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1: Scand J Dent Res. 1981 Feb;89(1):26-37. Related Articles, Links Nature and frequency of dental changes in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism. Jensen SB, Illum F, Dupont E. Eleven patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and pseudohypoparathyroidism were examined orally and medically. All patients had a history of tetanic and/or epileptic manifestations. Correspondingly, disturbances in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus had been present in all. Dental anomalies were demonstrated in all patients but one. Enamel hypoplasia was observed in six cases, disturbances in tooth eruption in eight, root defects in five and hypodontia in seven. Dental anomalies were more frequent than could be expected from the literature, probably because the dental aspects of hypoparathyroid disease often have been overlooked. In the present material, the above-mentioned disturbances were most severe and frequent in the pseudohypoparathyroid group. Hypoparathyroid conditions are highly invalidating, easily accessible to treatment, but often undiagnosed for years. Therefore, the dental observation of severe disturbances in tooth formation and eruption pattern may be of crucial importance and should lead to further medical investigation. 1: Shoni Shikagaku Zasshi. 1989;27(3):678-91. Related Articles, Links [Dental findings in a case of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism] [Article in Japanese] Takeuchi H, Hioki H, Ishikura Y, Tomizawa M, Noda T, Fukushima M. Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is characterized by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone, origin unknown, and causes a low serum calcium and a high serum inorganic phosphorus. This report concerns a clinical observation of a case of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. This case was examined from the dental point of view. The findings were as follows: 1. The roentgenographic findings revealed that there was no demonstrable abnormality concerning bone age indicated between the ages of 5 and 6 years. 2. Severe dental caries were noted in the deciduous teeth and the permanent teeth. 3. Hypoplasia and hypocalcemia were recognized in most of the permanent teeth. 4. Large pulp chambers were observed in the deciduous teeth and the permanent teeth, and thickening of the lamina dura was observed in the permanent teeth. 5. The histological findings of the extracted deciduous teeth and the upper right first molar were such that: (1) there was hypoplasia and hypocalcemia in the dentin of deciduous teeth, and there were multiple resorptions in the cementum. (2) there was hypoplasia in the enamel of the upper right first molar. 6. Electron probe microanalysis of the upper left second molar revealed that the degree of mineralization and concentration of Ca, P and Mg in the dentin of the root showed a lower intensity than in the dentin of the normal one. 7. It was assumed from the dental point of view that this hypoparathyroid condition first appeared at about 11'months approximately 18'months of age. 1: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993 Apr;75(4):452-4. Related Articles, Links Erratum in: • Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993 Jun;75(6):779. Dental manifestations of autoimmune hypoparathyroidism. Walls AW, Soames JV. Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. The histopathologic changes in three permanent molars from two siblings with autoimmune hypoparathyroidism as part of candida endocrinopathy syndrome are described. These teeth developed after the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism and while each subject was receiving vitamin D and calcium supplementation. The pathogenesis of the dental changes is unknown, but it is possible that parathormone may directly influence tooth development independent of its role in calcium and phosphorous homeostasis. 1: Minerva Stomatol. 1989 Jul;38(7):725-7. Related Articles, Links [Changes in dental eruption and morphogenesis in a case of hypoparathyroidism] [Article in Italian] Abbatiello A, Secondari C, De Stefano CA. A personal case of dental anomalies in a patient suffering from calcium deficiency since birth possible due to chronic idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is described. 1: J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1996 Jul-Sep;16(3):174-81. Related Articles, Links Microanatomy of the dental enamel in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED): report of three cases. Lukinmaa PL, Waltimo J, Pirinen S. Department of Oral Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland. Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is an autosomal recessive disease composed of failure of various endocrine glands, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and an ectodermal dystrophy complex including hypoplasia of the dental enamel. To characterize the enamel defect further, we studied enamel microanatomy by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in clinically affected permanent teeth from three APECED patients. In all three cases, the enamel was partially hypoplastic and morphologically aberrant. Hypoplasia was evident as a horizontal band or as rows of pits. The incremental pattern in the abnormal enamel was obscure, and the prisms were either barely detectable or accentuated and disoriented. In scanning electron microscopy, imprints of the Tomes processes were seen on the enamel surface, but the perikymata were poorly contoured. The distribution pattern of the defective enamel corresponded to the sequence of tooth development and was suggestive of a transient insult. In the enamel affected with a hypoplastic pitted from of amelogenesis imperfecta, studied for comparison, only local hypoplastic defects were seen. Together with normal parathyroid function in one patient and normal calcification of dentin in one of the two patients with hypoparathyroidism, morphology of the enamel in APECED appears to preclude calcium deficiency as the primary cause of the enamel dystrophy.