Evolution of organisms
Evidence of current CC
• Glaciers melting
• Increasing sea level and temperatures
– Bleaching of coral reefs
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More severe storms (hurricanes)
Change in el-nino patterns
Changes in precipitation patterns
Changes in migration patterns (i.e.
canadian hemlock)
“negative” Impacts of climate
change
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Agriculture
Biodiversity
Weather extremes
Water resources
Forests
Sea level & coastal change
Human health
Human populations
Positive changes from GCC
• Provide new species habitat
• Increase ocean productivity
• Warmer temperatures for some areas 
possibly provide new agricultural areas
• Less dependence on energy for heating??
• Bring water to formerly dry areas
• Winter dormancy ends earlier (earlier crop
harvest)
• Page 460
Solutions to GCC
• Use of alternative energy sources
• Plant trees/reduce use of trees for products
• Sequester CO2 in ocean or other long term
storage
• Slow population growth
• Sustainable agriculture – use of organic
fertilizers/pesticides
• Carbon taxes
• Alternative energy incentives
• Capture methane from landfills
• Lower co2 quotas
Ocean Resources
• Fishing techniques&problems
• Long line
• Snags, bycatch, disrupts migration routes
– Bottom trawling
• Disrupts ocean floor ecosystems – coral reefs
– Seine netting
• Bycatch (turtles), TED Turtle evacuation Device
– Aquaculture – fish farming
• Loss of biodiversity, pollution (excess nitrates/BOD),
– Traps – crab, lobster
• Tragedy of the commons
– Overuse of resources that belong to everyone (common)
• By catch – non target organisms caught –
turtles/dolphins
• Laws – magnuson-stevenson act, Marine Mammal
Protection act P117 ap book)
Ecological footprint
• Amount of resources used by an individual
or population
• I=PxAxT