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Obserwacje strumienia promieniowania rentgenowskiego Słońca „jako gwiazdy” w okresie głębokiego minimum aktywności Recent solar activity as observed with X-ray spectrophotometer SphinX aboard the CORONAS-PHOTON Janusz Sylwester for the SphinX team Solar Physics Division, Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 51-622 Wrocław, Kopernika 11 XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester The SphinX Team • SRC PAS Wrocław – Mirek Kowalinski, Szymon Gburek, Marek Siarkowski, Jarek Bakala, Zbigniew Kordylewski, Piotr Podgorski, Barbara Sylwester, Anna Kepa, Witold Trzebiński • P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow – Sergey Kuzin-TESIS PI, Andrei Pertsov, Sergey Bogaczev • Astronomical Institute, Ondrejov – Frantisek Farnik • Astronomical Observatory, Palermo • Fabio Reale, Alfonso Collura • University College, London – Ken Phillips XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester SphinX: Solar Photometer in X-rays, PI: Mass ~2500 kg, 8.2 GB/day SRC-PAS Launched 30 Jan. 2009 at 13:30 UT from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Pointing Semi-Three axis stabilised TESIS with http://www.tesis.lebedev.ru/ SphinX http://www.cbk.pan.wroc.pl/body/publikacje/2008/SphinX.pdf XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester The orbit 96 min 550km , 82.5 deg. Polar orbit Life ~7 years CORONAS-F Encountered SAA ~1000 cts/s & Polar ovals ~100 cts/s 4 times/96 min XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester SphinX Polish concept, design & manufacture Measures the X-ray fluence of the Sun 0.85 – 15 keV with unprecedented – Time resolution ~0.00001 s – Sensitivity 100 x better than GOES XRM – the standard for 30+years – Energy resolution 3x RHESSI (NASA) XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester The construction • • • • • • • • EUV filters (doubly aluminized Mylar) Photometer – Collimators (+-2.5 deg) – Three apertures – D1, D2, D3 Shutter – Stepper motor FFU – Filters – Targets – D4 Electronics – Front end Amptek – Digital „our” Controller – Software – reprogramming Heat sink Alignment mirror Total cost of the project ~ 1 mln PLN KBN T12 grant XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester Measurement channels Photometric FFU φ: 5 mm A: 20.4mm2 8 μs Up to 25 000 cts/s φ: 4 mm A: 0.50 mm2 25 μs Up to 20 000 cts/s φ: 4 mm A: 0.0052 mm2 25 μs Up to 20 000 cts/s φ: 4 mm A: 13.0 mm2 25 μs Up to 20 000 cts/s FWHM: 490 eV FWHM: 290 eV FWHM: 290 eV FWHM: 290 eV Detectors (four units): 256/1024 energy bins Amptek, Peltier cooled (-50 deg C below the support T) Si PIN diodes. Detectors’ support plate passively cooled through the heat sink pipe to the external radiator Photon arrival time measured to within 2μs (in Time Stamping Mode) XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester How performance looks from the tests The BESSY synchrotron input spectrum (red) with overplotted response of SphinX D2 detector (black). Nominal effective areas have been used. The agreement is better than 5% in the energy band where SphinX detectors are the most sensitive. BESSY Berlin Synchrotron: - All detectors’ linearity: perfect (0.1% ) over 0.8-14.5 keV; & dynamic range 104. - absolute response known to better than 5% against reference synchrotron source. - pile-up matrices known as measured from X-ray 4 crystal monochromator spectra obtained at 8 energies between 1.5 and 8 keV XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester GOES X class range to be extended down 10-6 W/m2 10-7 A = 10-8 W/m2 10-8 Solar X-ray flux remains at background levels: i.e. Max Millenium message 10-9 S = 10-9 W/m2 10-10 SAA S/C night 10-11 XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Q = 10-10 W/m2 SphinX detection threshold Janusz Sylwester New X-ray classes • We are introducing new „classes” of X-ray solar variability, below GOES A1.0 – A = 10-8 W/m2 (present lowest) – S = 10-9 W/m2 – Q = 10-10 W/m2 • SphinX in its D1 channel is capable to observe events 100 x less intense than GOES – Most of variability since the launch is observed to happen below the GOES delectability threshold XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester Solar activity: longer-term only around 80 flares,detected by GOES, among them C2.7 on 6 July 2009 and triple B on March 26, 2009 SphinX D2 record cts/s GOES detection threshold The Lowest observed level Since Launch: Long S/C day GOES 80 events, SphinX 550 events XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester Determination of absolute levels of X-ray solar luminosity E > 1 keV D1- DGI 1s E1 /E2 D1 D2 XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester X-ray fluence at E > 1 keV Instrument heating Histogram of T values D2 rate D1 rate Temperature D1 rate 1.6 1.8 2.0 MK Emission Measure Thermodynamic Measure Example: for data set No. 50 Te 1.71 MK [ 1.69, 1.72 ] EM 6.2 [ 5.7 , 6.7] 1047 cm-3 Flux [1 - 15 keV] 1.4 10-8 W/m2 Flux GOES [1 – 8 Å] 4.2 10-10 W/m2 XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester TESIS images (courtesy Sergey Bogaczev FIAN) 2009 02 20 18:28:42 304 Å 2009 02 20 18:27:42 171 Å ~80 000 K XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 ~1 MK Janusz Sylwester Longer exposure: ~18 hours Counts below 3 keV ~ 1 mln Counts above 3 keV ~ 3000 Ratio: 0.003 Any coronal heating model should „obey” this measurement from now on XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester http://www.cbk.pan.wroc.pl/sphinxnews/?page_id=25 XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester Example catalogue page D1 D2 bcg XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester Summary • Two components on the lightcurves: – Quasi steady X-ray intensities enhanced when AR are present – The lowest quasi-steady state level, when no AR are present, is also observed in D2, this level is still fluctuating on a 5 min time scale study is in progress. – Flares are seen on-top of this basal variability. – Flare „enhancements” are being detected from amplitudes above ~ 0.05 dex. – Both short and LDE types of events are present „without the sunspots” • The Sun is the weakest X-ray star within 7 parsecs (Schmitt et al., 1995, ApJ, 450, 392) – with our new estimated luminosity at LX = 1.3 × 1018 W 100 x less α Cen A., 47 x less previous estimates (Judge et al., 2003, ApJ, 593, 534) – Luminosity in the 1—300 Å is 8.0 × 1025 erg s-1, a value which is of interest for heating the Earth’s atmosphere, much below present estimates – Thermal energy content of the solar corona is 2 × 1030 erg XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester The End Please have a look at the poster Barbara Sylwester, Janusz Sylwester, Marek Siarkowski Zakład Fizyki Słońca CBK PAN Wrocław: "Interpretacja widm uzyskanych za pomocą polskiego spektrofotometru SphinX" XXXIV Zjazd PTA Kraków , Solar Session, 15 September 2009 Janusz Sylwester Compilation of SphinX flare catalogue SOLAR CORONAL LOOPS WORKSHOP IV , Wednesday, July 1, 2009 Janusz Sylwester: Activity - SphinX Flare statistics – based on SphinX catalogue interpretation (provisional) Flare amplitude vs the occurence times of events GOES detection Threshold Increasing trend is noticeable SOLAR CORONAL LOOPS WORKSHOP IV , Wednesday, July 1, 2009 Janusz Sylwester: Activity - SphinX 30 April 2009 10:42 A3.1 flare EIT SOHO 195 Å XRT Hinode SOLAR CORONAL LOOPS WORKSHOP IV , Wednesday, July 1, 2009 Janusz Sylwester: Activity - SphinX Spectra maximum decay E2 E1 Flare evolution on T-EM diagram see poster B. Sylwester et al. T EM ThM = T * sqrt(EM) Diagnostic Diagram Jakimiec, J.; Sylwester, B.; Sylwester, J.; Serio, S.; Peres, G.; Reale, F. 1992A&A...253..269 From HXIS A eH C L Palermo-Harvard Code Peres et al., 1982 A eH C L Jakimiec, J.; Sylwester, B.; Sylwester, J.; Mewe, R.; Peres, G., 1986AdSpR...6..237J SS RTV: 2 Log T – ½ Log EM = ½ Log(L/2A) - 6.145 Diagnostic diagram based on GOES Sylwester, J.; Sylwester, B.; Phillips, K. J. H.; Kepa, A. 06 June 2009 B2.6 flare TESIS 171 Å XRT Hinode SOLAR CORONAL LOOPS WORKSHOP IV , Wednesday, July 1, 2009 Janusz Sylwester: Activity - SphinX Spectra maximum decay E2 E1 SOLAR CORONAL LOOPS WORKSHOP IV , Wednesday, July 1, 2009 Janusz Sylwester: Activity - SphinX Flare evolution on T-EM diagram see poster B. Sylwester et al. T EM ThM = T * sqrt(EM) Conclusions • SphinX will provide flare flags to Coronas (testing algorithms in orbit) • Sphinx measurements allow – To See solar X-ray variability from the bottom level up to X20 – To Determine absolute fluxes above 1 keV, each few s (also GOES in standard bands) – To Study photon arrival times statistics (needs some more work on the instrument operation) – To Study small flare statistics • Will supplement RHESSI spectra towards lower energies • Will provide the most exhaustive flare catalogue SOLAR CORONAL LOOPS WORKSHOP IV , Wednesday, July 1, 2009 Janusz Sylwester: Activity - SphinX