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Transcript
About hiv viruses Viruses are a common throughout the whole world, residing in almost any environment and living in every organism. One way common for virus to transmit itself is from human to human exposure. A human carrying the virus can use different modes of transmission to give the virus to another uninfected human. A popular example of this is the transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) through sexual contact. Two other ways include using needles that have been used on an infected individual and through blood transfusions with a person infected with the HIV virus (CDC). A more common way for HIV to spread from human to human is through sexual contact (CDC). A safe way to reduce the chances of getting HIV during sexual intercourse is through the use of condoms (CDC). Studies in the laboratory show that people are not guaranteed immunity from HIV through condoms, however the chances are greatly reduced (CDC). During sexual intercourse, closed mouth kissing has shown to have no heightened chances of acquiring HIV. However, open-mouth kissing raises an issue of being more detrimental since there is a possibility that the HIV may spread to the uninfected human's bloodstream; there is however no immediate reports that this is true but the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) does warn against it (CDC). Human to human HIV transmission is seen through methods of vertical and horizontal transmission. Vertical transmission occurs through the transmission of the virus from mother to the newborn child (Ugen et al.). This is a huge concern since the number of infants dying as a result of getting HIV through vertical transmission has increased (Ugen et. al). Vertical transmission also involves the transmission through breast milk because HIV is present in many body fluids (Parilla). Horizontal transmission is the transmission of a virus through means of the respiratory tract, fecal-oral route, or even contact of bodies (Parilla). The most common way for HIV to be spread from human to human is through blood transfusion or contact of blood from the infected host to the uninfected host (Donegan). It is imperative for HIV patients to keep their blood from contact with other humans since HIV lives in the bloodstream (CDC). Simple contact through open wounds, using syringes and needles that have already been used, or sharing razors increases the likelihood of getting HIV (CDC). During transplants of organs that include the heart, liver, or even kidney, chances of obtaining the HIV virus increase (Donegan). The use of technological screening and blood tests have decreased the amount of HIV cases that occur as a result of organ transplants (Donegan). Viruses, such as HIV in particular, are transmitted more efficiently than other microorganisms such as fungi, protists, and bacteria. HIV gains a benefit of not showing any symptoms which allows it to be transmitted from human to human without the acknowledgment from the uninfected human; the early stages of the HIV transmission is when the virus is highly contagious (Colson). Most cases of HIV show signs of the flu in the early stages which causes humans to believe that they may not have HIV; the key to curing the HIV virus is to start the treatment as soon as possible (Colson). Other microorganisms such as fungi, protists and bacteria show physical symptoms of the diseases they cause. Tinea pedis is known as athlete's foot where fungi grow on the feet; the symptoms are seen physically which can cause prevention of transmission from human to human (Goldstein). Malaria, caused by a mosquito (Anopheles), is a protist disease; this disease can not be spread from human to human via the respiratory tract or by coming in close contact with the infected human (Nordqvist). The transmission of microorganisms from human to human is most effectively done through viruses. Specific viruses such as HIV make it impossible to detect their transmission because they are symptom free; this allows them to infect humans rapidly and effectively. Colson, Amy E., and Paul E. Sax. "Symptoms of HIV Infection." UpToDate Inc. 7 Aug. 2009. Web. 03 Apr. 2010. <http://www.utdol.com/patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=~0644/sdiavih3>. Donegan, Elizabeth. "Transmission of HIV by Blood, Blood Products, Tissue Transplantation, and Artificial Insemination." HIV InSite Gateway to HIV and AIDS Knowledge. University of California, San Francisco, Oct. 2003. Web. 05 Apr. 2010. <http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-07-02-09>. Goldstein, Adam O., and Beth G. Goldstein. "Ringworm (including Athlete's Foot and Jock Itch)." UpToDate Inc. 22 Sept. 2009. Web. 06 Apr. 2010. <http://www.utdol.com/patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=~vIsWcU_CUg6zi& selectedTitle=1~18&source=search_result#H3>. "HIV and Its Transmission | Factsheets | CDC HIV/AIDS." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web. 05 Apr. 2010. <http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/transmission.htm>. Nordqvist, Christian. "What Is Malaria?" Medical News Today: Health News. MediLexicon International Ltd, 20 May 2009. Web. 04 Apr. 2010. <http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150670.php>. Parilla, Jessica. "Transmission of Pathogens and Biological Control." Biology 3880. Georgia State University. 5 April 2010. Lecture Ugen, Kenneth E., Vasantha Srikantan, James J. Goedert, Robert P. Nelson Jr., William V. Williams, and David B. Weiner. "Vertical Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Seroreactivity by Maternal Antibodies to the Carboxy Region of the Gp41 Envelope Glycoprotein." The Journal of Infectious Diseases 175.1 (1997): 63-69. JSTOR. Web. 5 Apr. 2010. <http://www.jstor.org/pss/30129994>.