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2/17/2012 Kingdom Plantae vs. Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Animalia Similarities Differences Yeehaw! We are finally here! What is an Animal? • Create the following chart: I’m SURE these ARE animals. I’m SURE these ARE NOT animals. I’m NOT SURE if these are animals or not. 1 2/17/2012 Strawberry Anemone Anemone Fish & Bulb-tip Anemone 2 2/17/2012 3 2/17/2012 Euglena Rotifer Volvox 4 2/17/2012 Cellular Slime Mold Paramecium Coral Pitcher Plant 5 2/17/2012 So…what makes an animal an animal? • Obtains food (heterotrophic) • Digests food • Cellular structure How is the Kingdom Animalia Organized? • Invertebrates – No backbone (ex: jellyfish, sponge) – Often has a hard-covering on outside of body (exoskeleton) • Grasshopper, beetle, spider, crab – Eukaryotic – Multicellular – Specialized cells form tissues & organs – No cell walls • Motile – May have an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) • Sea star (Calcium Carbonate), Shark (Cartilage) or bone – 95% of all described animal species • Vertebrates – With backbone – Often has an endoskeleton too • humans Key Concept: Comparative Anatomy • Comparing and Contrasting body structures between animals in order to classify them. • Compare & Contrast the anatomy of an ORANGE and an APPLE Similarities Differences Key Concept: Structure / Function Relationships • Determining how the parts of an organism and their arrangement are related to their function. • Ex: An elbow joint is different than a shoulder joint. 6 2/17/2012 Example: A Hammer Example: Human Hand Structure Structure Function Function Key Concept: Symmetry The arrangement of body structures. 1. Assymetry: irregular shape. 2. Radial symmetry: divided along a plane into roughly equal halves. 3. Bilateral symmetry: divides into left and right. Relating Form to Function: Assymetrical Life Forms • Difficulty moving in any direction • Often sessile (attached to a surface) • Lives in ocean, where food is suspended and washes by the organism • Developed from ectoderm • Examples: Sponges, Corals 7 2/17/2012 Relating Form to Function: Radially Symmetrical Life Forms • Allows animal to detect & capture prey coming toward it in any direction. • Developed from ectoderm & endoderm (2-layer body) • Examples: Hydra, Jellyfish Relating Form to Function: Bilateral Symmetry •Sensory organs are concentrated in anterior end •Can find food, mates, and avoid predators because sensory organs are highly developed •Good muscular control •Developed from ectoderm, endoderm & mesoderm •Often have fluid-filled spaces inside in which internal organs are suspended. Dorsal Posterior Development of Animals Anterior Ventral • Gastrulation of Xenopus Video 8 2/17/2012 Stages of Development 1. Fertilization: a sperm cell penetrates an egg cell to form a zygote 2. Cell division: zygote divides through mitosis, forming an embryo, until a cell covered fluid filled ball is formed called a blastula (five days for humans) 3. Gastrulation: the cells on one side of the blastula move inward to form a gastrula, which is a structure made up of two layers of cells with an opening at one end. 1. Ectoderm: outer layer of cells that will develop into the skin and nervious tissue 2. Endoderm: inner layer of cells that will develop into the lining of the digestive tract and organs associated with digestion. 4. Formation of mesoderm: the mesoderm consists of cells in the middle of the embryo that will form the muscles, circulatory system, muscles, excretory system, and respiratory system. Classifying Animals according to Mouth Development • Protostome: when the opening of the gastrula develops into a mouth – Ex: snails, earthworms, insects • Deuterostome: when the mouth does not develop from the opening of the gastrula – Ex: sea stars, fishes, toads, snakes, birds, humans Bilaterally Symmetrical Animals can be Further Classified 1. Acoelomates: – No fluid-filled cavity, digestive tract extends throughout body – Solid & compact bodies – Probably evolved first – Example: Flatworms 9 2/17/2012 2. Pseudocoelomates: • • • • Fluid filled cavities with some lining of the mesoderm Can move quickly, because of this rigid, fluid filled space upon which the muscles can brace themselves. One way digestive tract Example: Roundworm 3. Coelomates: • Fluid filled cavity completely lined with mesoderm (called a coelem) • Specialized organs and organ systems can develop in coelem • Coelem cushions & protects internal organs, provides room for them to grow, and move independently within an animals body • Example: Earthworm 10