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European Exploration Who will take the Western Hemisphere? •PreColumbian time period. •First Americans came from Asia •Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age •Following a food source •Gradual migration Early Human Migrations 1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE 2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE 3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE Culture area Prince Henry the Navigator (1394–1460) Son of the king of Portugal Had been a crusader Investigated possible trade opportunities in Africa 5 Vasco da Gama 1498, sailed for India Reached India Sea route Da Gama in India Portrait of da Gama 6 Christopher Columbus Italian navigator Sought patron for his exploration idea Sailed under the title “Admiral of the Seas” 7 Amerigo Vespucci Early life Exploration Naming the New World 8 Hernando Cortes Conquered the Aztec Empire (1519–1521) Defeated Montezuma Governor of Mexico 9 Francisco Pizarro Conquered the Incas Held Atahualpa, the Inca ruler, prisoner Once he controlled the area, he exploited the Incas 10 Ferdinand Magellan Explored the coast of South America Entered Pacific Ocean Magellan’s route 11 The Renaissance • • • • • • A rebirth of Greek and Roman ideals and a rebirth of Europe. Artists and sculptors of the Renaissance studied the more realistic art of Rome. They used live models to help portray the human body. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo flourished during this time Intellectual ideas such as the study of history, literature, and philosophy spread Started in northern Italy (Florence and Milan) and spread north into northern Europe (esp. France, England, and Germany) Leonardo’s da Vinci’s Mona Lisa Michelangelo’s Pieta The Scientific Revolution 1550-1700 Mathematicians, astronomers, biologists, physicists, and botanists made observations and discoveries. Galileo proved that the Milky Way contained many distant stars Francis Bacon helped to create the Scientific Method. Isaac Newton explains the laws of gravity Galileo Francis Bacon Isaac Newton Results of the Renaissance & the Scientific Revolution The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution brought big changes to Europe. European countries began to compete with one another for natural resources and trade power. They also wanted spices, gold, and other riches. Improved shipbuilding and navigational tools allowed for long sea voyages. Exploration would give these countries what they needed to stay in power or become powerful. European Exploration 1) Why was Portugal the first to set sail? 2) Why do you think there was a desire to explore? Was there a need? 3) What was Columbus looking for? European Exploration The Mentality Mercantilism - Policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported to build up it’s supply of gold and silver (wealth). All profits went to the Nation!!! Zero-sum gain - There is a fixed sum of wealth in the world, and for every winner there is a loser… Question: Following the Renaissance and the Rise of Monarchies, why do you think Europeans went exploring? Answer: MONEY and RESOURCES!!! War was a big drain! European Exploration: Motivations Motivations (for): 1) Europeans were also looking for new trade routes to India, China, and other places… Why? 2) Europeans were also looking to spread Christianity… but, soon the Protestant Reformation will add a new dimension 1) Christianity conversion, Gold, and Glory 2) Empire Capabilities European Exploration : Motivations (1) Catholicism: Spread Christianity while taking real estate! 1492 - Christopher Columbus sets out to find new Trade routes to India and China to cut out the middle-men (the Ottomans) The Ottomans were Muslims… placed invisible barrier to the Middle East and Asia… Every time Europeans wanted to trade with China or India they had to pass through Ottoman trading posts; this meant that they had to give money to the Muslims. European Exploration : Motivations (1) RELIGION: By Columbus’ time (1492) the last of the Muslim Strongholds (Moors) in Spain had been defeated, this led to a shift in European focus… Pre 1517 - The focus of Europe was fighting the Muslims’ expansion West since Charlemagne Islamic westward expansion slows … After 1517 - Their focus is on spreading Christianity to new lands… you can’t let the heretics get to them first! European Exploration : Motivations (1) Gold: They wanted money of their own! Originally they got their money by cutting out the Ottomans from trade. Later, Europeans start looking for resources from the Americas and Africa… not good for either continent! - Spain = South America for silver and gold. - England = North America for natural resources Africa for manual labor - France = Also North America European Exploration : Motivations (1) Glory: For the glory of the king! The way to make the country more powerful was to Increase it’s wealth. You do this by getting as much as You can. If you didn’t get the wealth someone else would! They Would win and you would lose! The more wealth a country had = more power in war! Victory over your enemies was everything! European Exploration : Motivations (2) Viking ships had square sails to capture the wind… Early Chinese ships had triangle sails, allowing them to cut through wind currents… WHY THE RUSH? To find sea routes to Africa and Asia Silk, spices, gold, silver, or other precious stones To expand their knowledge of the world European Exploration : Motivations (2) The Portuguese combined the 2 sail designs to come up with their own design. This design was later Modified by the Spanish… The Galleon… European Exploration : Motivations (2) Capabilities: What allowed the Euros to cross oceans? By the 1400s Portugal is building good ships, and making accurate sea charts. With the use of the compass “borrowed” from the Chinese, the Portuguese are able to navigate well. Combining old designs together the Portuguese were able to make a small, fast, and maneuverable ship design… European Exploration : Motivations (2) Prince Henry the Navigator - 1394 through 1460 For military reasons and trade routes he encourages Sailors to push farther and chart new areas. The Portuguese sail down the African west coast, as they do so they set up trading stations along the coast… these trading stations would later become the origins of the African slave trade. 1492 - Christopher Columbus lands in San Salvador and calls the locals Indians; thinking that he had arrived in India (he thought the earth was 8,000 miles around)… New Maritime Technologies Better Maps Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant New Weapons Technology 15th century trade routes European trade routes 4 Voyages of Columbus The NINA, PINTA & SANTA MARIA 4 Voyages of Columbus Spain and Portugal Spain and Portugal were the major players early on in the search for new lands This drive for new lands put the two countries in direct competition which caused Pope Alexander VI to convince the two countries to divide any new overseas trading interests between them Explorers Sailing For Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460 Bartolomeu Dias - Portugal - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope - 1488 Vasco da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India - 1498 Pedro Alvarez Cabral - Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal - 1500 The Treaty of Tordesillas In 1494, “for the sake of peace and concord” Spain and Portugal resolved their differences in the Treaty of Tordesillas This Treaty established a line at 48 degrees west longitude and extended it around the earth Any lands to the west of this line belonged to Spain The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493 European Exploration : Motivations (2) 1497 - Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese sailor, goes around The cape of good hope (south Africa) en route to India. Gama finds himself in the Indian Ocean and finds a centuryold ocean trade network (Arabs and Africans). They weren’t too impressed with the Portuguese. European Exploration : Motivations (2) The Arab and African ships were not equipped with any sort of weapons… The Portuguese were, they had front mounted canons… They forced the Arabs into moving goods for them. Now Europeans use naval technology to affect naval trade. America gets a name! In 1499, a Portuguese expedition captained by an Italian-born navigator named Amerigo Vespucci sailed down the coast of South America Vespucci believed that this land was a vast new continent and he erroneously received credit for discovering what German mapmakers named “America” What? Another Ocean? On expeditions to Panama, Vasco, Nunez de Balboa (& dog Leoncico) learned from the native peoples of a huge body of water called the “great waters” He led an expedition with the assistance of the native peoples and he was the first European to set his sights on this great new body of water To Balboa, the water appeared calm and peaceful so he gave it the name ‘Pacifica’ (latin) which later became the Pacific Ocean England vs. Spain! By the 1570s, Queen Elizabeth I was concerned with Spain’s increasingly global influence Fearful of an open confrontation with Spain she gave her unofficial approval to piracy against Spanish ships and settlements Men such as Sir Francis Drake cruised the shores of Spanish America stealing from ships, settlements and people – These men became know as Privateers Watch Out! Here Comes the Armada! Eventually Spain, seeking revenge against England for attacks on her colonies dispatched her huge fleet of ships known as the Spanish Armada against England’s fleet King Philip II felt he had to destroy the English fleet to solve the problem Defeat of the Armada! Despite being greatly outnumbered, the English fleet was faster and pounded the huge Galleons with artillery before they could get close enough to board the smaller vessels Having been badly damaged in the battle the fleet was forced up through the English Channel into the North Sea where a fierce storm further crippled the fleet In a single battle, Spain lost almost all of her naval forces and the English way to the Americas was clear European Exploration : Motivations (2) America Exploration: American exploration takes place during the 1500s, primarily the teens to 20s. The Europeans (even with their cannon ships that the Chinese don’t have) don’t have land power, so they can’t conquer the Chinese… yet… The Americas change all of this! French Presence In America 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City 1682 Robert de La Salle followed Mississippi River to Gulf Of Mexico and claimed the land for France calling it Louisiana French gov’t disinterested in N. American colonies preferring Caribbean sugar col. The Dutch In America 1609 Henry Hudson sailed for the Dutch and set up a trading post on Manhattan Island calling it New Amsterdam Profitable trade in furs took place, but poor leadership and weak gov’t lead to England taking over in 1664 Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World Explorers Sailing From Hispaniola Ponce De Leon - colonist of Hispaniola - Established colony at Puerto Rico - Sailed north looking for Fountain of Youth - Discovered Florida - 1508 Nunez Balboa - colonist of Hispaniola - Established settlement in Panama - 1st European to see Pacific Ocean - 1513 Hernando de Coronado - Spain - Explored north from Mexico; up Colorado River; saw Grand Canyon -1540 Hernando de Soto - Spain - Explored Florida into Carolina’s and west to the Mississippi River - 1541 Explorers Sailing For Spain & Portugal Amerigo Vespucci - Italian sailing for both Spain and Portugal - Sailed to the America’s - Amerigo is his first name (where we get “America”) - 1501 Spanish Exploration Columbus Balboa Pizarro De Leon Cortes De Soto Coronado Vespucci Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of the part of North America Central America Caribbean Islands Much of South America. First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Cortes conquered Aztec Empire in 1519 and took control of modern day Mexico. vs. Hernando Cortés Montezuma II Mexico Surrenders to Cortés First Spanish Conquests: The Incas Pizarro conquered Incan Empire in modern day Peru in 1532 vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers European Colonial Empire Permanent Settlers The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Spanish ancestory Mestizos Spanish and Indian mixture Native Indians Creoles Spanish and Black mixture. Mulattos White American and Black mixture Black Slaves The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission Father Bartolomé de Las Casas •Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish. •Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized. •Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways. ► New Laws --> 1542 1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM •“granted” to deserving subjects of the King 2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations •Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands •Indians often rendered personal services as well. 3. In return the conquistador was obligated to •protect his wards •instruct them in the Christian faith •defend their right to use the to live off the land 4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population. 5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out. European Exploration : Motivations (2) America Exploration: The Colonies Colonies were needed to strengthen the mother country! A – To produce a valuable commodity, like sugar and tobacco… B – For raw materials to build items back in the mother country. C – To produce commodities that the mother country can’t make. This will mean that they don’t have to rely on trade or imports. - America has tall trees – LUMBER for ship masts! - Now Europeans won’t have to rely on Russian lumber. ALL goods and materials went to the mother country European Exploration : Motivations (2) America Exploration: The Caribbean and Slavery The Spanish and Portuguese have the ability for colonies first, so they are the first to the Caribbean, primarily for sugar. The Europeans brought diseases with them that the Native Americans did not have immunities against… this resulted in a holocaust… With no Native Americans to work the sugar fields, where do you find workers?... How about Africa! European Exploration : Motivations (2) America Exploration: The Caribbean and Slavery Modern slavery focuses in Africa in 1440 (approx.) By 1550 the Portuguese were sending 15,000 slaves per year to the Americas and Europe. The English, French, and Dutch see profit in this, so they join in… The west coast populations of Africa act as capturers, they go inland and get slaves to sell. The central African nations provided the slaves. - Wars between tribes resulted in slaves. - European guns provided more… European Exploration : Motivations (2) America Exploration: The Caribbean and Slavery The Africans were packed onto ships. The Europeans knew that “X” number of the slaves were going to die, so that packed them in tighter to compensate… - They planned on losing 20% en route - Some of these were suicides. The slaves were first brought to the West Indies in the Caribbean for “seasoning”. Those that survived the tough sugar plantation life were sent to North America. The average lifespan for an African in the Caribbean was 3 years… European Exploration : Motivations (2) The 4 Corners Model -Provides Resources like lumber, sugar, tobacco… #2 – North America #4 - Caribbean -Provides sugar, rum, coffee, indigo, cotton. Profits from these products drive the system… #1 - Europe - ALL of the profits went to Europe… #3 – West Africa - Need Resources - Manufacture goods - Provide slave ships -Provides the human labor (slaves). -Provides gold, silver, ivory, cotton, grain… Treasures from the Americas! The Columbian Exchange Christopher Columbus unknowingly set in motion an exchange of goods between Europe and the Americas that would become known as the Columbian Exchange. The exchange involved: - Plants (Early Islam 700-1100CE previously) - Foods (Early Islam 700-1100CE previously) - Crops (Early Islam 700-1100CE previously) - Animals (Early Islam 700-1100CE previously) - Human populations - DISEASES!!! - Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, w. cough - 1519 = Smallpox devastates Aztecs (17-1.3m) - 1500-1800 = 100m + Overall, the Columbian Exchange increased world populations… 1500=425m, 1600=545m, 1700=610m, 1800=900m The Columbian Exchange From Europe: Wheat Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens From the Americas: Maize Potatoes Beans Tomatoes Peppers Peanuts Pineapples… Emerging Global Trade For the first time Africa, Asia, Eurasia, Europe, AND the Americas were connected in global trade. China, the premier power at this time will use it’s muscle to set the conditions of trade by demanding Silver (their basis of currency). This global market sets the stage for global resource exploitation by the 1600s. Colonization In the late 1500's, colonies led by individuals failed miserably. Joint-stock companies developed-Groups of investors who bought shares in the colony. The first English attempt was by Sir Walter Raleigh on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. This resulted in a failure and the “Lost Colony.” Virginia Dare-first European child born in the Americas III. Colonization A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607 Problems: 1. Land chosen was swampy, unfit for farming, and full of disease. 2. Colonists were "gentlemen", rather than farmers and workers. 3. Colonists spent too much time searching for gold and silver. III. Colonization A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607 Solutions: 1. John Smith took over and forced colonists to work. 2. New type of tobacco introduced that grew well in Virginia. III. Colonization A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607. Events: 1. 1618-headright system gave colonists 50 acres and increased immigration. Most immigrants were still indentured servants, however. 2. 1619-First Africans arrived, most likely as indentured servants. III. Colonization A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607 Events: 3. 1619-July 30-22 representatives called burgesses met to outline laws for the colony 4. 1624-After large loss of colonists and the bankruptcy of the Virginia Company, King James I revoked its charter, taking total control. Virginia was now a royal colony. III. Colonization B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620 2 Groups, 1 Reason: Religious freedom -Anglican Church in England persecuted religious dissenters (people who disagreed). III. Colonization B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620 1. Puritans-wanted to purify & reform the Anglican Church. Beliefs: -Humans were naturally sinful-original sin -Your fate was predetermined-predestination -Harsh punishment for drunkenness, theft, swearing, and idleness -Ministers led congregations, not bishops 2. Separatists-wanted to separate from the Anglican Church III. Colonization B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620 Plymouth-Separatists made a financial deal with the Virginia Company. They called themselves Pilgrims and sailed on the Mayflower. The group had aimed for the northern coast of Virginia, but missed badly, landing near Cape Cod. Native Americans named Squanto and Samoset helped the Pilgrims survive with farming techniques and making peace. III. Colonization B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620 *Mayflower Compact*-since they were out of the Virginia Company's territory, 41 men drew up this agreement to outline "just and equal laws...for the general good of the colony." Importance: Landmark in development of the tradition of rule by the people. (democracy) They elected William Bradford as governor. III. Colonization B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620 Massachusetts Bay-John Winthrop formed the Massachusetts Bay Company and founded the colony at Boston with 1000 colonists. Very successful and well supplied, the colony eventually absorbed the Plymouth Colony. III. Colonization Other Colonies: Rhode Island-Roger Williams-1631banished from Massachusetts, he and a group of followers founded Providence. It became a safe haven for dissenters. New York(New Netherlands)-founded by the Dutch on Manhattan Island as a trading post. English took over and renamed the colony in 1664. III. Colonization Other Colonies: Maryland-Sir George Calvert and his son, Lord Baltimore (Catholics) 1649-Maryland passed the Act of Toleration=freedom of worship Georgia-Founded by James Oglethorpe in 1733 with 2 purposes: (1) Place where debtors could start over (2) Military protection from the Spanish III. Colonization Other Colonies: Proprietary Colonies: Land grants given as gifts by the English king. Carolinasfounded by a group of 8 supporters called Lords Proprietors Pennsylvania-William Penn-1680-Quakers Beliefs: Tolerant of other religions, disliked ceremonies, pacifists, inner light Delaware-divided from Pennsylvania IV. Diverse Colonial Life South=Agriculture Colonies found products to export for profit. Cash crops-crops sold so colonists could buy other items. Examples: Virginia/Maryland-tobacco South Carolina-rice & indigo North Carolina-wood products IV. Diverse Colonial Life South=Agriculture A. Plantation Economics -These cash crops created 3 specific things: (1) large farms around rivers (2) need for lots of labor (3) wealthy class of plantation owners IV. Diverse Colonial Life South=Agriculture C. Slave Trade 1. First slaves were Indian captives or prisoners of war. By 1700, the African slave trade flourished. Slaves came mostly from West Africa and Central Africa 2. The voyage over, called the Middle Passage, killed many before they arrived in America. IV. Diverse Colonial Life South=Agriculture C. Slave Trade 3. Virginia & Maryland-Slaves worked on tobacco farms with white overseers. Many became artisans skilled in a trade such as blacksmithing or carpentry. 4. South Carolina-Large rice plantations meant large groups of slaves & very few artisans. IV. Diverse Colonial Life North=Commerce A.. Port Cities-these cities grew quickly as a result of trade. Largest colonial cities were Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Charles Town. Most people were still small farmers who relied on barter. B. Triangle of Trade-Trade Routes between the colonies, Europe, and the West Indies. VI. English Power in the Colonies A. Mercantilism-theory that a nation becomes powerful through trade 1. England used colonies to provide products they could not 2. Naval power developed to protect trade interests 3. Shipbuilding and fishing became important industries VI. English Power in the Colonies B. Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663-passed to protect English mercantilism 1. Forced colonists to use English ships and trade directly with England 2. Massachusetts was investigated and had their charter revoked in 1684 for violations IV. Colonial Democracy A. Traditions 1. Legislatures-people’s voice in the government. These varied from colony to colony. 2. Protection of Rights 3. Voting-privilege of the wealthy and educated 4. Religious freedom-Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson established 5. Freedom of the Press-John Peter Zenger in 1735 was tried for printing damaging stories about the governor of Pennsylvania. Jury found him not guilty because the stories were true. IV. Colonial Democracy B. Roots The American System derived from these main sources 1. Ancient Greece and Rome 2. Magna Carta (1215)-limited the power of the king. 3. English Bill of Rights (1689)-Parlaiment listed the rights of all citizens IV. Colonial Democracy B. Roots 4. John Locke-2 ideas: (1) 3 Natural Rights-life, liberty, and property (2) Social Contract-people have agreed to be governed if the government protects them. If it does not, they do not have to obey. (consent of the governed) 5. Montesquieu-French philosopher-separation of powers-prevented tyranny V. Britain Tightens Control As colonies became more difficult to control, Britain tried to force them to obey. Britain also needed money to pay off war debts. A. Acts of Parliament Royal Proclamation of 1763-No colonists past the Appalachian Mountains Sugar Act (1764)-taxed certain imports like sugar and molasses V. Britain Tightens Control As colonies became more difficult to control, Britain tried to force them to obey. Britain also needed money to pay off war debts. A. Acts of Parliament Quartering Act (1765)-required colonists to house and supply British troops Stamp Act (1765)-required stamps on all printed material V. Britain Tightens Control B. Colonial Reaction "No taxation without representation" Patrick Henry Believed that since the colonies were not represented in Parliament, they had no right to tax them. Protests: Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty organized boycotts of British goods. Merchants also created nonimportation associations, agreeing not to buy British goods. V. Britain Tightens Control C. More Acts 1766-Parlaiment repealed the Stamp Act Declaratory Act (1766)-said that Parliament did have the right to pass laws in the colonies. Townshend Acts (1767)-taxed wine, tea, paper, glass, and lead. This taxation went aginst mercantilist theory V. Britain Tightens Control D. Tensions Explode-Boston Massacre March 5, 1770* Boston had become the center of colonial protest and disobedience. Troops were sent to the city to enforce laws. 7 British soldiers fired on an angry mob of colonists, killing 5. V. Britain Tightens Control E. Final Events -Colonies established committees of correspondence to communicate. -Boston Tea Party-Dec. 16, 1773-Sons of Liberty disguised as Indians boarded 3 ships and dumped 15,000 pounds of tea in Boston Harbor. V. Britain Tightens Control E. Final Events -Intolerable Acts (1774)-passed to punish Boston. Closed Boston harbor and sent more troops. -Continental Congress-Sept. 1774-representatives from colonies met and voted for: total boycott of British goods, raising militia, repeal of all Parliamentary laws. VI. Colonial Independence A. Second Continental Congress-May 10, 1775 Leaders: Benjamin Franklin-Pennsylvania John Hancock-Mass., chosen as president George Washington-chosen to lead the army Thomas Jefferson-Virginia Decisions: Printed money, established post office, created committees to communicate. *Olive Branch Petition-Congress offered peace, but George III refused to read it. VI. Colonial Independence B. Common Sense-Thomas Paine Pamphlet called for complete independence. Said that independence was the “destiny” of all Americans. He said that independence would create a better life in the colonies. He blamed the king for tyranny. 500,000 copies of it were sold and it helped influence colonists in favor of independence. VI. Colonial Independence C. The Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson selected by the Congress to write it. Issues debated: Slavery, women’s rights, total independence. 4 Sections: (1) (2) (3) (4) Preamble-introduction Social Contract-philosophy Grievances-complaints Proclamation of independence