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Chapter 36 WWII
United States enters World War II
1941-1945
FDR’s Policies 1933-1938
In his first term, FDR’s concern with the Depression left little
time to deal with foreign affairs
 He did, however, extend Hoover’s efforts at improving U.S.
relations with Latin America by initiating a good-neighbor
policy
Good-Neighbor Policy: FDR wanted good relations with Latin
American nations because:
(1) U.S. interventionism in support of dollar diplomacy no longer
made sense, since U.S. businesses during the depression
lacked the resources to invest in foreign operations
(2) The rise of militarist regimes in Germany and Italy prompted
FDR to seek cooperation with Latin America (help defend the
region)
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Industrial Production
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(1)
(2)
The Office of War
Mobilization (OWM) was an
independent agency of the
United States government
formed during WWII to
coordinate all government
agencies involved in the war
effort. It was headed by James
F. Byrnes, a former U.S.
Senator and Supreme Court
Justice.
(3)
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The U.S. government organized a number
of special agencies to mobilize the U.S.
economic and military resources for
wartime
War Production Board (WPB)-manage
war industries
Office of War Mobilization (OWM)-set
production priorities and controlled raw
materials
Cost-plus system- government paid war
contractors the costs of production plus a
percentage of profit
American production by 1944 was twice
that of all the Axis Powers combines!
Financing the War
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(1)
(2)
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American War Bonds
poster from 1942
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The government paid for its huge increase
in spending by ($100 billion spent on the
war in 1945 alone)
Increasing the income tax
Selling war bonds
For the first time, most Americans were
required to pay an income tax
(automatically deducted from paychecks
by 1944)
Borrowing money by selling $135 billion
in war bonds supplemented the tax
increase
In addition, the shortage of consumer
goods made it easier for Americans to
save
United States will fight a two
front war.
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European front “European Theatre”- North
Africa, Italy
Eastern front, and northern France.
Pacific front “Pacific Theatre”- using air,
naval, and man power,
Island hopping
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
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Tora, Tora, Tora,
code name of the
attack on Pearl
Harbor.
Kamkikaze Pilots“Divine Wind”
USS Arizona
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US battleship that was hit by the
Japanese
“A day in which will live in infamy”
FDR
Japan moves to dominate
the Pacific
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The United States is the only
power blocking Japan’s plan
to conquer the Pacific
The Japanese had destroyed
75% of US naval power in
the Pacific.
Philippines- was a US
protectorate since 1898.
Douglas Macarthurcommanding officer.
Bataan Death March
April 1942

American troops were captured by the
Japanese. US troops were forced to
march 6 days, 80-90 miles
Fighting Japan
By early 1942, Japanese troops controlled much
of East Asia and Southeast Asia
Turning Point, 1942:
-the war in the Pacific was dominated by naval
forces battling over vast area
-two naval battles in the late spring of 1942 proved
to be a turning point in halting Japanese
advancement
-On May 7-8, in the Battle of the Coral Sea, U.S.
aircraft carriers stopped a Japanese invasion of
Australia
-On June 4-7, in the decisive Battle of Midway,
the interception and decoding of Japanese
messages led to the destruction of 4 Japanese
carriers and 300 planes

B-17 attack misses Hiryū;
this was taken some time
between 08:00–08:30. A
Shotai of three Zeros is
lined up near the bridge.
This was one of several
combat air patrols
launched during the day
Japanese Americans
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Official notice of exclusion and
removal
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More than any other ethnic group,
Japanese Americans suffered from their
association with a wartime enemy
The attack on Pearl Harbor meant that
most Americans were suspect of
Japanese Americans (possible spies or
saboteurs)
Many Americans believed that the
Japanese were planning an invasion of
the West Coast, which led to irrational
fears as well as racism
In 1942, the government ordered over
100,000 Japanese Americans on the
West Coast to leave their homes and
businesses: Executive Order 9066
Japanese American Internment
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Heart Mountain Relocation
Center, January 10, 1943
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U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the
Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which granted
reparations for the internment of Japanese
Americans.
Many Japanese Americans were sent to
barracks of internment camps located
throughout the West
Japanese Americans living in other parts
of the nation, including Hawaii, did not
come under the order to go to internment
camps
In the case of Korematsu v. U.S. (1944),
the Supreme Court upheld the U.S.
government’s internment policy as
justified in wartime
Years later (1988), the federal
government agreed that an injustice had
been done and awarded financial
compensation to those who were interned
Operation Torch
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United States troops will fight with
British troops to stop Germans in
North Africa.
Dwight Eisenhower- Commander of US
troops.
General George Patton
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US tank
commander under
Eisenhower
“Old Blood and
Guts”
Battle of the Bulgelargest battle of
WWII
General Omar Bradley
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US commander
Served under
Eisenhower
“G.I. General”
5 star general
Lived in El Paso
From D-Day to Victory in
Europe
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U.S. Army troops wade ashore
on Omaha Beach on the morning
of 6 June 1944
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The Allied drive to liberate France began
on June 6, 1944, with the largest invasion
by sea in history
After the attack, and in the following
months, Paris was liberated
By September of 1944, Allied forces had
crossed the German border for a final
attack on Berlin
The German launched a desperate
counterattack in Belgium in December
1944 in the Battle of the Bulge
After a slight setback, American forces
reorganized and resumed their advance
Holocaust-name given to the
killing of 6 million Jews
VE Day- Victory in Europe
May 8, 1945
.
Hitler’s suicide
On top of Hitler's
bunker
The entrance
United States & Australia are the two
nations still fighting Japan in the Pacific
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United States broke the Japanese code
United States had an advantage over
Japan.
Code Talkers- Navajo Indians would
send transmissions for the US
Japanese never broke code
Battles in the Pacific
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Saipan-site where Marines attacked
Japanese. Japanese committed suicide
rather then surrender. 20,000
Iwo Jima-site where Americans raised
the US flag and now a statue in
Washington DC
Coral Seas- Australia
Election of 1944
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Franklin D
Roosevelt-elected
for the 4th time.
Died in 1945 (April)
Vice President
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman becomes 33 President
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Vice President under
FDR
From Missouri
Distinguished captain
of WWI
1st Television
broadcasts (instead of
“Fireside chats”)
“The buck stops here.”
Manhattan Project

Code name for the
development of the Atomic
Bomb
• Manhattan Projectefforts to develop the
atomic bomb created by
Robert Oppenheimer and
General Leslie R. Groves
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Alamogordo New Mexico
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Fat Man and Little Boynames of Atomic Bombs
American Targets
The Fat Man
mushroom cloud
resulting from the
nuclear explosion
over Nagasaki
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
The mushroom
cloud over
Hiroshima after
the dropping of
Little Boy
Truman’s decision to use the Atomic
Bomb
• President Truman later wrote that he "regarded
the bomb as a military weapon and never had any
doubts that it should be used." His advisers had
warned him to expect massive casualties if the
United States invaded Japan. Truman believed it
was his duty as president to use every weapon
available to save American lives.
Hiroshima-August 6.1945
Nagasaki August 9, 1945
V-J Day August 15, 1945
Japan Surrenders
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General MacArthur
delivering a speech
aboard the Missouri
Within a week after the second atomic
bomb explosion, Japan agreed to
surrender
According to the surrender, the
emperor would remain on the throne as
a titular (powerless) head of state
Japan’s formal surrender was received
by General MacArthur on September
2, 1945 in Tokyo harbor aboard the
battleship Missouri
Women
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Cover of the published music to
the 1942 song
The war changed the lives of womenover 200,000 served in the military in
noncombat roles
Almost 5 million women entered the
workforce to take jobs vacated by
men fighting overseas
“Rosie the Riveter” was used to
encourage women to take defense
jobs, however, women were paid less
than male workers in the factories
African Americans
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African Americans
were in segregated
units.
Most were cooks,
butlers, and fighting
units.
Tuskegee Airmen
Vernon Baker
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One of the first
African American
soldiers to see
combat.
Congressional
Medal of Honor
Mexican Americans
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Zoot suits. 1942
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Many Mexican Americans worked in
defense related industries-over 300,000
served in the military
A 1942 agreement with Mexico
allowed Mexican farmworkers, known
as braceros, to enter the U.S. in the
harvest season without immigration
paperwork
The sudden influx of Mexican
immigrants into Los Angeles stirred
white resentment and led to the zoot
suit riots in the summer of 1943
Wartime Conferences
United States President Franklin D.
Roosevelt and British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill in
Casablanca, 1943
Casablanca (January 1943): Axis
enemies were told the war would
continue until they surrendered
unconditionally. This stiffened
German resolve.
Teheran (November 1943): The “Big
Three”-FDR, Stalin, and Churchill
promised to begin their drive to
liberate France and the invasion
from the east of Germany by the
Soviets
Wartime Conferences continued…
Yalta Conference “Big 3”
Yalta (February 1945): many
postwar agreements were made
1. Germany would be divided into
occupation zones
2. Free elections in liberated nations
of Eastern Europe
3. Soviets enter the war against
Japan
4. Soviets gained territorial claims
in the Pacific and Manchuria
5. A new world peace organization
would be formed
Wartime Conferences continued…
On April 12, 1945, while resting in a
vacation home in Georgia, FDR died
(Truman assumed the presidency)
Potsdam Conference:
-In late July, after Germany’s surrender,
only Stalin remained as one of the “Big
Three”
-Truman was the U.S. president and
Clement Attlee was the newly elected
British Prime Minister
The three leaders agreed on the following;
(1) To issue a warning to Japan to
surrender unconditionally
(2) To hold war-crime trials of Nazi
leaders

Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin
meeting at the Potsdam
Conference on July 18, 1945.
The War’s Legacy
The most destructive war in the history of the world
had profound effects on all nations, including the
United States
(1) The war cost 300,000 Americans lives and 800,000
wounded
(2) The dollar cost was over 320 billion
(3) The United Nations was created when delegates from
the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain,
China and 46 other nations assembled in San
Francisco. The U.N. charter was ratified by the U.S.
Senate on October 24, 1945
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