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Swaps Zvi Wiener 02-588-3049 http://pluto.mscc.huji.ac.il/~mswiener/zvi.html http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~mswiener/zvi.html FRM 972-2-588-3049 Interest Rate Swaps: Concept • An agreement between 2 parties to exchange periodic payments calculated on the basis of specified interest rates and a notional amount. •Plain Vanilla Swap Fixed rate B A Floating rate Based on a presentation of Global Risk Strategy Group of Deutsche Bank Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 2 IRS • In a standard IRS, one leg consists of fixed rate payments and the other depends on the evolution of a floating rate. • Typically long dated contracts: 2-30 years • Sometimes includes options, amortization, etc. • Interest compounded according to different conventions (eg 30/360, Act/Act. Act/360, etc.) Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 3 IRS Origins AAA wants to borrow in floating and BBB wants to borrow in fixed. Fixed Floating AAA 7.00% LIBOR+5bps BBB 8.50% LIBOR+85bps difference 1.5% 0.8% Net differential 70bps = 0.7% Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 4 Comparative Advantage 7.4% 7.0% AAA Libor BBB Libor+85bp Cost of funds for AAA=Libor - 40bp (45bps saved) Cost of funds for BBB=8.25% (25bps saved) Swap rate = 7.40% Swap rate is the fixed rate which is paid against receiving Libor. Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 5 Basic terms of IRS • Notional amount • Fixed rate leg • Floating rate leg • Calculated period • Day count fraction Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 6 Basic terms of IRS • Payer and receiver - quoted relative to fixed interest (i.e. payer = payer of fixed rate) • buyer = payer, seller =receiver • Short party = payer of fixed, (buyer) • Long party = receiver of fixed, (seller) • Valuation = net value NOT notional!! Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 7 Various swaps • Coupon swaps - fixed against floating. • Basis or Index swaps - exchange of two streams both are computed using floating IR. • Currency swap - interest payments are denominated in different currencies. • Asset swap - to exchange interest received on specific assets. • Term swap maturity more then 2 years. • Money Market swap - less then 2 years. Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 8 Payments Fixed payment = (notional)(Fixed rate)(fixed rate day count convention) Floating payment = (notional)(Float. rate)(float. rate day count convention) Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 9 Time Value of Money • present value PV = CFt/(1+r)t • Future value FV = CFt(1+r)t • Net present value NPV = sum of all PV -PV 5 5 5 5 105 4 5 105 PV t 5 ( 1 r ) ( 1 r ) t 1 t 5 Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 10 Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 11 Swap Pricing A swap is a series of cash flows. An on-market swap has a Net Present Value of zero! PV(Fixed leg) + PV(Floating leg) = 0 Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 12 Pricing • Floating leg is equal to notional amount at each day of interest rate settlement (by definition of LIBOR). • Fixed leg can be valued by standard NPV, since the paid amount is known. Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 13 Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 14 Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 15 Forward starting swaps • interest starts accruing at some date in the future. • Valuation is similar to a long swap long and a short swap short. Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 16 • Zero coupon swap (reinvested payments) • Amortizing swap (decreasing notional) • Accreting swap (increasing notional) • Rollercoaster (variable notional) Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 17 Amortizing swap Decreasing notional affects coupon payments Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 18 Unwinding an existing swap • Enter into an offsetting swap at the prevailing market rate. • If we are between two reset dates the offsetting swap will have a short first period to account for accrued interest. • It is important that floating payment dates match!! Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 19 Unwinding 8% A LIBOR B 6% A LIBOR C Net of the two offsetting swaps is 2% for the life of the contract. (sometimes novation) Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 20 Risks of Swaps • Interest rate risk - value of fixed side may change • Credit risk - default or change of rating of counterparty • Mismatch risk - payment dates of fixed and floating side are not necessarily the same • Basis risk and Settlement risk Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 21 Credit risk of a swap contract Default of counterparty (change of rating). Exists when the value of swap is positive Frequency of payments reduces the credit risk, similar to mark to market. Netting agreements. Credit exposure changes during the life of a swap. Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 22 Duration of a swap • Fixed leg has a long duration (approximately). • Short leg has duration about time to reset. Duration is a measure of price sencitivity to interest rate changes (approximately is equal to average time to payment). Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 23 IRS Markets Daily average volume of trade (notional) 1995 1998 2001 $63B $155B $331B Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 24 Mark to market • daily repricing • collateral • adjustments • reduces credit exposure Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 25 Reasons to use swaps by firms • Lower cost of funds • Home market effects • Comparative advantage of highly rated firms Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 26 Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 27 Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 28 Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 29 FRM-GARP 00:47 Which one of the following deals has the largest credit exposure for a $1,000,000 deal size. Assume that the counterparty in each deal is a AAA-rated bank and there is no settlement risk. A. Pay fixed in an interest rate swap for 1 year B. Sell USD against DEM in a 1 year forward contract. C. Sell a 1-year DEM Cap D. Purchase a 1-year Certificate of Deposit Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 30 FRM-GARP 00:47 Which one of the following deals has the largest credit exposure for a $1,000,000 deal size. Assume that the counterparty in each deal is a AAA-rated bank and there is no settlement risk. A. Pay fixed in an interest rate swap for 1 year B. Sell USD against DEM in a 1 year forward contract. C. Sell a 1-year DEM Cap D. Purchase a 1-year Certificate of Deposit Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener slide 31 Global Derivatives Markets 1999 Exchange traded $13.5T IR contracts 11,669 Futures 7,914 Options 3,756 FX contracts 59 Futures 37 Options 22 Stock-index contr. 1,793 Futures 334 Options 1,459 World GDP in 99 = 30,000B All stocks and bonds = 70,000 Liquidation value = 2,800B Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener Source BIS OTC Instruments $88T IR contracts 60,091 FRAs 6,775 Swaps 43,936 Options 9,380 FX contracts 14,344 Forwards 9,593 Swaps 2,444 Options 2,307 Equity-linked contr. 1,809 Forw. and swaps 283 Options 1,527 Commodity contr. 548 Others 11,408 slide 32 Global Derivatives Markets 2001 Exchange traded $23.5T IR contracts 21,614 Futures 9,137 Options 12,477 FX contracts 89 Futures 66 Options 23 Stock-index contr. 1,838 Futures 295 Options 1,543 Credit Derivatives Zvi Wiener Source BIS OTC Instruments $111T IR contracts 77,513 FRAs 7,737 Swaps 58,897 Options 10,879 FX contracts 16,748 Forwards 10,336 Swaps 3,942 Options 2,470 Equity-linked contr. 1,881 Forw. and swaps 320 Options 1,561 Commodity contr. 598 Others 14,375 slide 33
