Download Rangkuman Materi Kelas X

I. BAB I (NARRATIVE)
 Speaking
A. Compliment, Congratulation, and Gratitude
You often compliment and congratulate others many ways. When they do the
same to you, you also respond to them. Following are some ways to express
compliment and congratulation, gratitude and the respones.
Number
Expression
Functions
Congratulations on winning ...
I think you’re very talented .
1.
Well done .
Congratulating
You’re wonderfu on ...
I must congratulate you on your ...
What a.... !
That’s a very nice ...
2.
I like your ...
Complimenting
You’re looking good !
You’re great !
Thanks .
You’ve made my day .
Responding to
3.
Oh, not really .
compliments and
It’s nice of you to say so .
congratulations
How kind of you to say so .
Thank you .
4.
Thanks for everything .
Gratituding
Thanks for do it .
That’s OK .
Don’t mention it .
5.
Responding to gratitude
It was nothing .
You’re welcome .
B. Likes and Dislikes
During the course of many conversations discussing you likes and
dislikes may come up with someone you don’t know well but you want to
find out that, there are several expression that can be used to ask things.
Examples to expressions likes and dislikes and the respons :
Expressions
Response
Do you like (..football) ?
Yes, I love them .
No, not really .
What do you think of
I can’t eat it .
(..cheese)?
It’s so delicious .
Which do you prefer
I prefer reading comic .
(...reading comic or reading
Actually, I don’t like either, I
novel) ?
prefer... (adventuring)
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What is your favorite
(...cartoon) ?
How do you like about
(..basketball) ?
My favorite cartoon is
Doraemon .
I think it’s a boring game .
I’m crazy about watching it,
and I happy if I can play it !
C. Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Speech
Present Continous Tense
S + is/am/are + V +
ing
She had said “Ellin is
waiting for you”
Simple Present Tense
S + V1
Ryan said “I help my father
after school”
Simple Past Tense
S + V2
They said “We studied
english yesterday”
Pressent Perfect Tense
S + has/have + V3
He had said “My sister has
played doll”
Simple Future Tense
S + will + V1
Aya said “I will be a teacher
next year”
Future Past Tense
S + should/would + V1
Arie said “I would walk if I
were you”.
Modals
Can
May
Must
Next
Today
...ago
Tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Indirect Speech
Past Continous Tense
S + was/were + V +
ing
She had said that Ellin was
waiting for me.
Simple Past Tense
S + V2
Ryan said that he helped his
father after school.
Past Perfect Tense
S + had + V3
They said that they had
studied the day before.
Past Perfect Tense
S + had + V3
He said that his sister had
played doll.
Past Future Tense
S + would + V1
Aya said that she would be a
teacher the following year.
Past Future Perfect
S + should/would +V3
Arie said that he would have
walked if he had been me”.
Modals
Could
Might
Had to
Following
That day
...before
That night
The day before
The next day
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 Reading
A. Narrative Text
A narative text is a text that entertains and intructs the
readers. It entertains because it deals with the unusual and
unexpected development of events. It intructs because it
teaches readers that problems should be confronted,and
attempts made to resolve them.
 Purpose
: to amuse or entertain the reader with actual / imaginary
exprience in difference ways. Narrative always deal with some problems
which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the probem.
 Text Organization :
Orientation
: who were involved in the story,
when and where (beginning).
Evaluation
: a stepping back to evalute the
flight.
Complication
: a problem arises followed by other
problems (middle).
Resolution
: solution to the problem (ending).
Re-orientation
: optional.
 Languange Features
:
The use of noun phrases.
The use of connectives (first, second, then ...)
The use of adverbs phrases of time and place (in the...,
at...)
The use of simple past tense (S + V2)
The use of action verb (run, drink, ...)
The use of saying verb (say, tell, ...)
The use of thingking verb, feeling verbof series.
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 Example Narrative Text :
Rabbit and Bear
Once upon a time, there lived as neighbours, a bear and a rabbit. The
rabbit is a good shot. In contrary, the bear is always clumsy ad could not use the
arrow to good advantage.
One day, the bear called over the rabbit and asked the rabbit to take his
bow and arrows and came with bear to the other side of the hill. The rabbit was
fearing to arouse the bear's anger so he could not refuse it. He consented and
went with the bear and shot enough buffalo to satisfy the hungry family. Indeed
he shot and killed so many that there was lots of meat left after the bear and his
family had loaded themselves and packed all they could carry home.
The bear was very gluttonous and did not want the rabbit to get any of the
meat. Th e rabbit could not even taste the blood from the butchering as the bear
would throw earth on the blood and dry it up. The poor rabbit would have to go
home hungry after his hard day's work.
The bear was the father of five children. The youngest child was very
kind to the rabbit. He was very hearty eater. The mother bear always gave him
an extra large piece of meat but the youngest child did not eat it. He would take
it outside with him and pretended to play ball with the meat. He kicked toward
the rabbit's house and when he got close to the door he would give the meat
with such a great kick. The meat would fly into the rabbit's house. In this way,
the poor rabbit would get his meal unknown to the papa bear.
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 Writing
A. Advertisement
Advertisement is announcement which tries to make sure that people
know that something is forsale, that something is going to happen, that a
show is on. Advertisement is commonly abbreviated as “ad”.
Example :
B. Past Simple Tense
One of significant lexico grammatical features in wrting a narrative is
using the past tense. We also use the Past Simple Tense to talk about :
Single events in the past
Ex : a.He met her yesterday.
b. They went to Bandung in 2010
Repeated events in the past
Ex : a. We went to school everyday except at Sunday.
Past states
Ex : a. When I was a child, I lived in Sidoarjo.
Positive and negative forms
I
You
Liked
He
Didn’t like
The Japanese food
She
Saw
We
Didn’t see
Conan Movie
They
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Wh-Question
When
did
You
They
He
She
Leave school ?
Yes / no question
Example :a. at 9 o’clock
b. on Monday
c. in April
Short Answer
Example : a. Yesterday
b. ago
c. Last (next, week, years, etc)
- We leave Surakarta at 11 p.m on Monday.
Directions and instructions :
- You take the P2 to Bandung.
We often use present tenses and connectors showing sequence in a
simiar ways to give instructions, demontrations, and directions.
(procedural text)
First, I put an once of butter into a frying pen and light the gas ; then
while the butter,s melting, I break three eggs into a bowl ...
First and then are connectorsof sequence that we use to show he
structure of what we are saying. Another example of connectors are next,
last, finally, first(ly), second(ly), third(ly).
A. Reflexive Pronoun
Here are the reflexive pronoun types and function :
a. There are two types of reflexive pronoun :
 Singular
: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself.
 Plural
: ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
C. Reflexive pronoun can be used to emphasize the person or thing you
Simple Sentence (Transitive and Intransitive)
When the predicate is followed by an object is called transitive.
Predicate that is followed by noun, an adjective, and an adverb it is call
intransitive. Example :
a) You have doraemon comics.(transitive)
b) I enjoyed playing kite. (transitive)
c) My sister is working. (intransitive)
d) Duck can swimm. (intransitive)
D. AdverbsPhrase and Adverb Clause
Prepositions begin most adverbs, such as to, in, at, out, of, on, for,
until, etc. Dverb can take the form of phrase or clause with conjuction,
as, before, although, etc.
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a. Adverb phrase
 to go to Bali.
 He play basket ball in the school yard.
 Rahma go to school at 9 o’clock.
b. Adverb clause
 Although this morning, Rani go to school.
 Before we go to school, we always breakfast.
E. Action Words
When we looked at the languange features of narrtives, we saw that
action words arre used to describe what is happening. Action words are
called “verbs”. By using the right verb, the narrator can give the audience
a better description of the action. Compare the following :
 She moved sideways
She darted sideways
 He ate his lunch quickly
He gobbled his lunch
 He said quietly
He whispered
Here is a list of verbs that give the audience a better
description of the action.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Raced
Deposited
Loitered
Chuckled
Collapsed
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Comanded
Pondered
Lectured
Trudged
Was flogged
II. BAB II (DESCRIPTIVE)
 Speaking
A. Expressing and Asking about Surprise or Amazement
When we see surprise or amazement something, we usually
expressing that, and we also asking the surprise or amazement that
when we don’t understand.
Asking Surprise or Amazement
Do you know what ?
Is this a
surprise/amazing?
Can you believe it ?
Isn’t this incredible ?
What’s so surprising ?
What’s so surprising ?
Expressing Surprise or Amazement
Incredible !
What a surprise !
Amazing !
Oh ! wow !
Huh ?? What ??
I’m really surprise/amazed
at
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Are you amazed ?
That’s unbelieveable ! Etc
 Reading
A.Descriptive text
 Purpose
 Text organization
: to describe a paricular person, place, or thing.
:
Identification : identifies phenomenon to be decribed
(mention the special participant)
Description : describes parts, qualities, characteristics
 Languange features
:
The use of adjectives and compound adjectives.
The use of relating verb.
The use of siple present tense.
The use of degree of comparison.
The use of attributive and identifying process.
Focus on specifies participans
 Example Descriptive Text
:
The Elephant
The African Elephant is described as the Loxodonta africana of
Africa. They are very large, grey, four-legged herbivorous mammals.
They have almost hairless skin, a distinctive long, flexible,
prehensile trunk. Its upper incisors form long curved tusks of ivory.
African elephants have large fan-shaped ears and two “fingers” at
the tip of its trunk, compared to only one in the Asian species.
Furthermore, the Indian Elephant is described as Elephas maximus
of south-central Asia. The ears of Indian elephants are significantly
smaller than African elephants.
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Elephants are herbivores and eat all types of vegetation such as
grasses, leaves, fruits, and bark. The facts tell that despite the size
of ears the elephant’s hearing is poor, because elephants ears are
used to aid ventilation. One of the softest parts of their body is at
the back of the ears, which is called the knuckle. In a zoo, elephant
trainers, called Mahouts, use their feet to steer or give commands to
the animal via the knuckle at the back of the ears.
Some other facts about the elephants are : The elephant is the
largest of all land mammals; Life Span - elephants can live for up to
70 years; Elephants normally walk about 4 mph; Elephants are able
to swim for long distances; Elephants spend about 16 hours a day
eating; They consume as much as 495 pounds of food per day; They
live in tight social units led by an older matriarch; Males leave the
herd between the ages of 12 and 15; Their tusks are of ivory and are
actually enormously enlarged incisors; The elephant's eyes are
small and its eyesight is poor, They have the largest brains in the
animal kingdom.
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 Writing
B. Personal Letter
Example
;
C. The Simple Present Tense
We use the present simple to tak about :
Personal information :
- I school in SMAN 1 Waru.
General statements of truth :
- The sunset in the west.
Permanent situation :
- Water boils at 1000 Celsius.
Routines and habits :
- My family usually visit my grand mother at feast day.
Fixed times and schedules :
- Spongebob movie starts at seven o’clock.
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b. Details of fixed future plans :are talking about. Ex :
 The tower itself is very tall, but very clean.
 I myself have never traveled to Semarang.
c. We can also use reflexive pronoun to emphasize that something was
done without help from anybody else.
 Nesya wrote the novel herself.
 He plans with the car himself.
d. We can use by + reflexive pronoun to show that somebody is on their
own (alone).
 The cat found its way home by itself.
 My aunt, although she is rather rich prefers to live by herself.
D. Describing Things
When describing the things we see, we wil see descriptive adjectives.
We use them to describe condition of a noun. The usually, come before
the nouns or after certain verb. Let’s have a ook at the folowing table.
Descrip
tion
a.Excell
ent
b.Beatif
ul
c.
Expensi
ve
Size
Age
Tempera Shap
ture
e
Hug
e
Tall
You
ng
New
Hot
Big
Old
Cold
Colo
ur
Circul Red
ar
Classif Head/
ying
noun
English Studen
t
Javane Apple
se
Mount River
ain
E. Phrase Formation
There are four kinds of phrases to be functioned in the sentence.
1) Noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as the head, added with
some adjectives as the modifiers. Example :
 Long snake.
 Cold weather.
 Short hair.
2) Verb phrase is a phrase with a verb as a head, added with one or
two words as the modifiers. Example :
 Is not painted.
 Really like.
 Is located.
3) Adverbial phrase is a phrase with preposition as the head, which is
then followed by another phrase showing place, time, purpose, etc.
Example :
 To hear the sound of the following water.
 About 30 kilometers east of the villa .
 Down to small lake.
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4) Adjective phrase is a phrase with adjective as the head,
functioning to complete the predicate that takes the form of “be”.
Example :
 Always diligent.
 Always nice.
 Very good for health
III. BAB III (NEWS ITEM)
 Speaking
A. Inviting someone to come your house for ...(informal)
Wanna come over for party tonight?
Wanna pop over for a quick party?
How about coming over for party tonight?
Care to come over for party tonigh ?
B. Inviting someone to come your house for ...(formal)
Would you like to come over for party tonight?
Would you care to join us for party at our house tonight?
I was just wondering if you would like to come over for party
tonight.
Please come over for party tonight.
We’d be delighted to have you over for party tonight.
C. Accepting an Invitation (informal)
Sure. What time?
Why not? When do you want me to be there?
Sure. When should I be there?
Yes! Want me to bring something?
I’d love to. I’ll bring dessert.
D. Accepting an Invitation (more formal)
Thank you! I’d love to. Would you like me to bring anything?
Thank you very much! I’d be delighted to. What time should I be
there?
Oh, certainly1! Thankl you. Do I need to bring anything?
E. Declining an Invitation (informal)
I can’t. I have to work.
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Tonight’s no good. I have an appointment.
I’m busy tonight. Can I take a raincheck on that?
(*raincheck : if someone invites you to dinner on a night that you are
busy, you can say, “can I take a raincheck?” this means that you
hope they will invite you again on another night.)
F. Declining an Invitation (more formal)
I’d love to., but I’m afraid I’m busy tonight.
I’d love to, but I already have plans tonight.
 Reading
A. News Item
 Purpose
: to inform readers, listenes, or viewers about events of
the day which are considered news worthy or important.
 Text Organization :
News worthy Events
: tells the events in a
summary form.
Background Events : elaborate what happened,
explains, what caused the incident.
Sources
: comments by participant in,
witnesses to and authories expert on the event.
 Languange Features
:
The use of action verbs.
The use of saying verbs.
The use of passive sentences.
The use of adverbs in passive sentences.
Focus on circumstance.
Short, telegraphic, information about story captured in
headine.
Use of material processes to retell the event.
 Example News Item
:
News Item
Aceh – Hundreds of homes in the three subdistricts in North Aceh district, Aceh (NAD) is
currently flooded. However, until now
residents are not displaced, still survive.
Floods were caused by high rainfall in inland
areas and the overflow of Krueng Keurutoe
Gayo, Thursday (04/19/2012) afternoon
until evening.
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Gather information on the AFP, flooded hundreds of homes that were
located in three districts in North Aceh, the district that includes the
village of Tanjong Matangkuli, Meuria, West Tempok, Alue Thoe, Lawang,
and Hagu village. Alue Thoe.While the district Pirak Timu, floods hit the
village of Tanjong Serkuy, Meunasah Krueng, Rayek Pange, Pange,
Bungong, Gelumpang, and Hasan Krung Kreh.While in the District
Lhoksukon, floods inundate the fish market complex and several houses
in the village of Kampung Baru and Dayah. PMI branch chairman,
Usmanur, admitted that the three districts is a subscription area flood
victims. “Until this evening the water level remained 50 cm, but if it rains
in the mountainous highlands, water will continue to grow, residents likely
to be displaced,” said Usmanur when hubunggi AFP.
Menuru Usmanur, floods also inundated some schools have an
impact, such as in MTsN Matang Kuli. But flooding is not to interfere with
the teaching and learning. “The flood is merely the school yard and have
not entered into the study,” said Usmanur.
Citizens expect the government to take immediate North Aceh dam to
flood the end of the year when the rainy season. Until tonight, people still
continue to keep vigil at his house each follow-up to the threat of flooding
that may occur in the region.
Writing
A. Invitation Letter
Here are writing plan for invitation letter :
Greeting :
- Dear ....
Opening paragraph (say why you are writing)
Main part (describe what you are going to do)
Closing paragraph (restate your invitation and ask for reply)
Signature endings :
- Best,
- Love,
- All my love,
- Best wishes,
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Example Invitation letter :
Dear Rismada,
Hi my best friend, what are you doing right now ? Keep
busy, right ? I write the letter because i miss you so much
friend and i want invite you to come in my house at 1st June.
Hm, i want visit to your house friend at long holiday. I
want know your new house and i want also meet your friend.
But, before i want invite you to my house at 1st June. Can you
remember it ? i hope you remember. Come in my house at
7p.m. i hope you can come. And you can meet Amaliya,
Cristiani, and friends at junior high school.
I hope you can reply friend, i always wait your reply.....
Best,
Yayuk sayyidatul H
B. Adjective Clause
An adjective clause modifies a noun. It describes or gives information
about a noun WHO refers to a person. Ex :
The girl is my sister.
She is talking with Rianty.
- The girl who is talking with Riyanty is my sister.
WHOM is used as the direct or indirect object of a verb. Ex :
The man is very famous actor.
You have just helped me.
- The man whom you have just helped me is very famous actor.
WHICH refers to thing. Ex :
The box was very beautiful.
She put in the crown.
- The box which she put in the crown was very beautiful.
WHOSE shows possessions. Ex :
I know the girl.
His sister is a singer.
- I know the boy whose sister is a singer.
C. Present Perfect Continous Tense
We form the present perfect continous tense with have (has) been and the
present participle of the main verb.
S + has / have been + V.ing
Examples :
Singular subject
 I have been studying.
 You have been playing.
 He has been sleeping.
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 She has been reading magazine.
 It has been working.
Plural subject
 We have been waiting.
 You have been listening.
 They have been wandering.
The present perfect continous tense describe an action that began in
the past and has continued up the present. In many cases it can be used
interchangeably with the present perfect tense. Beside, both of them use
time marker since and for. Examples :
 They have been living here for five years
(present perfect
continous tense)
 They have lived here for five years
(present perfect tense)
 I have been studying english since three years ago (present perfect
continous tense)
 I have studied english since three years ago(present perfect tense)
Some form of present perfect continous tense :
Positive sentence
(+) Ristyan has been studying for three
hours.
Negative sentence
(-) Ristyan has not been studying for three
hours.
Interrogative sentence (?) Has Ristyan been studying for three hours ?
If we want to know the duration of the activity, we can use the following
form :
How long + have/has + been + V.ing
Example :
- We have been talking for more than an hour.
- We have not been talking for more than an hour.
- Have we been talking for more than an hour ?
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