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European Exploration
Who will take the Western
Hemisphere?
•PreColumbian
time period.
•First
Americans
came from
Asia
•Crossed the
Bering Strait
during the
Ice Age
•Following a
food source
•Gradual
migration
Early Human Migrations
1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE
2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE
3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE
Culture area
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394–1460)

Son of the king of
Portugal
 Had been a crusader
 Investigated possible
trade opportunities in
Africa
5
Vasco da Gama

1498, sailed for India
 Reached India
 Sea route
Da Gama in India
Portrait of da Gama
6
Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator
 Sought patron for
his exploration idea
 Sailed under the
title “Admiral of the
Seas”
7
Amerigo Vespucci

Early life
 Exploration
 Naming the New
World
8
Hernando Cortes

Conquered the
Aztec Empire
(1519–1521)
 Defeated
Montezuma
 Governor of Mexico
9
Francisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas
 Held Atahualpa, the
Inca ruler, prisoner
 Once he controlled the
area, he exploited the
Incas
10
Ferdinand Magellan

Explored the coast of South
America
 Entered Pacific Ocean
Magellan’s route
11
The Renaissance
•
•
•
•
•
•
A rebirth of Greek and Roman
ideals and a rebirth of Europe.
Artists and sculptors of the
Renaissance studied the more
realistic art of Rome.
They used live models to help
portray the human body.
Artists such as Leonardo da
Vinci and Michelangelo
flourished during this time
Intellectual ideas such as the
study of history, literature, and
philosophy spread
Started in northern Italy
(Florence and Milan) and
spread north into northern
Europe (esp. France, England,
and Germany)
Leonardo’s
da Vinci’s
Mona Lisa
Michelangelo’s
Pieta
The Scientific Revolution





1550-1700
Mathematicians, astronomers, biologists, physicists,
and botanists made observations and discoveries.
Galileo proved that the Milky Way contained many
distant stars
Francis Bacon helped to create the Scientific Method.
Isaac Newton explains the laws of gravity
Galileo
Francis Bacon
Isaac Newton
Results of the Renaissance & the Scientific
Revolution
The Renaissance and the Scientific
Revolution brought big changes to
Europe. European countries began to
compete with one another for natural
resources and trade power.
They also wanted spices, gold, and
other riches. Improved shipbuilding
and navigational tools allowed for
long sea voyages.
Exploration would give these
countries
what they needed to stay in power or
become powerful.
European Exploration
1) Why was Portugal the first to set sail?
2) Why do you
think there
was a desire
to explore?
Was there a
need?
3) What was
Columbus
looking for?
European Exploration
The Mentality
Mercantilism - Policy by which a nation sought to
export more than it imported to build up it’s supply
of gold and silver (wealth). All profits went to the
Nation!!!
Zero-sum gain - There is a fixed sum of wealth in the
world, and for every winner there is a loser…
Question: Following the Renaissance and the Rise of
Monarchies, why do you think Europeans went exploring?
Answer: MONEY and RESOURCES!!! War was a big drain!
European Exploration:
Motivations
Motivations (for):
1) Europeans were also looking for new trade routes
to India, China, and other places… Why?
2) Europeans were also looking to spread
Christianity… but, soon the Protestant Reformation will
add a new dimension
1) Christianity conversion, Gold, and Glory
2) Empire Capabilities
European Exploration :
Motivations (1)
Catholicism: Spread Christianity while taking real estate!
1492 - Christopher Columbus sets out to find new
Trade routes to India and China to cut out the
middle-men (the Ottomans)
The Ottomans were Muslims… placed invisible barrier to
the Middle East and Asia…
Every time Europeans wanted to trade with China or
India they had to pass through Ottoman trading posts;
this meant that they had to give money to the Muslims.
European Exploration :
Motivations (1)
RELIGION:
By Columbus’ time (1492) the last of the Muslim
Strongholds (Moors) in Spain had been defeated, this led
to a shift in European focus…
Pre 1517 - The focus of Europe was fighting the
Muslims’ expansion West since Charlemagne
Islamic westward expansion slows …
After 1517 - Their focus is on spreading Christianity
to new lands… you can’t let the heretics get to them
first!
European Exploration :
Motivations (1)
Gold: They wanted money of their own!
Originally they got their money by cutting out the
Ottomans from trade.
Later, Europeans start looking for resources from
the Americas and Africa… not good for either
continent!
- Spain = South America for silver and gold.
- England = North America for natural resources
Africa for manual labor
- France = Also North America
European Exploration :
Motivations (1)
Glory: For the glory of the king!
The way to make the country more powerful was to
Increase it’s wealth. You do this by getting as much as
You can.
If you didn’t get the wealth someone else would! They
Would win and you would lose!
The more wealth a country had = more power in war!
Victory over your enemies was everything!
European Exploration :
Motivations (2)
Viking ships had square
sails to capture the wind…
Early Chinese ships had
triangle sails, allowing
them to cut through
wind currents…
WHY THE RUSH?
 To find sea routes to
Africa and Asia
 Silk, spices, gold,
silver, or other
precious stones
 To expand their
knowledge of the
world
European Exploration :
Motivations (2)
The Portuguese combined
the 2 sail designs to come
up with their own design.
This design was later
Modified by the Spanish…
The Galleon…
European Exploration :
Motivations (2)
Capabilities: What allowed the Euros
to cross oceans?
By the 1400s Portugal is building good ships, and
making accurate sea charts.
With the use of the compass “borrowed” from the
Chinese, the Portuguese are able to navigate well.
Combining old designs together the Portuguese were
able to make a small, fast, and maneuverable ship
design…
European Exploration :
Motivations (2)
Prince Henry the Navigator - 1394 through 1460
For military reasons and trade routes he encourages
Sailors to push farther and chart new areas.
The Portuguese sail down the African west coast,
as they do so they set up trading stations along the
coast… these trading stations would later become
the origins of the African slave trade.
1492 - Christopher Columbus lands in San
Salvador and calls the locals Indians; thinking
that he had arrived in India (he thought the
earth was 8,000 miles around)…
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
New Weapons Technology
15th century trade
routes
European trade routes
4 Voyages of Columbus
The NINA, PINTA
& SANTA MARIA
4 Voyages of Columbus
Spain and Portugal

Spain and Portugal were
the major players early on
in the search for new lands
 This drive for new lands put
the two countries in direct
competition which caused
Pope Alexander VI to
convince the two countries
to divide any new overseas
trading interests between
them
Explorers Sailing For Portugal

Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded
Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460

Bartolomeu Dias - Portugal - Rounded the
Cape of Good Hope - 1488

Vasco da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with
India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate
trade with India - 1498

Pedro Alvarez Cabral - Portugal - Claimed
present day Brazil for Portugal - 1500
The Treaty of Tordesillas



In 1494, “for the sake of
peace and concord” Spain
and Portugal resolved their
differences in the Treaty of
Tordesillas
This Treaty established a
line at 48 degrees west
longitude and extended it
around the earth
Any lands to the west of
this line belonged to Spain
The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434
& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493
European Exploration :
Motivations (2)
1497 - Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese sailor, goes around
The cape of good hope (south Africa) en route to India.
Gama finds himself
in the Indian Ocean
and finds a centuryold ocean trade
network (Arabs and
Africans).
They weren’t too
impressed with the
Portuguese.
European Exploration :
Motivations (2)
The Arab and African ships were not equipped with any sort
of weapons… The Portuguese were, they had front mounted
canons… They forced the Arabs into moving goods for them.
Now Europeans use
naval technology to
affect naval trade.
America gets a name!


In 1499, a Portuguese
expedition captained by
an Italian-born navigator
named Amerigo Vespucci
sailed down the coast of
South America
Vespucci believed that
this land was a vast new
continent and he
erroneously received
credit for discovering
what German mapmakers
named “America”
What? Another Ocean?



On expeditions to Panama,
Vasco, Nunez de Balboa (& dog
Leoncico) learned from the native
peoples of a huge body of water
called the “great waters”
He led an expedition with the
assistance of the native peoples
and he was the first European to
set his sights on this great new
body of water
To Balboa, the water appeared
calm and peaceful so he gave it
the name ‘Pacifica’ (latin) which
later became the Pacific Ocean
England vs. Spain!



By the 1570s, Queen Elizabeth
I was concerned with Spain’s
increasingly global influence
Fearful of an open
confrontation with Spain she
gave her unofficial approval to
piracy against Spanish ships
and settlements
Men such as Sir Francis Drake
cruised the shores of Spanish
America stealing from ships,
settlements and people –
These men became know as
Privateers
Watch Out! Here Comes the
Armada!


Eventually Spain, seeking
revenge against England
for attacks on her
colonies dispatched her
huge fleet of ships known
as the Spanish Armada
against England’s fleet
King Philip II felt he had
to destroy the English
fleet to solve the problem
Defeat of the Armada!

Despite being greatly
outnumbered, the English
fleet was faster and pounded
the huge Galleons with
artillery before they could get
close enough to board the
smaller vessels
 Having been badly damaged
in the battle the fleet was
forced up through the English
Channel into the North Sea
where a fierce storm further
crippled the fleet
 In a single battle, Spain lost
almost all of her naval forces
and the English way to the
Americas was clear
European Exploration : Motivations
(2)
America Exploration:
American exploration takes place during the 1500s, primarily the teens to 20s.
The Europeans (even with their cannon ships that the
Chinese don’t have) don’t have land power, so they
can’t conquer the Chinese… yet…
The Americas change all of this!
French Presence In America



1608 Samuel de Champlain founded
Quebec City
1682 Robert de La Salle followed
Mississippi River to Gulf Of Mexico and
claimed the land for France calling it
Louisiana
French gov’t disinterested in N. American
colonies preferring Caribbean sugar col.
The Dutch In America


1609 Henry Hudson sailed for the Dutch and
set up a trading post on Manhattan Island
calling it New Amsterdam
Profitable trade in furs took place, but poor
leadership and weak gov’t lead to England
taking over in 1664
Ferdinand Magellan & the
First Circumnavigation of the
World
Explorers Sailing From
Hispaniola




Ponce De Leon - colonist of Hispaniola - Established
colony at Puerto Rico - Sailed north looking for
Fountain of Youth - Discovered Florida - 1508
Nunez Balboa - colonist of Hispaniola - Established
settlement in Panama - 1st European to see Pacific
Ocean - 1513
Hernando de Coronado - Spain - Explored north from
Mexico; up Colorado River; saw Grand Canyon -1540
Hernando de Soto - Spain - Explored Florida into
Carolina’s and west to the Mississippi River - 1541
Explorers Sailing For Spain &
Portugal

Amerigo Vespucci - Italian sailing for both
Spain and Portugal - Sailed to the America’s
- Amerigo is his first name (where we get
“America”) - 1501
Spanish
Exploration

Columbus

Balboa



Pizarro
De Leon


Cortes
De Soto
Coronado

Vespucci
Spanish empire by
the 1600’s
consisted of the



part of North
America
Central America
Caribbean Islands

Much of South
America.
First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
Cortes conquered Aztec Empire in 1519
and took control of modern day Mexico.
vs.
Hernando Cortés
Montezuma II
Mexico Surrenders to Cortés
First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
Pizarro conquered Incan Empire in modern day Peru in 1532
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
European
Colonial
Empire
Permanent
Settlers
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Spanish
ancestory
Mestizos
Spanish
and Indian
mixture
Native Indians
Creoles
Spanish and
Black
mixture.
Mulattos
White
American
and Black
mixture
Black Slaves
The Influence of the Colonial
Catholic Church
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission
Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
•Believed Native
Americans had been
treated harshly by
the Spanish.
•Indians could be
educated and
converted to
Christianized.
•Believed Indian
culture was
advanced as
European but in
different ways.
► New Laws --> 1542
1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply =
FEUDALISM
•“granted” to deserving subjects of the King
2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations
•Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands
•Indians often rendered personal services as well.
3. In return the conquistador was obligated to
•protect his wards
•instruct them in the Christian faith
•defend their right to use the to live off the land
4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population.
5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported
by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.
European Exploration : Motivations
(2)
America Exploration: The Colonies
Colonies were needed to strengthen the mother
country!
A – To produce a valuable commodity, like sugar and tobacco…
B – For raw materials to build items back in the mother country.
C – To produce commodities that the mother country can’t make.
This will mean that they don’t have to rely on trade or imports.
- America has tall trees – LUMBER for ship masts!
- Now Europeans won’t have to rely on Russian lumber.
ALL goods and
materials went to
the mother country
European Exploration : Motivations
(2)
America Exploration: The Caribbean and Slavery
The Spanish and Portuguese have the ability for colonies first, so they
are the first to the Caribbean, primarily for sugar.
The Europeans brought diseases
with them that the Native
Americans did not have immunities
against… this resulted in a
holocaust…
With no Native Americans to work
the sugar fields, where do you find
workers?... How about Africa!
European Exploration : Motivations
(2)
America Exploration: The Caribbean and Slavery
Modern slavery focuses in Africa in 1440 (approx.)
By 1550 the Portuguese were sending 15,000 slaves
per year to the Americas and Europe.
The English, French, and Dutch see profit in this, so
they join in…
The west coast populations of Africa act as capturers,
they go inland and get slaves to sell.
The central African nations provided the slaves.
- Wars between tribes resulted in slaves.
- European guns provided more…
European Exploration : Motivations
(2)
America Exploration: The Caribbean and Slavery
The Africans were packed onto ships. The
Europeans knew that “X” number of the slaves
were going to die, so that packed them in
tighter to compensate…
- They planned on losing 20% en route
- Some of these were suicides.
The slaves were first brought to the West Indies
in the Caribbean for “seasoning”. Those that
survived the tough sugar plantation life were
sent to North America.
The average lifespan for an African in the Caribbean was 3 years…
European Exploration :
Motivations (2)
The 4 Corners Model
-Provides Resources like
lumber, sugar, tobacco…
#2 – North
America
#4 - Caribbean
-Provides sugar, rum,
coffee, indigo, cotton.
Profits from these products
drive the system…
#1 - Europe
- ALL of the profits
went to Europe…
#3 – West
Africa
- Need Resources
- Manufacture goods
- Provide slave ships
-Provides the human
labor (slaves).
-Provides gold, silver,
ivory, cotton, grain…
Treasures
from the Americas!
The Columbian Exchange
Christopher Columbus unknowingly set in motion an exchange of goods
between Europe and the Americas that would become known as the
Columbian Exchange.
The exchange involved:
- Plants (Early Islam 700-1100CE previously)
- Foods (Early Islam 700-1100CE previously)
- Crops (Early Islam 700-1100CE previously)
- Animals (Early Islam 700-1100CE previously)
- Human populations
- DISEASES!!!
- Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, w. cough
- 1519 = Smallpox devastates Aztecs (17-1.3m)
- 1500-1800 = 100m +
Overall, the Columbian Exchange increased world populations…
1500=425m, 1600=545m, 1700=610m, 1800=900m
The Columbian Exchange
From Europe:
Wheat
Horses
Cattle
Pigs
Sheep
Goats
Chickens
From the Americas:
Maize
Potatoes
Beans
Tomatoes
Peppers
Peanuts
Pineapples…
Emerging Global Trade
For the first time Africa, Asia, Eurasia, Europe, AND the Americas
were connected in global trade.
China, the premier power at this time will use it’s muscle to set the
conditions of trade by demanding Silver (their basis of currency).
This global market sets the stage for global resource exploitation by
the 1600s.
Colonization
In the late 1500's, colonies led by individuals failed miserably.
Joint-stock companies developed-Groups of investors who
bought shares in the colony.
The first English attempt was by Sir Walter Raleigh on the
Outer Banks of North Carolina. This resulted in a failure
and the
“Lost Colony.”
Virginia Dare-first European child born in the Americas
III. Colonization
A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607
Problems:
1. Land chosen was swampy, unfit for farming, and
full
of disease.
2. Colonists were "gentlemen", rather than farmers
and workers.
3. Colonists spent too much time searching for gold
and silver.
III. Colonization
A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607
Solutions:
1. John Smith took over and forced
colonists to work.
2. New type of tobacco introduced that grew well in
Virginia.
III. Colonization
A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607. Events:
1. 1618-headright system gave colonists 50 acres and
increased immigration.
Most immigrants were still indentured servants,
however.
2. 1619-First Africans arrived, most likely as indentured
servants.
III. Colonization
A. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607
Events:
3. 1619-July 30-22 representatives called burgesses
met
to outline laws for the colony
4. 1624-After large loss of colonists and the
bankruptcy of the Virginia Company,
King James I revoked its charter, taking total control.
Virginia was now a royal colony.
III. Colonization
B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620
2 Groups, 1 Reason: Religious freedom
-Anglican Church in England persecuted religious
dissenters (people who disagreed).
III. Colonization
B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620
1. Puritans-wanted to purify & reform the Anglican Church.
Beliefs: -Humans were naturally sinful-original sin
-Your fate was predetermined-predestination
-Harsh punishment for drunkenness, theft,
swearing, and idleness
-Ministers led congregations, not bishops
2. Separatists-wanted to separate from the Anglican
Church
III. Colonization
B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620
Plymouth-Separatists made a financial deal with the
Virginia Company. They called themselves Pilgrims
and sailed on the Mayflower.
The group had aimed for the northern coast of
Virginia, but missed badly, landing near Cape Cod.
Native Americans named Squanto and Samoset helped
the Pilgrims survive with farming techniques and
making peace.
III. Colonization
B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620
*Mayflower Compact*-since they were out of the
Virginia Company's territory, 41 men drew up this
agreement to outline "just and equal laws...for the
general good of the colony."
Importance: Landmark in development of the
tradition of rule by the people. (democracy)
They elected William Bradford as governor.
III. Colonization
B. Massachusetts-founded at Plymouth in 1620
Massachusetts Bay-John Winthrop
formed the Massachusetts Bay
Company and founded the colony
at Boston with 1000 colonists.
Very successful and well supplied, the colony
eventually absorbed the Plymouth Colony.
III. Colonization
Other Colonies:
Rhode Island-Roger Williams-1631banished from Massachusetts,
he and a group of followers founded
Providence.
It became a safe haven for dissenters.
New York(New Netherlands)-founded by the Dutch on
Manhattan Island as a trading post.
English took over and renamed the colony in 1664.
III. Colonization
Other Colonies:
Maryland-Sir George Calvert and his son,
Lord Baltimore (Catholics)
1649-Maryland passed the Act of
Toleration=freedom
of worship
Georgia-Founded by James Oglethorpe in 1733 with 2
purposes:
(1) Place where debtors could start over
(2) Military protection from the Spanish
III. Colonization
Other Colonies:
Proprietary Colonies: Land grants given as gifts by the
English king.
Carolinasfounded by a group of
8 supporters called Lords Proprietors
Pennsylvania-William Penn-1680-Quakers
Beliefs: Tolerant of other religions,
disliked ceremonies, pacifists, inner light
Delaware-divided from Pennsylvania
IV. Diverse Colonial Life
South=Agriculture
Colonies found products to export for profit.
Cash crops-crops sold so colonists could buy
other
items.
Examples:
Virginia/Maryland-tobacco
South Carolina-rice & indigo
North Carolina-wood products
IV. Diverse Colonial Life
South=Agriculture
A. Plantation Economics
-These cash crops created 3 specific things:
(1) large farms around rivers
(2) need for lots of labor
(3) wealthy class of plantation owners
IV. Diverse Colonial Life
South=Agriculture
C. Slave Trade
1. First slaves were Indian captives or prisoners of
war. By 1700, the African slave trade flourished.
Slaves came mostly from West Africa and
Central Africa
2. The voyage over, called the
Middle Passage, killed
many before they arrived
in America.
IV. Diverse Colonial Life
South=Agriculture
C. Slave Trade
3. Virginia & Maryland-Slaves worked on tobacco
farms with white overseers. Many became
artisans skilled in a trade such as blacksmithing
or carpentry.
4. South Carolina-Large rice plantations meant
large
groups of slaves & very few artisans.
IV. Diverse Colonial Life
North=Commerce
A.. Port Cities-these cities grew quickly as a result of
trade.
Largest colonial cities were Boston, Philadelphia, New
York, Charles Town. Most people were still
small farmers who relied on barter.
B. Triangle of Trade-Trade Routes between the
colonies, Europe, and the West Indies.
VI. English Power in the Colonies
A. Mercantilism-theory that a nation becomes
powerful through trade
1. England used colonies to provide products
they
could not
2. Naval power developed to protect trade
interests
3. Shipbuilding and fishing became important
industries
VI. English Power in the Colonies
B. Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663-passed to
protect English mercantilism
1. Forced colonists to use English ships and
trade
directly with England
2. Massachusetts was investigated and had their
charter revoked in 1684 for violations
IV. Colonial Democracy
A. Traditions
1. Legislatures-people’s voice in the government.
These varied from colony to colony.
2. Protection of Rights
3. Voting-privilege of the wealthy and educated
4. Religious freedom-Roger Williams and Anne
Hutchinson established
5. Freedom of the Press-John Peter Zenger in 1735
was tried for printing damaging stories about the
governor of Pennsylvania. Jury found him not
guilty because the stories were true.
IV. Colonial Democracy
B. Roots
The American System derived from these main
sources
1. Ancient Greece and Rome
2. Magna Carta (1215)-limited the power of the
king.
3. English Bill of Rights (1689)-Parlaiment listed
the
rights of all citizens
IV. Colonial Democracy
B. Roots
4. John Locke-2 ideas:
(1) 3 Natural Rights-life, liberty, and property
(2) Social Contract-people have agreed to be
governed if the government protects them.
If it does not, they do not have to obey.
(consent of the governed)
5. Montesquieu-French philosopher-separation of
powers-prevented tyranny
V. Britain Tightens Control
As colonies became more difficult to control, Britain
tried to force them to obey.
Britain also needed money to pay off war debts.
A. Acts of Parliament
Royal Proclamation of 1763-No colonists past the
Appalachian Mountains
Sugar Act (1764)-taxed certain imports like sugar
and molasses
V. Britain Tightens Control
As colonies became more difficult to control, Britain
tried to force them to obey.
Britain also needed money to pay off war debts.
A. Acts of Parliament
Quartering Act (1765)-required colonists to house
and supply British troops
Stamp Act (1765)-required stamps on all printed
material
V. Britain Tightens Control
B. Colonial Reaction
"No taxation without representation"
Patrick Henry
Believed that since the colonies were
not represented in Parliament, they
had no right to tax them.
Protests: Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty
organized boycotts of British goods.
Merchants also created nonimportation associations,
agreeing not to buy British goods.
V. Britain Tightens Control
C. More Acts
1766-Parlaiment repealed the Stamp Act
Declaratory Act (1766)-said that Parliament did
have the right to pass laws in the colonies.
Townshend Acts (1767)-taxed wine, tea, paper,
glass, and lead. This taxation went aginst
mercantilist theory
V. Britain Tightens Control
D. Tensions Explode-Boston Massacre March 5,
1770*
Boston had become the center of colonial protest
and disobedience. Troops were sent to the city to
enforce laws.
7 British soldiers
fired on an angry
mob of colonists,
killing 5.
V. Britain Tightens Control
E. Final Events
-Colonies established committees of correspondence
to communicate.
-Boston Tea Party-Dec. 16, 1773-Sons of Liberty
disguised as Indians boarded 3 ships and dumped
15,000 pounds of tea in Boston Harbor.
V. Britain Tightens Control
E. Final Events
-Intolerable Acts (1774)-passed to punish Boston.
Closed Boston harbor and sent more troops.
-Continental Congress-Sept. 1774-representatives
from
colonies met and voted for: total boycott
of
British goods, raising militia, repeal of all
Parliamentary laws.
VI. Colonial Independence
A. Second Continental Congress-May 10, 1775
Leaders: Benjamin Franklin-Pennsylvania
John Hancock-Mass., chosen as president
George Washington-chosen to lead the
army
Thomas Jefferson-Virginia
Decisions: Printed money, established post office,
created committees to communicate.
*Olive Branch Petition-Congress offered peace,
but George III refused to read it.
VI. Colonial Independence
B. Common Sense-Thomas Paine
Pamphlet called for complete independence.
Said
that independence was the “destiny”
of all
Americans. He said that
independence
would create a better life
in the colonies. He
blamed the king for
tyranny.
500,000 copies of it were sold and it helped
influence
colonists in favor of independence.
VI. Colonial Independence
C. The Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson selected by the
Congress to write it.
Issues debated: Slavery, women’s
rights, total independence.
4 Sections:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Preamble-introduction
Social Contract-philosophy
Grievances-complaints
Proclamation of independence