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Succession https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=LU8DDYz68kM Succession I. Succession – the gradual replacement of populations in an area. Each species in a community changes the environment in ways that ultimately make it unfavorable for the survival and reproduction of those species. Yet those changes allow other species to survive and reproduce. Pioneer Species A. Pioneer Species – the first species to colonize a new habitat. 1. All pioneer species in an area make up a pioneer community. 2. Hardy species with well-dispersed seeds that remain viable, grow rapidly in full sun. 3. Stabilize and enrich soil Seral Communities B. Seral communities – intermediate communities between pioneer and climax communities. (may be several) 1. First seral community (i.e. shrubs) a. Species thrive in sun; longer life cycle and more extensive root systems than pioneers. b. Crowd out pioneer species; further stabilize and enrich the soil. Seral Communities 2. Second seral community (i.e. aspens and birches) a. Rapidly growing trees that require more nutrients and water than shrubs. b. Cause shrubs to die due to increased shade and nutrient uptake; shade eventually inhibits growth of saplings. Climax C. Climax community – a community that will remain stable as long as the area is undisturbed. The soil, climate, and other abiotic factors in a region determine the organism that will make up a climax community. (i.e. Maples and beeches) Climax 1. Shade tolerant trees whose saplings thus survive at a higher rate than aspens and birches. 2. Establishes stable environment favorable for its own survival. Sugar Maple Tree Hemlock Tree American Beech Tree Identify the Stages of Succession! Identify the Stage of Succession! Pioneer Community 1st Seral Community 2nd Seral Community Climax Community Primary Succession II. Primary succession – replacement of populations in an area that has not previously supported life, such as bare rock or a sand dune. Primary Succession A. Rocks are weathered and broken into smaller pieces. B. Lichens colonize the rocks, and release minerals from them. C. Eventually the necromass, or dead organic matter, from the lichens and minerals from the rocks from a thin layer of soil. D. Plants grow in the soil, and when they die they increase the thickness of it. Secondary Succession III. Secondary succession – replacement of populations in disrupted habitats that have not been totally stripped of soil and vegetation. The disruption may occur due to a natural disaster (i.e. forest fire or volcanic eruption), or from human activity (i.e. farming, logging, or mining). Aquatic Succession IV. Succession in Lakes A. Eutrophication – the increase in nutrients in an environment B. An oligotrophic lake (low nutrient/organic content) may develop into a eutrophic lake as nutrients enter the lake from the land and atmosphere. Eutrophication Eutrophication Succession Game Players Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Water Hickory (Carya aquatica) Yew Shrub (Podocarpus macrophylla) Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) Succession Game Rules Each player will choose a plant to be and create their own game piece. Each player will roll the dice to see who goes first. The person who rolls the highest goes first and turns continue in a clockwise rotation. To move through the game board, players roll a dice and follow the squares. What a player lands on a red square they draw a card. The card will designate the next move of EVERY player. Succession Game Rules After a card has been played, the next player starts his/her turn from their current position depending on what the last turn assigned. Some players may be affected in other players’ turns depending on the card pick from the deck. If two players end up on the same square, no matter the color, they will have to duel for survival. In a dual, the person who rolls the highest number wins. The winner moves up one space, the loser moves back one space.