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Respiratory system 1.Nose •The nose consist of septum that separate the nose in to two halves(nasal septum) •the nose consist of 2 cavities •The anterior opening of the nose is NOSTRILE ,,we have 2 nostriles 1.Nose *nasal vestibule >> consist of stratified squamous epithelium nonkeratinized with coarse hair ,, to trap the dust and insects *Posterior opening >> choana *on the lateral wall we find projections called CONCHE ( We have superior, Medill and inferior concha *meatus >> the groove between the concha ,,we have superior, middle and inferior meatus 1.Nose *Olfactory region >>at the roof of the nose ,,consist of refractory epithelium *The function of Olfactory region is smelling *when you have anosmia because of flu ,, this region becomes dry ,,and your smelling will affected •Hard and soft palate 2.Pharynx •The pharynx length is 15 cm •Extended from the base of the skull to c6 vertebrae •Tubal opening or octacaine tube or auditory tube >>the beginning of the pharynx(connect the nasopharynx with the middle ear) •The pharynx divided to : •1.nasopharynx •2.oropharynx •3.laryngeopharynx 2.Pharynx •Pharyngeal tensile >>in the nasopharynx •Palatine tensile >> in the oropharynx 3.Larynx(voice box) •The function of larynx is phonation •Consist of 9 cartilages(hyaline + elastic) • the length is 5 cm •Extended from c3 to c6 vertebrae(from the larynx inlet to the c3 •Consist of TRUE VOCAL CORD >>white in color because it is a vascular and consist of stratified squamous epithelium keratinized •FALSE VOCAL CORD>> red in color because it is vascular •Between the false and true vocal corda we have ventricle The vocal cords in male are thicker and longer than the female Posterior of the larynx we have pharynx( laryngopharynx) 3.larynx The epiglottis consist of • 1.Elastic cartilage • 2.Thyroid cartilage(Adams apple) • 4.trachea •About 13 cm length •Consist of 20C_ shaped cartilage •Start from cricoid cartilage •Defected posteriorly and replace by TRACHEALIS smooth muscle ,, it help us to swallow the food •Behind the trachea we have the esophagus •CARINA >>it is the end of trachea in internal medial cartilage ,,where the trachea divided in to left and right bronchi in the lung 5.Bronchial tree The trachea divided in the lung in to *Primary bronchi >>conducting (has .1cartilage) *secondary bronchi >>conducting (has .2cartilage) .3*Tertiary bronchi conducting (has cartilage) 4.*bronchioles >> (for gas exchange) there is no cartilage in it 5 respiratory bronchioles >>which divided to .alveolus (for gas exchange) 6. The lungs Surfaces of the lung : 1.Sternocosatal or costal surface(anterior) 2.Posterior surface 3.Diaphragmetic surface (base) 4.Mediastinal surface Border of the lung 1.Anterior (narrow) 2.Posterior (broader) 3. Inferior (narrow) •Right lung consist of 3 lobs and two fishers >> horizontal fisher divided the lung to superior and inferior lobe and the oblique fisher divided the right lung to middle and inferior fisher •Left lung consist of 2 lobes and one oblique fisher that divide the left lung to superior and inferior lobes •The right lung is shorter ,wider and heavier •The left lung is smaller, taller and narrower •In the left lung we have cardiac notch The hilum •In the right and left lung we find the hilum ,, it is close to the middle part of the lung from the MEDISTINAL •The blood vessels and the nerves inter the lung by hilum