Download The Respiratory is the first system involved in exercise and is the

The Respiratory System
The Respiratory is the first system involved in
exercise and is the reason why we breathe. It gets rid
of carbon dioxide and gives your oxygen.
Breathing
When you breathe you inhale oxygen [co2] and
exhale carbon dioxide [co2].You breathe
automatically all the time to stay alive.
Then the air goes through the trachea (also known as
windpipe) which is connected to the mouth to the nose
and the lung. Cilia [tiny hairs] in the trachea move
gently when breathing to catch mucus and dirt to stop
you from being sick. An important muscle named the
diaphragm helps us to breathe.
The diaphragm [located under the lugs] helps you
breathe. The diaphragm is a domed shaped muscle
that is tireless.
Lungs
The lungs are the most important organs in your
The Respiratory System. The location of your lungs
is in your chest protected by your rib cage and it rests
on top of your diaphragm. Your lungs are pink and
squishy like a sponge the left lung is smaller than the
right to make room for the heart.
There are three main parts to the lungs the first is
the bronchus. The bronchus is where the trachea
splits into to two and one tube enters each lung.
The next part to the lungs is the bronchioles. The
bronchioles are connected to the bronchus they keep
getting smaller and smaller as more bronchioles
connected to each other. The bronchioles are the
thickness of a hair and there are 30,000 in h lung.
They transport air to and from the alveoli.
The alveoli are clump of air sacs that can be found at
the end of each bronchiole, there are 600,000,000 in
the lung. These are sacs that fill up with air when we
breathe in an allow oxygen to pass into the blood.
They are surrounded with blood vessels called
capillaries.
Blood
Blood is another part of the Respiratory System.
Blood vessels called capillaries. The capillaries are so
thin blood cells are in single file. Then the oxygen
gets transferred to the blood and the blood transports
the oxygen. At the same time carbon dioxide is
transferred to the lungs to breathe out.
Exercise
When you exercise the process of the Respiratory
System is faster. Your body breathes faster and
deeper when we exercise because your body needs
more oxygen. You breathe 3 litres or more of oxygen
50 times or more a minute.
The Circulatory
The next involved in exercise is the Circulatory system. In the
circulatory system are the heart, three circulations, blood vessels,
blood, kidneys and exercise. When you exercise the entire system is
working.
The heart is the main organ in the Circulatory system. The location of
your heart is it’s in your chest, but slightly to the left. Your is close
to all your important organs so blood is easier to transport to them and
the is oxygenated. The rib cage provides some protection and the heart
is behind the rib cage. Your heart is also behind your left lung that’s
why your left lung is smaller than the right to make room for the
heart.
The appearance of your heart is that your heart is the size of a
clenched fist. Your heart is a tireless muscle which is special muscle
named the cardiac muscle. Your hearts muscle fibres are different from
others, because the hearts muscle fibres a criss cross pattern and can
pump blood better than others.
In the heart there are four chambers, they’re called the left ventricle
and the left atrium, the right ventricle and the right atrium. The left
side of your heart receives blood from the veins that has carbon dioxide
in it and the blood will be send the carbon dioxide to the lungs to breath
out. But the right side of the blood sends oxygenated blood around the
body with an artery named the aorta.
called the sympathetic nerves, these help your heart to beat. How?
Your brain sends a impulses to the heart. The parasympathetic nerves
tells your heart to slow down when needed. Your heart is connected to
the autonomic system nervous system that means your heart beats
automatically.
3 Circulation
There are three circulations involved in the circulatory system. The
first circulation is coronary circulation. Coronary circulation gives blood
to the heart because your heart needs a constant supply of nutrients and
oxygen to operate properly and it also takes waste away. The next
circulation is Pulmonary circulation which carries blood to and from the
lungs. The bronchioles circulation supplies blood to the tissue of
lager airways in the lung. The last circulation is systemic circulation
which sends blood around the body and gives oxygen and nutrients to the
body cells and takes waste away.
Blood Vessels
There are four main parts to blood vessels the first are the arteries.
Arteries have four layers of tunica’s. The first is
the tunica adventitia, it is the outer layer of your arteries, they contain
nerve cells and contain blood vessels to supply the veins with oxygen and
nutrients. The next layer is the tunica media which is a muscular layer,
this is the thickest layer in the vessel, that holds the most pressure
and creates a higher pressure and is elastic so it can move. The next
layer is the tunica intima which is the inner lining and it’s made out of
endothial cells. The last layer is the lumen which is the centre of the
artery, but it is not as big as the veins and it creates a higher pressure
to get the blood to go around the body quicker.
Capillaries are the smallest vessels in the body and they don’t have
three layers of tunica but they do have a layer of endothial cells.
veins have some similarities with arteries, but has some differences with
them. The lumen in the vein is wider and they have a thinner tunica
layer because it’s a low pressure system. The veins contain valves
which stop blood going in the wrong direction and, act like reservoirs and
pool blood. Unlike other blood vessels veins have a muscle pump that
help blood to move along.
Next I’ll be talking about the appearance of blood vessels. Actually
veins and arteries are a whitish colour. Veins appear blue under your
skin because light can’t penetrate through skin. Also when blood is
deoxygenated, the colour of the blood is a dark red colour and that
helps make it appear blue. In text books arteries and veins appear blue
and red only to tell the difference.
There are different types of blood vessels. The first is arteries which
are a part of the arterial system. Arteries are deep in your body so
they are not damaged or cut. The arteries job is to transport
oxygenated blood around the body and there is a high pressure coming
from the heart. If you cut an artery it will squirt and probably travel
a few metres. All arteries are the same from person to person.
The next is the veins, which are a part of the venous system. They
carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart to be reoxygenated and gives
carbon dioxide to the lungs to breathe out. It is a low pressure system
and instead of squirting like an artery it dribbles when cut. They get
bigger from a capillary and become venules, before becoming veins. Many
veins lay just under skin and veins vary to person to person.
The last blood vessel is capillaries which are the smallest blood vessels
in the body. Capillaries can be located in the lungs wrapped around the
alveoli, but also around body cells. Arterioles filter blood to the
capillaries and the capillaries deposits oxygen and nutrients to the body
cells. Then waste is transferred to the blood.
There are numerous blood vessels around the heart. The first is the
pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood
from the right ventricle to the lungs to breath out. The next is the
pulmonary vein which carries blood from the lungs to the right
ventricle. The cool thing is the pulmonary artery and vein switch jobs
and the artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to
the lungs and the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the
lungs to the heart.
The largest artery is the aorta. The aorta takes blood from the left
ventricle and pumps it around the body.
The next blood vessel and the last is the vena cava. In the body you
have two vena cava’s, the superior vena cava which brings blood back
from the upper body to the heart. The inferior vena cava takes blood
back from the lower body back to the heart.
Blood
What mainly heats the body is your blood. The blood takes heat from
busier places like the heart, lungs and liver and spreads the heat
evenly around the body.
There are four main parts to blood. The first the first blood cell is
the red blood cells. The red blood cells is what make blood red, half
the volume of the blood is red blood cells and in there are billions of
them in your body. The red blood cell transfers oxygen to the body
cells and caries carbon dioxide away. The next blood cell and the biggest
is the white blood cell. The main job of the white blood cell is to fight
diseases and germs.
Next are platelets. Platelets are the smallest part of the body, there
are billions of them and their main job is to clot blood when you have a
cut.
The last substance in the blood is plasma. Plasma is the watery
substance that holds blood cells, and makes blood liquid. It carries
nutrients to cells, carries waste to kidneys and carries body control
substances throughout the hormones.
Kidneys
The kidneys are mainly apart of the urinary system but plays an
important in the circulatory system. The kidneys are important because
they clear the blood and dispose of physical waste through urine
The kidneys filter blood through tiny filters called nephrons in the
cortex. The next part is the ureter. The ureter is where waste
trickles through a tube to the bladder. Both your kidneys are the
shape of a bean but not in size. The location of your kidneys is there in
your back just below the middle. There are two kidneys in your body
but you can live with one but its more efficient to live with two.
Exercise
When you exercise the circulatory system accelerates and your heart
beats faster and harder, to pump blood around the body quicker. There
is a nerve called the sympathetic nerve which tells the heart to beat
faster. So when you exercise your body cells need more oxygen and
nutrients and you get rid of more waste.
The Muscular System
The last system involved in exercise is the muscular system. The
muscular system is the system that helps our body to stay together.
Types
There are different types of muscles. The first is voluntary muscles
also kwon as skeletal muscles. These muscles are very adaptable and
are used in all kinds of situations like writing, running, etc. These
muscles are connected to bones for example thighs, triceps, biceps, etc.
These muscles are moved by thought basically the brain sends an impulse
to the muscle and it moves.
The next type of muscle is involuntary muscles also kwon as smooth
muscles. Smooth muscles are controlled by no conscious thought but is
controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Also it controls other vital
body systems like pumping blood around the body, digesting and breathing.
In your body your stomach and intestine walls is made of smooth muscles.
The last type of muscle is cardiac muscle also known as the heart which
is also classified as involuntary muscle. The cardiac muscle is smooth in
the inside however it has the same design of a skeletal muscle.
Appearance
The appearance of your muscles are all different. Muscles hold
half the body’s weight and there are over 640 in the body. In
colour muscles are all red because blood is traveling through the
muscle.
Skeletal muscles have numerous layers. The first is layer just
the skin called the superficial. The second layer is the deeper
layer. Some muscles have a third layer called the medical layer.
Skeletal muscles come in all shapes and sizes. On the outside and
the inside. Most muscles are long in the body. Pectorals are a fan
shape. Some are wide and broad the abdomen wall is like a paper
sheet. Did you know the Gluteus Maximus is the largest muscle in
the body and the thigh is 30 cm long.
Smooth muscles have a smooth surface and also has a reddish
colour like skeletal muscles.
Parts
There are different parts to muscles. Skeletal muscles are the
first I’ll be talking about. The fibres of the skeletal muscles are
bundled together, each fibre are slightly smaller than a hair.
Each fibre is made up of dozens of smaller parts called fibrils.
They are all combined by a connective tissue called perimysium and
divided by sheaths. Each fibre contains thinner threads and groups
contain blood vessels. Bigger muscles contain more fibre and fibres
are striated at microscopic level.
Tendons attach the muscles to the bone. There are two, one on
each side of the muscle. The tendon is strengthened by a thick
collagen in the fibres. Muscles get thinner or tapers away when
connecting to the tendon. Did you know that a tendon is stronger
than super glue?
Next I will be talking about smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are
not striated like skeletal muscles. These smooth fibres are what
makes the muscle smooth. Smooth muscles are made of smaller
muscle cells which help them to move differently. If you had
tendons in your stomach, it would not help it to move and you would
have excruciating pain in your belly. But because you don’t that
hollow structure flows much easier.
The cardiac muscle has a special form of striation. The special
straiation is only found on the heart and adjoining vessels. The
fibres for the heart are different and stronger compared to
others, because it’s a spiral pattern and helps to squeeze blood
through.
The heart has no tendons because it is constantly moving.
Movement
First I am going to talk about how skeletal muscles move. They
are moved by conscious thought, which means skeletal muscles are
controlled by your brain by thinking to move. Scientifically, your
brain sends an impulse (a command) through the spinal cord, to the
muscle and it moves.
When you move a skeletal muscle it contracts. When it contacts it
gets smaller, this means the muscle can’t get longer. When you
contract a muscle fibre it contracts by 70% of its relaxed
length. They are capable of exerting a small amount of force, but
also a large amount of force. But there are limits. These muscles
can’t be used all of the time, as they get tired and need a period
of rest. They use glucose (sugar) as fuel. Skeletal muscles also
have good reflexes and can react to some things almost instantly.
Next are smooth muscles. Smooth muscles are moved without
conscious thought , but is controlled by the autonomic nervous
system. This system is involved in the regulation of your body’s
internal environment. Smooth muscles contract in a synchronised
manner and are much slower than skeletal muscles. They move in
a wave like motion in some organs for example the stomach and
intestines. Smooth muscles do not tire and keep a steady
contraction for long periods of time. Examples of this are daily
working organs like the eyes, stomach and the skin. Smooth
muscles respond to stress and changes body functions for different
situations like when you are nervous or excited.
Finally the cardiac muscle. The cardiac muscle moves without
thought like smooth muscles, even though it is striated like a
skeletal muscle. The cardiac muscle is tireless and works all of
the time to survive. It speeds up or slows down when needed.
When it pumps blood it contracts like a wave. It has the ability to
contract spontaneously and will beat for a short period of time
when removed from the body.
Exercise
When you exercise your muscles move quicker and you conscious
think to move your skeletal muscles quicker. Like cars they need
fuel, muscles need glucose because they are using more energy to
function quicker. When your muscles over tire they can get
cramp. To build muscles your fibres have to tear. It sounds
horrible but it is quite clever. When you tear a muscle, it grows
and builds when it heals, that is why you rest your muscles after
exercise. Other systems also accelerate, the circulatory system
needs to beat quicker and you breathe quicker.
Junior CS