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SCIENCE 9 UNIT E Space Exploration “It’s nothing personal, Donald; I just need more space.” Dec.2011 1 2 Astronomy Did You Know? 3 In space, there is only 1 atom per cm It costs about $20 00 US per pound to launch the shuttle It takes 8 minutes for the Sun’s light to reach the Earth Canada is a big part of the Mars Missions – we have developed many robotic components for the rovers It takes about 2 minutes to get a shuttle into orbit. During that time, 454 000 kg of fuel is used up Orbit velocity is 27 000 km/hr The Solar System If the Sun was a large pumpkin: -the Earth would be the size of a pea half a block away, -Jupiter would be a mandarin orange 3 kilometers away, -Pluto would be an apple seed 3 kilometers away, -and the next star would be a red cabbage 18 000 kilometers from the pumpkin! 3 SCI 9 UNIT E SPACE EXPLORATION July 16, 1969 a Saturn V Rocket blasts off from the Kennedy Space Center carrying Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. Destination: The Moon …The Eagle Has Landed July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first people to visit a celestial body other than Earth. It took 4 days for lunar module Eagle to reach the moon 385 000 km away. All but 4 seconds worth of the fuel budgeted for the trip to the moon was used up by the time Eagle 1 landed. 1.1 Early Views of Astronomy - the ___________ were the first ones to try to explain how the universe worked in a logical, systematic manner using models and observations. Models of Planetary Motion 1. Geocentric Model: Proposed by … Some of the observations that convinced the Greeks that the Earth was not moving were . . . The Earth is not part of the heavens, Celestial objects are bright points of light, the Greeks saw little change in the heavens, and finally, our senses show that the Earth appears to be … 2. Copernicus' heliocentric model Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 -1543 C.E.), found many deficiencies in the geocentric model. He proposed that the Sun was the center of our universe and that the Earth and the other planets … Copernicus retained the Aristotelian notion that planets fulfill the goal of perfect (circular) motion; he found that planets farther from the Sun move slower. Galileo Galilei (1564--1642 C.E.) - Considered the … First to use the telescope for astronomical observations; supported Copernicus's Heliocentric model. 4 Johannes Kepler studied the astronomical data gathered by Tycho Brahe and discovered that the orbits of planets where … Cosmological Events A. Solstice – represents the shortest and longest periods of daylight Winter solstice - (Northern hemisphere - Dec. 21) Summer solstice (Northern hemisphere - June 21) B. Seasons and Earth's Tilt C. Equinox – represents periods of … ________________ equinox – occurs in the fall (Northern hemisphere - Sept. 22) ________________ equinox – occurs in the spring (Northern hemisphere - Mar. 21) 5 Questions and Answers 1. How fast is the Earth Traveling Around the Sun? The Earth completes a full orbit (approximately 940 million km) around the sun in about … Considering that each day has 24 hrs, the speed of our planet around the Sun is about ____________________or 1 788 432.2 m/s. 2. How does the earth’s rotation affect us? There are two important movements that affect the Earth. The first is the rotation of the Earth around an invisible axis. It takes the Earth about ______hours to finish one complete rotation. This motion is responsible for days and nights. The second important movement that affects the Earth is its revolution around the Sun. One revolution takes … Acting together, these two movements create variations in temperature, weather, and in the seasons. 3. How and why does the earth spin, and how fast? The Earth has been spinning since the beginning of the Solar System, when it was formed. Since it is already spinning, it will continue until something stops it. This is called the conservation of linear momentum. The rotational speed of the Earth depends on where you are. At the equator, the speed is about … To find the rotational speed where you live, take the cosine of your latitude, and multiply it by the speed at the equator. For example, the speed at a latitude of 60 degrees, the speed would be cos(60)x1670=835km/hr. 1.2 Discovery Through Technology 1. What is the speed of light? 2. What is the name of the closest star to Earth (other than the Sun)? How far away is it? 3. Define AU 4. Define Light Year 5. How long does light from the sun take to reach the Earth? 6 6. What is the Hubble Space Telescope? 7. Light from the sun takes about _______ to reach Earth 8. Light from Pluto takes _____ to reach Earth 9. Light from stars in our galaxy take about _________ to reach Earth 10. Hubble is seeing images as old as ________ yrs old. 1.3 The Distribution of Matter in Space Stars - Stars are super sized _____________ with large nuclear fusion reactions continuously emitting energy. They can vary in size from … A Star is Born - Stars are created in areas of gas and dust called ___________ which are slowly attracted to each other. As the mass of the collection increases, the ____________ begins to rotate and collect more interstellar matter. As the mass gets larger the gravitation of the protostar increases, compressing the matter and increasing the temperature to 10 million C and hydrogen is changed to ________________. Life and Death of a Star Stars have a life cycle. A star is defined by mass as being either … Both types of stars spend most of their lives in what’s called the ___________________ converting _______________ to _____________ in their core. The outward pressure generated by fusion is counteracted by gravity and the star is stable in this phase. Stars remain in this state for … As the nuclear fuel of the star runs out so does the energy required to keep the gases together and the star expands dramatically. A sun-like star become a … A massive star becomes a … 7 Our sun will expand to the orbit of Mars, using fuel at even a greater rate. (Not to worry, our Sun will not run out of fuel for … Once the gases in the Sun run out, the star contracts to 1/10 of the original size and is called a… Eventually the star will cool until it no longer emits light, becoming a … It takes so long for this cooling process to occur that there are no known black dwarfs in our universe. In super giants, the residual star is so dense and gravitationally unstable that a __________________ (solar explosion) may result. If the star is not completely destroyed by the explossion, the collapsed core left as a ... A neutron star is a ____________________ only about 30 Km in diameter. A black hole is the … Its gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape! By the way, black holes are invisible to telescopes. However, material close to a black hole emits a tremendous amount of light so we can see them indirectly. 8 Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams Studies of the stars have produced data collected by various means to plot HertzsprungRussell diagrams, which show how the … Note that the surface temperature of a star ______________________ and the luminosity _______________________. Constellations: Grouping of stars we see as … Asterisms: Unofficially recognized … eg. Big Dipper (is actually part of the constellation … 9 Galaxies Our solar system is inside a large galaxy known as the _____________. All of the stars you can see at night and several hundred billion more are all bound together gravitationally into a huge cluster called a … To people of long ago, this band looked like milk that had been spilled along a pathway, so it was called the Milky Way. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is … It has an elliptical bulge in the center and a spherical halo that is denser closer to the Galaxy center. It is about 100,000 light years across and our solar system is about two-thirds of the way out from the center. Did You Know? You can make a rough guess of the number of stars in our galaxy by dividing the Galaxy's total mass by the mass of a typical star (e.g., 1 solar mass). The result is about 200 billion stars! The actual number of stars could be several tens of billions less or more than this approximate value. Recently, astronomers have discovered that most of the mass of the Galaxy (and other galaxies) is not in the form of stars, gas, or dust. It is made of some other material, yet unknown, and is given the descriptive name “dark matter”. There are millions of galaxies each with millions of stars. Spiral galaxies have flattened disks with a spiral pattern in the disk. Elliptical galaxies are smooth and elliptical in appearance. Irregular galaxies have no definite structure. The stars are bunched up but the patches are randomly distributed throughout the galaxy. 10 The Life Cycle of a Star 11 1.3 The Distribution of Matter in Space Reference: read page 384 - 391 in Science in Action 9 text. A ____________________is a glowing ball of gas composed mainly of __________________ that gives of a tremendous amount of _________________. Our Sun has a mass ____________times greater than the Earth. Its density is about ___________ times greater than ___________________. _______________ is _________________ times larger than our Sun. Very hot stars are _____________________. Cooler stars are ______________________. What did the two scientists, Hertzsprung and Norris do in the 1920's? ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ The Birth of a Star Stars are born in regions of space where there are large accumulations of gas and dust called __________________________. Each of these nebula is composed of: a. ____________________________________ b. ____________________________________ c. ____________________________________ What is interstellar matter? _____________________________________________________ Describe in two sentences how a star is created. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ The Life and Death of Stars What is the difference between a sun like star and a massive star? _____________________________________________________________________________ 12 Describe the main sequence of stars. ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Define the following terms: 1. red giant: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 2. red super giant: __________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. white dwarf: ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. black dwarf: _______________________________________________________________ 5. supernova: ________________________________________________________________ 6. neutron star: _______________________________________________________________ 7. black hole: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Star Groups _____________________________ are groupings of stars we see as patterns in the night sky. There are ____________ of these recognized by the _________________________ some examples include: ________________________________________________ Asterisms are ________________________________________________________________ some examples include: ________________________________________________ Galaxies A galaxy is ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ We live in the ________________________________________ It is called a ________________________ galaxy. Three Types of Galaxies a. ______________________________________ b. ______________________________________ c. ______________________________________ 13 1.4 Our Solar Neighborhood The formation of our solar system is based on the ‘protoplanet hypothesis’, which follows three steps: 1. A cloud of … 2. Most of the matter (more than 90% of it) accumulates in the center – forming … 3. The remaining materials accumulate (forming … • Astronomers have determined the age of the universe to be … A. The Sun - The sun is at the center of our … Our sun is one million times bigger than Earth and has a diameter 110 times wider than Earth. The surface of the sun is … The core is … The Sun emits charged particles in all directions. This solar wind bombards the Earth at 400km/s, but the ____________________ of the Earth protects us. B. The Planets - every planet that makes up our solar system has it’s own unique features and characteristics. Planets in our solar system are classified as either: 1. Earth-like (Terrestrial, Inner Planets) – 2. Jovian (Jupiter like, Outer Planets) 14 Planets Assignment Read P. 394-396 Take notes on the nine planets Planet Date Discovered Mass Number of Moons Average Surface Temperature # of rotations per Earth day Period of orbital Revolutions Interesting Facts 15 C. Asteroids - Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter lies a narrow belt of small ________ ranging in size from a few meters to several hundred kilometers across. The largest known asteroid is … D. Comets - “________________”. They are made of _______________ traveling through space. When they get close to the sun they heat up and emit light. Gases are also released. The __________________ appear as the comet's tail. Some comet tails can be millions of km long. Usually comets spend their time orbiting the outer reaches of our solar system and are not visible from Earth Eg. Haley’s Comet is caught in a large elliptical orbit around the sun and is visible from Earth every 76 yrs. The last time it was seen was 1986, so look for it in the year … E. Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites Meteoroids are small pieces of _______ (can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a car) flying through space with no particular path. We usually are only aware of them once they enter our atmosphere and heat up due to friction, giving off _______. Once in our atmosphere they are called … Most meteors ____________ in the atmosphere. If the meteor lasts long enough to impact on the Earth’s surface it is called a … Elliptical paths can help Astronomers and scientists to trace and predict where bodies in space are, have been and will be in the future. The understanding of orbits has led to the discovery of many different comets. NASA tracks asteroids, comets and meteors that have been discovered by observatories and amateur astronomers. For Review do Check and Reflect P. 400 #1-12 16 1.4 Our Solar Neighbourhood Reference: read page 392 - 400 in Science in Action 9 text. The Protoplanet Hypothesis Three Steps 1. ___________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________ The Sun The Sun is almost ______________________ times wider than the ___________________. A ______________ Earth's would fit into the Sun. Temperature of the Sun Surface: _________________ Core: _________________ Solar Wind _________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ The Planets Solar System Divided in Two Planetary Groups a. _________________________________ which are Earth like and closer to the Sun. b _________________________________ large and gaseous and far from the Sun. The Nine Planets Listed in order from closest to the Sun to furthest. 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 5. ____________________ 6. ____________________ 7. ____________________ 8. ____________________ 9. ____________________ 17 Other Bodies in the Solar System Asteroids are _______________________________________________________________. They are found between the orbits of __________________ and ______________________. They can range in sizes from _____________________________________________. The largest asteroid is ____________________, which is over _____________________ wide. Comets are __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Halley's comet is visible from Earth every _____________ years. If it was last seen in 1986, when will we see it again? __________________ Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteorites Define the Following Terms a. meteoroids: ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ b. meteor: ___________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ c. meteorite: __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ What is a solar eclipse? ____________________________________________________________________________ What is a lunar eclipse? ____________________________________________________________________________ What does the term NASA stand for? ____________________________________________________________________________ What is unique about Venus, Uranus, and Pluto when compared to the other planets? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 18 1.5 Describing the Position of Objects in Space To locate an object in space two questions must be answered: 1. 2. This can be solved with two measurements 1. Azimuth • 0 is • 90 is • 180 is • 270 is 2. Altitude • 0 at • 90 • Zenith is the • The _____________________ is the imaginary dome that allows us to describe the position of an object in the sky. • Objects Motion in Space • Definitions: • – Equinox: Sun is directly above the ______________. The day and night are the ______ length (2 times a year). – Solstice: Sun is directly above one of the Cancers. The ________________________ day of the year. – Ecliptic Path: The path along which the sun ______________ (Earth’s orbit). Do P. 405 #1-7,9,10 and Assess your Learning on P. 406 #1-13 19 p.402 1.5 Position of Planet Lab Problem: Determine the position of 2 planets. Procedure: 1. Find azimuth using a _______________________. 2. Find altitude using a _______________________. Draw and describe how you built this. Sketch: Data: Observatory Saturn A B C D E F azimuth altitude Jupiter azimuth altitude Analysis: Do questions 8-10, p.403 20 1.5 Describing the Position of Objects in Space -Reference: read page 401 - 404 in Science in Action 9 text. To Locate the Position of an Object in Space Need Two Things a. ____________________ b. ____________________ Describe Azimuth _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Describe Altitude _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ refers to the highest point directly overhead. Celestial Dome Label the following diagram using Fig 1.35 page 401 to guide you Determining the Motion of Objects in Space The term planet comes from the _____________ word meaning _______________________. The ecliptic is _______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ On a separate sheet of paper do Assess Your Learning page 406 #1-13. • Do P. 405 #1-7,9,10 • Do Assess your Learning on P. 406 #1-13 21 S9 UE SECTION 2 SPACE EXPLORATION 2.1 Getting There: Technologies in Space Transport Rocket History 100 AD - Chinese experiment with __________. First Rockets are produced 1231 - Chinese Mongol War. Chinese used rockets against the Mongols who were besieging the city of Kai-fung-fu. An arrow with a tube of gunpowder produced an arrow of flying fire. 1700 - Sir Isaac Newton laid down the laws for the principal of rocketry Newton’s 3rd Law: 1926 - Robert Goddard (Germany) His first rocket climbed 12.5m 1942 - Germany launches V-2 Rocket powered by … 1957 - SPUTNIK - Soviets launch first … A month later . . .the first dog in space. Laika aboard a space capsule obits the Earth for 7 days. Between 1959 and 1971, NASA spacecraft were dispatched to study the Moon .They also scanned the inner planets Earth, Mercury, Venus and Mars. Later in the 70’s various pioneer and voyager space crafts were sent to take images of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune and then later Mars and Venus 1962 - Canada become the 3rd nation to (after the Soviet Union, and the USA) to put a satellite into orbit. 1961 - First man in space. Soviet Yuri Gagarin becomes first _____ to orbit the Earth. 1969 - ________________________. Apollo 11 Mission puts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon. 22 NASA Manned Space Flight History 1. Project Mercury- Initiated in 1958, completed in 1963, Project Mercury was the United States' first man-in-space program. 2. Project Gemini - The second U.S. manned space program was announced in January 1962. Gemini involved 12 flights, including two unmanned flight tests of the equipment. 3. Project Apollo - Six of the missions -- Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 -- went on to land on the moon, studying soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismic, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields and solar wind. Apollos 7 and 9 tested spacecraft in Earth orbit; Apollo 10 orbited the moon as the dress rehearsal for the first landing. An oxygen tank explosion forced Apollo 13 to scrub its landing, but the "can-do" problem solving of the crew and mission control turned the mission into a "successful failure." 4. Apollo-Soyuz - The mission started with the Russian Soyuz launch on July 15, 1975, followed by the U.S. Apollo launch on the same day. Docking in space of the two craft occurred on July 17, and joint operations were conducted for two full days. Both spacecraft landed safely and on schedule. 5. Space Shuttle - The Space Shuttle is a viable part of American History. Standing as one of NASA's foremost projects, the shuttle has accomplished many tasks that have enhanced the quality of … The Future of Space Travel 1. Ion Drives - ________________ is electrically charged, accelerated, then emitted as exhaust. Thrust generated by an ion drive is 10 000 times weaker than today's chemically fuel rockets, however the force generated lasts a very long time and uses very little energy. In space a little amount of force goes a long way. Ion drives may be useful when traveling great distance in space. 2. Solar Sails - The sun emits electromagnetic energy in the form of photons. The carbon fiber solar sail would catch these photons and potentially propel a space craft up to ____ times faster than current space crafts. 23 3. The International Space Station - Currently orbiting the earth at an altitude of 350 Km. Joint project between 16 nations including the USA, Canada, Japan, Russia, and Brazil as well as 11 European Nations. The space station is in a Low Earth Orbit, and can be seen from Earth with the naked eye. It orbits at an altitude of approximately 350 km above the surface of the Earth travelling at an average speed of ____________ completing ______ orbits per day. 4. The Next Step - Scientists believe the best place to begin an interplanetary flight is from a space station or even the moon. 2.1 Getting There: Technologies for Space Transport Reference: read page 409 - 417 in Science in Action 9 text. Robotic space probes have investigated all planets except ___________________. What speed must be achieved in order to overcome Earth's gravitational force? ___________. What did the Greek mathematician Archytas do and when? ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ In the first century, what did the Chinese do? ________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ What was the first Country to launch an artificial satellite? ______________________________ When was the launch? ___________________________ What was the satellite called? _______________________________ What were the first three countries to launch a satellite? a. _______________________________ b. _______________________________ c. _______________________________ When did Canada launch its first satellite? ____________________ What was the name of this satellite? _________________________ 24 The Science of Rocketry For Every Action, There is an Equal and Opposite Reaction Three Basic Part of a Rocket 1. ___________________________________ are everything _________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. ____________________ include any number of materials like _______________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. ____________________ which are materials _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ The Future of Space Transport Technology Ions Drives Describe what an Ion drive is. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ How much thrust does an ion drive create? __________________________________________ Explain how this little bit of thrust energy is able to propel a spacecraft. ____________________________________________________________________________ Solar Sails Describe how solar sails work. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Three Types of Spacecraft in Use 1. 2. 3. The International Space Station What altitude is the station orbiting at? ________________________ How many nations are involved? ______________________________ List the top 5 nations. ______________________, ______________________, ______________________, ______________________, ______________________. 25 p.411 QuickLAB Stabilizing Rocket Flight Purpose: Hypothesis: My rocket will fly ______ m without fins. My rocket will fly ______ m with fins. Diagram: Data: Style Distance Rocket Flew Without fins ______ m With fins ______ m Do questions 6 & 7. 26 2.2 Surviving There: Technologies for Living in Space Outside of the Earth’s thin atmosphere lies the cold vacuum of space. An environment hostile to humans in many ways. NASA is close to having the technology to send humans to Mars and back, however, a mission like this would take … A. Hazards of Living in Space 1. Environmental Hazards 2. Psychological Challenges to Confined Living: Close, confined quarters for long periods of time. 3. Effects of Microgravity on the Body - In conditions of weightlessness the body undergoes many changes: __________________________________ and heart rate is affected. In space an astronaut is almost completely … On Mars an astronaut would weigh ______ of what he/she weighs on Earth. B. Recycling Water in Space - The International Space Station will be using a device that can recycle almost 100% of the water on the space station (including waste water and water in the atmosphere). The ECLSS Water Recycling System (WRS), will reclaim waste waters from the Space Shuttle's fuel cells, from ________________________________, and by condensing humidity from the air. Without such careful recycling _____________ pounds per year of water from Earth would be required to resupply a minimum of four crewmembers for the life of the station. C. Producing Oxygen in Space - ________________ uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is vented into space. The oxygen produced can supply most of the crews needs. D. Space Suits - Must supply __________________________________, and even a portable ____________. Must be flexible and allow movement. 27 Eg. Mercury and Gemini Space Suits, Apollo Space Suits 2.2 Surviving There: Technologies for Living in Space. Reference: read page 418 - 425 in Science in Action 9 text. Three Hazards of Living in Space 1. _____________________________ Space is a ________________________ Some hazards include: ________________________ ______________________ ________________________ ______________________ ________________________ ______________________ 2. ______________________________ Explain how this "challenge" can be a hazard. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3. _______________________________ What is the difference between gravity and microgravity. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 28 What effect does living in space for extended periods of time have on: a. bones: _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ b. muscles: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ The Space Suit List some characteristics/features that a space suit must possess in order to be functional for a V particular astronaut. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ A Home in Space In order for a human to live in space at least 4 major features must by addressed. They are: a. _______________________________ b. _______________________________ c. _______________________________ d. _______________________________ Recycling Water In order to survive long periods in space enough water must be available. Almost ________ % of the water is recycled. This includes ___________________, ______________________ and ______________________________. On the International Space Station it has the _______________________________________ ________________________________, designed to ensure life support. Functions Include: a. ___________________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________________________ d. ___________________________________________________________________ Producing Oxygen How can oxygen be produced in space? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 29 2.3 Using Space Technology to meet human needs Satellites a. Artificial satellites: b. Natural satellites: Uses of Satellites A geomagnetic storm is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a disturbance in space weather. It is caused by a _______________________ which typically strikes the Earth's magnetic field 24 to 36 hours after the event. Geosynchronous Orbit - Satellite moves at same rate as ___________________. Satellite is always positioned over ________ location on Earth. Low Earth Orbit - 200 – 1000 Km in altitude. Usually used for remote sensing (taking ______________ to make observations of the Earth) GPS ________________________________. 24 global positioning satellites orbit the Earth which means that at least 3 are above any given location on our planet at any given moment. 30 ________________________ from the satellites are picked up by GPS units and the users location is triangulated. Triangulation via GPS Satellites List 5 Space Age Materials: 2.3 Using Space Technology to Meet Human Needs on Earth Reference: Read page 427. 433 in Science In Action 9 text. A satellite is ________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Satellites play a major role in our lives by performing various functions from space. These include: a. _______________________________________________ b. _______________________________________________ c. _______________________________________________ d. _______________________________________________ 31 Four Different Uses For Satellites 1. _______________________________________________ How has satellites improved our method of communication? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ What country was the first in the world to use satellites to transmit television broadcasts? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________ What does it mean if a satellite has a geosynchronous orbit? ______________________________________________________________________ Why is this an important feature for a weather satellite? ______________________________________________________________________ What are the names of two of Canada's observation satellites? a. ____________________________ b. ____________________________ 3. _______________________________________________ At what altitude do remote sensing satellites orbit the Earth at? ________________________________________________ Remote sensing is a ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________ The Global Positioning System (GPS) allows people to ________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ How many GPS satellites are in orbit around Earth? __________________ 32 S9 UE 3.1 Using Technology to See the Visible Optical Telescopes 1608 Dutch optician Hans Lippershey makes one of first telescopes. Galileo is first person credited for using it to look at … Optical telescopes simply ____________________ from distant stars so we can see it. There are two types of Optical Telescopes: 1. Refracting telescopes: Use ___________. Limited to 1m diameter 2. Reflecting Telescopes: Use ____________ mirrors. One of the largest reflecting mirrors in the world is in Russia and has a diameter of 6m. Segmented mirrors are used to make even more powerful reflecting telescopes. Interferometry - Using a combination of telescopes together to obtain more detailed … 33 Hubble Space Telescope (HST)- A ____________ telescope orbiting 600 Km above the Earth, 13m in length and 4.4m in diameter, 1 trip around the Earth takes 95min. HST has discovered many galaxies not visible from Earth. 3.2 Using Technology to See Beyond the Visible Stars and galaxies emit more than just visible light. They also emit radio waves, infrared (heat) waves, and x-rays. These are all forms of … All forms of EMR travel at the speed of ______ (300 000Km/s) but have different wavelengths and frequencies. Wavelength: The measurement from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave. Usually crest to crest, or trough to trough. We measure wavelength in … 1 µm = Frequency: the number of … (usually measured in Hz). Since all electromagnetic energy travels at the same speed, as wavelength increases, the frequency _______________. This is an inverse relationship. 34 Light is only a small part of the … 1. Radio Telescopes Radio telescopes gather radio waves from distant stars, nebula, galaxies, and planets. Radio waves are not affected by weather, time of day, clouds, pollution, or the atmosphere. Radio telescopes have been used to map out the … 2. Radio Interferometry Multiple radio telescopes combined for greater resolving power. The greater the distance between telescopes the greater the accuracy. The more telescopes used, the greater the accuracy. A group of telescopes used together is called an … 3. Gamma-rays and x-rays are also being used to study … 4. Space Probes - Unmanned satellites or … 35 3.2 Using Technology to See Beyond the Visible Reference: Read 440-445 in Science in Action 9 text. Optical telescopes are only useful at viewing objects that emit _____________________ Objects in space like ________________ and _________________ can also emit other types of energy waves such as: __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ These are all forms of __________________________ energy. All of these forms travel at ___________________________, __________________ but have different ______________________ and _____________________ from those of light. Wavelength is _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Frequency is __________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Energy with ______________ frequency has a ___________________ wavelength. The Electromagnetic Spectrum is ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Radio Telescopes A radio telescope is _____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4 Major Advantages of a Radio Telescope Over Optical Telescopes a. ______________________________________________________ b. ______________________________________________________ c. ______________________________________________________ d. ______________________________________________________ Radio telescopes are made of _______________________________ 36 What is radio interferometry? ___________________________________________________________________________ Explain how a radio telescope is able to detect a planet revolving around a star when an optical telescope cannot. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Space Probes A space probe is _____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Probes have been sent to all planets except __________________________________. The only other object in the solar system to be physically explored by man, besides Earth, is the ___________________. This was first accomplished by the ____________________ mission in _____________ 3.3 Using Technology to Interpret Space A. Measuring Distance Triangulation - By measuring the angles between a _____________ and the target object (such as a tree or tower) you can determine the _________________ to that object. You must know the length of one side of the triangle (baseline) and the measures of the two angles at each end of the baseline. Label the baseline: See P. 447 37 Parallax - The apparent ______________________ of an object when the object is viewed from two different places. Astronomers use a star’s apparent shift in position relative to the background stars to determine what angles to use when triangulating the stars distance from Earth. With triangulation, the __________ the baseline, the more accurate the results. The longest baseline we can use from Earth is the diameter of the Earth’s ________. The measurement is taken 6 months apart. B. Determining a Star’s Composition White light is a combination of ___________ and can be separated into its component colours (visible spectrum). Light is a form of energy and is only part of the electromagnetic spectrum. When light from a star is refracted, distinct dark bands in distinct sequences and thicknesses appear in their spectra. Each element in a star absorbs light at different wavelengths creating its own “signature” ______________. By analyzing the spectra of refracted light from a star with an instrument called a ____________________, astronomers can determine the composition of the star. 38 C. Determining a Star’s Direction The Doppler Effect - Sound waves become compressed in front of a moving object and stretched behind it. This makes the pitch _________ as the object moves towards you and _________ as it moves away from you. Like sound, ________ also travels in waves and is affected by the Doppler effect. Changes in the wavelength of light can be used to measure how fast and in what direction a light-emitting object is moving. The dark spectrum lines of an approaching star will be shifted to the ___ side of the spectrum as the wavelengths of light are being compressed. For a star moving away from the Earth the dark lines will be shifted to the _____ side of the spectrum as the light waves are being stretched. The Doppler effect is used in ______ guns by the police to measure the speed of vehicles, as well as by weather networks to predict … 3.3 Triangulation Practice How far away is the tree in this picture? 39 Astronomy Chapter 3 Review 40 S9 U E 4.0 Society and The Environment Are Affected By Space Exploration and Space Technologies From cancer treatment and pacemakers, to Teflon and flat screen TV, the technological benefits from space research are everywhere. 4.1 The risks and Dangers of Space Exploration Space accidents - Either during operations or training for spaceflights, ___ astronauts have been killed (five percent of all people who have been in space) : three on Apollo 1 one on Soyuz 1 one on X-15-3 three on Soyuz 11 _____ on Challenger _____ on Columbia 2003, February 1: Columbia structural failure during re-entry :The Space Shuttle Columbia was lost as it reentered after a two-week mission. Damage to the shuttle's thermal protection system (TPS) led to structural failure in the shuttle's left wing and, ultimately, the spacecraft breaking apart. Damage to the reinforced carbon-carbon leading edge wing panel had resulted from a piece of insulation foam breaking away from the external tank during the launch and hitting shuttle's wing. Rick D. Husband, William McCool, Michael P. Anderson, David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Laurel B. Clark, and Ilan Ramon were killed. 41 Dangers include: Returning to earth also has dangers. Explain why. (see p. 458) Space junk - pieces of debris from … Since 1957, more than _______ missions have been sent into space, each left some debris. How does space junk pose a risk to earth? (see p. 459) 4.1 The Risks and Dangers of Space Exploration Reference: Read page 456 - 459 in Science In Action 9 text. In the three member crew of died during a when a fire broke out on board the In the space shuttle exploded shortly after killing a astronauts. about satellites were orbiting Earth. Only about Info Bit By mid are actually working. The mission was the first to land on the moon in 42 The Dangers of Manned Space Travel What are several risks / dangers associated with space travel? Space Junk refers to Examples: The Hazards in Space Since , more than missions have been sent to Even though this debris is very small, it can be dangerous. Explain this statement The Hazards on Earth Explain how Space Junk poses a threat to life on Earth. 43 4.2. Canadian Contributions to Space Exploration and Observation Landing Gear on the Eagle Lunar Lander was designed and made in Canada Canadarm - One of the most notable Canadian contributions to the international space program is the ‘Canadarm’. Launched in 1981 it has served a very useful purpose on many missions, including … Canadarm 2 is currently operating as a vital part of the … It has three main parts: Remote manipulator system – seven motorized joints assists with docking shuttles and carrying large payloads. Mobile base system – can travel along a rail system to move to different parts of the station. Special purpose dexterous manipulator – uses its two-armed robotic hands for delicate assembly work. Canada has also launched satellites into orbit: Name 3 purposes of our satellites: 44 Brief Summary of Canada’s Contributions in Space: • 1839 – Sir Edward Sabine establishes the 1st magnetic observatory and discovers that the Aurora Borealis is associated with sunspot activity • 1962 – 3rd nation to launch a … • 1969 – supplied landing gear for Apollo 11 • 1981 – Canadarm 1 used for the first time in space • 1984 – 1st astronaut – • 1992 – 1st female astronaut – • 1997 – Technology for the Mars Pathfinder Mission – • 2001 – _____________________ - 1st Canadian to walk in space – he helped deliver the Canadarm 2 to the ISS. 45 4.2 Canadian Contributions to Space Exploration and Observation Reference: Read page 460 - 463 in Science In Action 9 text. The robotic arm, in ______ was originally designed by _______________ , where it first flew on the space shuttle ______________________________. Some of the functions of the Canadarm are: How has the Canadarm 2 been improved since the first robotic arm? Complete the following timeline. 1839 1962 1969 1984 1992 1997 2001 46