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Region: Middle East
Geography of Region: Mountains, Desert. Located between Asia and Europe, center for trade.
Bosporus Strait helped trade
Early River Valley Civilization: Mesopotamia
Early Empires: Byzantine Empire, Persian Empire, Ottoman Empire
Persia: united people of Middle East in 500BC- fought Greeks
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Hammurabi’s Code- First code of laws written
Byzantine: Constantine (Leader) (built Constantinople-“the new Rome”) Justinian (Leader)
(developed Justinian Code-laws)
Ottoman: Suleiman (“the magnificent” ruler-golden age) Sultan: What kings were called in Ottoman
Empire
Religions: Judaism (1st mono’ religion) Christianity (belief in Christ), Islam (submission to the will of
Allah)
Terms associated with religion (define them):
Torah (Jewish Holy Book), Diaspora (scattering of people-Jews everywhere)
Messiah (savior sent from God-Christ)
Islam: Muslim (one who has submitted) Quran (holy book, guide to living life daily) Allah (God)
Muhammad (Prophet who preached the word of Islam/also became political leader)
Caliph (successor)
Sharia- Islamic Law
Islamic Fundamentalism-believe in a strict interpretation of Koran (when it’s not supposed to be
interpreted!)
Patriarch (leaders of Church in Eastern Orthodoxy), Schism (break between West/East Churches),
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.)
Separation of Sunni and Shi’a:
Shi’a: Believed that the Caliph Ali and his descendants are the rightful hiers of
Muhammad (they were relatives of Muhammad)-only relatives should rule
Sunni: Believed that the first 4 Caliphs all have the right to rule- they were elected and
not family of Muhammad)- elected can rule (majority of Muslims are Sunni)
Fall of Rome=Rise of Byzantine Empire and Rise of Christianity in Middle East!
Fall of Byzantine Empire= Taken over by the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire: 1400s
Iranian Revolution: Overthrow of the Shah and beginning of Shari law, Fundamentalism, leader
Ayatollah
Israel/Palestine Conflict-1947 founding of Israel, Yom Kippur War, PLO (Yasser Arafat)
Persian Gulf War – U.N. (led by U.S.) after Saddam Hussein invaded small oil rich nation of Kuwait
2003 Iraqi War-U.S. led pre-emptive attack against Saddam Hussein, still in Iraq trying to stop
Sunni/Shi’a Civil War
Trade Goods:
Partners: Rome, Asia. Constantinople was a major trade center between Asia and Europe
Ottoman: Important center of trade
OPEC-11 Petroleum producing nations control the supply, and thus the cost of oil-brings great profit
and power, especially when it comes to Israel (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq [Venezuela in S.A and
Nigeria too]
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Persia- Greeks in various wars
Trans-Saharan Trade Route brought goods/ideas to and from Middle East
Byzantine took on Roman influences including Christianity but separated due to conflicts over
beliefs- Created Eastern Orthodox Church
Influenced Russia by spreading Orthodox Christianity
Ottoman: Expanded Empire to most of Mediterranean Nationalism, Imperialism conflicts destroyed
the empire
Region: Africa
Geography of Region: Continent-Desert with Nile River, Nile River delta has extremely fertile soil.
Nile River floods 2x a year regularly. Gold, Copper, Salt common
Early River Valley Civilization: Nile River, Egypt
Early Empires: Egypt, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Narmer: United Upper and Lower Egypt
Dynasty: Succession of rulers from same family
Pharaoh: Name of leaders in Egypt
Theocracy: Pharaoh is a god/godly or divine
Old, Middle and New Kingdoms (describe rise and fall of the great Egyptian Dynastic kingdoms)
Religion: Polytheistic
Terms associated with religion (define them):
Afterlife: Life after death
Book of the Dead: Describes journey into afterlife
Mummy, Embalming, Canopic Jars, Valley of the Dead (majority of kings are buried)
Early Social Classes:
Pharaoh
Vizier
Priests/Engineers/Doctors
Scribes/Craftsmen
Soldiers/Farmers/Tomb Builders
Slaves not on the list!
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
 Hittites, Greeks and Romans
 Assyrians take over Egypt in 800BC declines in 612BC
 Macedonians led by Ptolemy take over Egypt in 320 BC
 Ethiopia fights of imperialism in Italo-Ethiopian War and 2nd Abyssinian War (WWII)
 Independence/nationalist movements throughout after WWII
Trade Goods, partners:
Trans-Saharan Trade route-Ghana, Mali, Songhai traded gold to middle east
Ibn Battuta
Mansa Musa (helped bring cultural diffusion, Islam to North Africa)
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Much fighting with Nubia, Hittites took over and later Greeks (through Alexander the Great
and Ptolemy) then Romans (via Caesar) would take over
Scramble for Africa (European nations “Scramble” to take control over the land in Africa) combines
rival nations, and issues for the future of Africa. Only 2 nations resist: Liberia and Ethiopia
Nations vied for land with the natural resources needed for industrialization
White Man’s Burden/Social Darwinism play a major role
End of Imperialism: Mid 1950s/1960s. Why? WWII Ended, Cold War, influence of India Negritude
Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), Nelson Mandela (South Africa and
Apartheid)
Apartheid in South Africa (forced segregation, pass books, Bantustans, Townships, ANC, sabotage,
Nelson Mandela, sanctions-apartheid ends in 1994 with election of Nelson Mandela)
Region: India
Geography of Region: South Asia, Peninsula, mountain, monsoons (seasonal heavy rains), desert,
tropical. Monsoons determine crops grown and affect daily life. Location on Indian Ocean good for
trade
Early River Valley Civilization: Indus Valley
Early Empires: Mauryan, Gupta (advancements in Math and Science), Mughal (Muslim)
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Chandragupta Maurya- Mauryan Empire united India for the 1st time
Chandra GuptaGupta Empire “golden age”- patriarchal
Mughal EmpireIntroduced Islam
Religion: Hindu, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, Jain
Terms associated with religion (define them):
Hindu-Polytheistic, Brahman (unifying spirit), Moksha (enlightenment in Hindu), reincarnation (rebirth
of soul in a new body. In Hindu does not end), Karma (deeds committed that will affect next
life) Dharma (moral/religious duties one must follow)
Buddhism-Siddhartha Gautama, Enlightenment (all knowing), Nirvana (the end of the cycle of rebirth),
Four noble truths, Eight-fold path (path to enlightenment). Reincarnation can end, no castes
Islam (see Middle East)
Sikhism/Jain Animism (belief that all humans, animals and plants have spirits)
Early Social Classes: Immobile (could not move)
CASTE SYSTEM-based on occupation
Brahmins (priests)
Kshatriyas (Warriors)
Vaishyas (artists, merchants)
Shudra (laborers)
Untouchable –not even in system!
Women have minimal rights in empires
Later Social Classes:
Gandhi abolishes Caste System
but still exists in some ways
Women still have difficulty gaining
equal rights in much of India
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
 King Asoka converts to Buddhism, changes direction of India to toleration
 Mughal- Akbar also is tolerant of others, although in Mughal empire are the first beginnings of
division between Muslim and Hindu people in India
 Sepoy Mutiny: England gained total control
 Salt March: March to sea by Gandhi to peacefully get salt w/o taxes-clear sign of English
repression
 Partition of India: Pakistan/India-much violence, divided b/c of religious reasons, both
countries now have nuclear weapons
Trade Goods, partners: China/England/Netherlands
Textiles (cotton) /Salt/Opium
Netherlands gained control over parts in the Dutch East India Company
England gained control over parts of India through British East India Company
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Silk Road spread Buddhism to China
Cotton to Britain, Opium to China
India is taken over by England. First by the British East India Company which takes control of key
cities and ports and then after the Sepoy Mutiny Britain takes total control. India would not gain
independence until 1947
Mohandas Gandhi- Civil Disobedience, Passive resistance, Salt March, fasting, independence is
gained in 1947
Nehru (1st Prime Minister)
Today India is one of the fastest growing economies due to globalization
Region: China
Geography of Region: Asia, Mountains (terrace farming), Deserts, Great Rivers, South heavy rains
(led to rise farming) Abundance of natural resources in the North leads to imperialism (coal, etc)
Isolation due to mountains/deserts in north/west and South as well as ocean to east
Early River Valley Civilization: Huang He (Yellow) River Valley
Early Empires: Dynasties: Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Ming
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Shang: First Dynasty
Qin Shi Huang Di (Qin= First Emperor to unit warring states in China)
Tang and Song were the Golden Age, foot binding starts
Middle Kingdom= China believed it was the center of civilization-the center of the world
Sinocentrism: Belief that China is the most important and best culture
Isolationism: Ming Dynasty isolated itself from the world, didn’t need anyone else!
Achievements: Gunpowder, Paper, Compass, Movable Type, Great Wall of China, Silk Road
Religion: Buddhism/Taoism, today Christianity
Terms associated with religion (define them):
Tao: The Way seeks harmony and order through nature, Yin/Yang= Balance of forces in life
Buddhism (See India)
Philosophy:
Confucianism=provides social order (impt!!) through 5 relationships
Filial Piety= belief in respect for elders
Bureaucracy: trained civil service that runs gov’t
Civil Service Exams tested subjects on knowledge of Confucius’ thought
Early Social Classes: Feudal(Shang only)
Emperor
Landowners
Peasants: Bound to land
Later Social Classes: After Abolished by Qin
Leaders (such as emperors)
Gentry (wealthy class)
Everyone else with special importance on
Farmers
Women are treated as if in a sub-class. Still affects women today.
Important Political/Economic Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
 Qin Shi Huang: unifies warring states-first emperor of China!!
 Han: reunifies China
 Tang/Song: Golden Age
 Mongol Rule: Genghis Khan conquers northern China in 1220 (ish) AD begins Pax Mongolia
o Kublai Khan finished the job and conquers all of China in 1279 AD
 Opium Wars with England-England wins and forces China to open ports to foreign influence
 Boxer Rebellion against foreign powers-China loses, foreign nations gain spheres of
influence
 Chinese Revolution: Ended empire, begins a republic (SHORT LIVED)
 Communist Revolution: Led my Mao Zedong, China become communist in 1950): Great Leap
Forward, move to rapidly industrialize China (fails, famine, terrible poverty)
 Cultural Revolution (Mao’s attempt to maintain communist party-repression, teachers
targeted, artists targeted, Chinese history and culture destroyed-schools close, lasts 10 years
 Deng Xiao Ping: 4 modernizations, changes the economy with market reforms- huge change
economically, China has a free market economy, but politically and socially still repression;
Tiananmen Square
Trade: goods/partners:
Silk Road: Jade, Silk, Camels, Horses, Bronze, Buddhist Goods, Ideas: Buddhism
Zheng He (China’s most famous explorer) developed trade routes around the Indian Ocean. Also
collected tributes (taxes and gifts) Later stopped journeys when Ming isolated China.
Today China has the fasted growing economy
Region: Japan and Far East Asia
Geography of Region: Japan: Archipelago, Mountainous with little arable (farmable) land around the
coast (terrace farming!), tsunamis, earthquakes. Surrounded by water, was influenced by
China because of location next to Korea (ideas flow through Korea into Japan from China)-no
natural resources!
Early River Valley Civilization: None: first people Ainu (forced north when settlers from
China/Korea came)
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Heian Period: Chinese cultural influence at its highest point, court life was at its peak
Kamakura Shogunate:
Emperor loses power instead powerful landowner gains control (feudalism
rises)
Shogunate: Family of Shoguns
Shogun: Military leader rules in the name of the emperor (also most powerful landowner)
Daimyo: Landowners
Samurai: Warriors for Daimyo (and shogunate)
Bushido (moral code samurai followed)
Tokugawa Shogunate: Last family of Shogun to rule before Meiji Restoration/isolated Japan after
realized growing influence of Christian Missionaries
Religion: Shinto/Buddhism
Terms associated with religion (define them):
Shinto-Animistic (all living things have spirits/souls), power of nature
Zen Buddhism: Enlightenment can be achieved only though contemplation and meditation came to
Japan in 600 AD through Korea from China
Early Social Classes: Feudal
Emperor (although no real power)
Shogun/Daimyo/Warriors
Peasants/Artisans
Merchants
Later Social Classes: (in 1868)
Emperor regains some control
Feudalism abolished
*Feudalism produced codes of honor and people knowing their place on hierarchal scaleBushido was the warrior’s code of honor.
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
Kublai Khan tries to take over Japan, fails
Meiji Restoration in 1868- Meiji Emperor restored to the throne (although the council of advisors really
ruled the land)
Won Russo-Japanese War and gained control of Manchuria and Korea
WWII-Japan begins to conquer South East Asia, bombs Pearl Harbor (1941)
Hiroshima and Nagasaki-atomic bombs used (Ends war in1945)
Trade Goods, partners:
Isolated-allowed the Netherlands to trade one time a year
Was forced out of isolationism in 1860’s when Japan was forced to open ports by U.S. (Commodore
Perry) It modernized/westernized/industrialized=Meiji Restoration
After WWII Japan had an industrial/economic revolution-became the wealthiest nation in the worldstruggles today
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Influenced by China through Korea in 600AD
Allowed Dutch to trade one day a year until Commodore Perry arrived
Westernized/Modernized/Industrialized to avoid colonization
Industrialization pushed Japan to conquer Manchuria in Russo-Japanese War for natural resources
Region: South America
Geography of Region: Mountainous (terrace farming) and jungle, tropical isolated center of South
America from colonization. Amazon Rainforest, Most people colonized outer edges along coasts
Early River Valley Civilization: None
Early Empires: Incas,
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Atahualpa- Leader of the Incas
Pizzaro-Conquered Incas from Spain
Religion: Polytheistic/ Sun was the most powerful god
Terms associated with religion (define them):
Sacrifice
Theocracy: Emperor is like God
Early Social Classes:
King
Chiefs of Small Villages
Later Social Classes: Encomienda
Labor/Economic System (colonial)
Peninsulars (Spanish born in New World)
Creoles (born in New World of Spanish parents)
Mestizos/Mulattos (mix of Spanish and native)
Native Americans/Slaves
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
1533 Pizarro conquers Inca and King Atahualpa
South American countries fight for independence from Spanish rule after learning about French
Revolution. Creoles sent to Europe to study bring back ideas of independence and lead the
fight-Simon Bolivar
Gain independence in early 1800s (1820’s)
Spain takes over majority of South America EXCEPT for Brazil-Portugal
Trade Goods, partners:
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Not much contact before Pizarro
Region: Mexico, Central America, and Caribbean
Geography of Region: Mountainous, Tropical lush good for growing sugar
Early River Valley Civilization: none
Early Empires: Mayans, Aztecs, Taino
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Montezuma II: Leader of Aztecs
Cortez: Spaniard who conquered Aztecs
Christopher Columbus: Conquered Taino
Religion: Polytheistic/Also worshipped Sun God
Terms associated with religion (define them):
Sacrifice
Theocracy
Early Social Classes:
King
Priests
Everyone else
Slaves
Later Social Classes:
Encomienda System
Peninsulars (Spanish born in New World)
Creoles (born in New World of Spanish parents)
Mestizos/Mulattos (mix of Spanish and native OR
Spanish and slave)
Slaves/Native Americans
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
Cortez conquers Aztecs in 1519 after Aztec Empire suffers from much infighting
Mexico fights for independence in 1910
Haiti fights for Independence led by Toussaint L’Ouverture and wins in 1804. Slaves hear masters
discussing “Declaration of the Rights of Man”
Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro, Che Guevara overthrow dictator Batista and establish Communist
government, later becomes communist dictatorship
Bay of Pigs, exiles trained by U.S. return to Cuba to try to oust Castro (fails)
Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet Union places nuclear weapons on Cuba, closest world got to
war Khrushchev (Soviet Union) vs. Kennedy (U.S.)
Trade Goods, partners:
Not much before Cortez-although some evidence suggests there was trade by Mayans into South
America
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Pretty isolated within Aztec culture
Region: England
Geography of Region: Varied, mountainous rich in natural resources (coal, iron). Surrounded by
water, good ports
Early Empires: Varied, Rome conquers in 1st century A.D.
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Magna Carta- Document that limited power of the monarchy
Parliament- Representative body in England
Henry VIII- Created Anglican Church (Pope refused him divorce), absolute monarch
Elizabeth I-finishes reformation for father and exemplifies nationalism
Religion: Christianity-Church was all important and rich-owned much land and had sway with gov’t
Church was so powerful the kings tried to bring it under control but couldn’t
Terms associated with religion (define them):
 Secular (worldly)
 Monastery (communities in which nuns/monks stayed and focused on gods)
 Excommunicated (banished from Church)
Protestant Reformation: (Period when people broke from Catholic church and formed Christian Church)
Led by German Martin Luther - 95 thesis
Causes: Renaissance (led people to question church), Strong Kings who wanted to gain
power against the Church, Church leaders abusing power, wealth/corrupt
Effects: Counter Revolution (reforming the Catholic church after Prot’ Ref’)
Protestant Churches formed, loss of religious unity, conflict, anti-Semitism
Early Social Classes: Feudal
King
Lords (Large Land)
Lesser Lords (Smaller Land)
Knights
(Serfs) Peasants
Later Social Classes:
King
Nobles/Landowners
Peasants
*Kings gave land to nobles (became landowners) who in turn divided the land into smaller plots called
fiefs which were then given to lesser lords call vassals. Knights protected the land and peasants
farmed the land and gave most of their goods to the lords/vassals.
This was put into an economic system called manorialism. Life was harsh for peasants and they
died quite young. Led to Mercantilism: Building nations wealth by selling more than
buying/controlling trade, hoarding gold.
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
Crusades (religious wars fought to gain back the holy land-Palestine)
Causes: Pope and King wanted more power and money, people thought their sins would be
forgiven, travel and excitement, and serfs thought they could escape oppression of
feudalism
Effects: led to increased trade, cultural diffusion, increased power of monarchs and decrease
in feudalism. Also began intense hatred between Muslims and Christians, Renaissance
English Civil War: Fight to stop monarchal power (against Charles I) ended Cromwell in absolute
power
Glorious Revolution: Monarchy restored to England w/o battles, but limited/constitutional monarchy
Imperialism throughout the world
Opium Wars, Treaty of Nanjing in China/ Sepoy Mutiny in India, Africa, etc…
WWI: Causes: Imperialism, Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism and Asassination of Archduke
Ferdinand
WWII: Causes: Hitler’s aggression, Appeasement didn’t work and League of Nations (like an early
United Nations) didn’t work-they were weak! Finally Hitler invaded Poland-WWII begins
Trade Goods, partners
Trade important. Led to growth of urban centers and new class, middle class of traders/merchants
Guild: trade association (sort of like a union) watched quality of goods and treatment of its members
also regulated prices of goods. Hanseatic League group of guilds and cities controlled trade.
Joint Stock Companies: A form of capitalism, people pooled their money and resources to begin a
company usually to explore new land to find wealth to split.
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Crusades led to trade and cultural diffusion
Conquers America/Parts of Canada/Caribbean
Takes over much of Africa, takes over India and parts of China and Australia
Other Important Events
Renaissance: A rebirth of culture, arts and education in Europe. Began in Italy-moved into England:
Shakespeare -centered on Humanism: Examination of human life with a focus on the achievements
on the individual not religion (secular!)
Scientific Revolution: Using observation and experiments to explain natural phenomena.
Copernicus-Poland (heliocentric theory) Galileo-Italy (energy [pendulum]/confirmed heliocentric
theory), Newton (gravity) Created tools such as the astrolabe, which encouraged exploration.
Enlightenment: Time when people rejected traditional ideas and supported the belief of reason, or
rational thinking. Believed that people should study human nature and use reason to
discover the world around them.
Causes: Renaissance, Age of Exploration, Scientific Revolution (Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, among
others), and humanism.
John Locke: Natural Rights, Life Liberty Property-Gov’t rules by consent of people
Effects: French and American Revolutions led to Latin American Revolutions and Haitian
Revolutions
Industrial Revolution/Agrarian Revolution
Agrarian Revolution
Revolution in farm tools/seeds leads to massive increase in food
Enclosure Movement: Creates large farms, small farmers forced off land-move to cities
Industrial Revolution
Mechanized production, mass production, factories, textiles, leads to imperialism and
communism, WWI, etc…
Region: Eastern Europe / GREECE
Geography of Region: Mountainous (led to isolation from each city-state) location excel’ for trade
Early River Valley Civilization: None
Early Empires: Small city states or polis/
Athens/ Sparta
Greek Empire: Created by Alexander the Great
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
City State or Polis (Individual cities with own governments)
Sparta: Military Society, men trained from early age
Athens: Direct democracy: first known in world, men voted directly for gov’t policies
Pericles: Leader of Athens under whom there was direct democracy
Alexander the Great: from Macedonia, created enormous empire, wise leader
Religion: Myth Based/Polytheistic
Philosophy: Aristotle: People learn through reason, 1 leader (Alex’s tutor)/ Plato: gov’t should
control people, Socrates: Learning through questioning
Early Social Classes:
Leader
Aristocracy
Peasants
Slaves
Important Political Events: Greece (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
Persian Wars; Athens and Sparta team up to beat Persia (300)
Peloponnesian War- Athens vs. Sparta, Sparta Wins
Corinthian War- Athens wins and brings back Democracy
Philip of Macedon Conquers Greece, Alexander the Great takes over
Ottoman Empire later conquers Greece
Greek War of Independence, Greece wins Independence in late 1800s
Trade Goods, partners:
Mesopotamia, Egypt
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Alexander the Great conquered much of Eastern Europe and Middle East, and South Asia, later take
over Egypt with Ptolemy
Scientific Revolution: Using observation and experiments to explain natural phenomena.
Copernicus-Poland (heliocentric theory) Galileo-Italy (energy [pendulum]/confirmed heliocentric
theory), Newton (gravity) Created tools such as the astrolabe, which encouraged exploration.
Important Political Events: Eastern Europe
Invasion of Poland: Beginning of WWI
Become satellite states of the Soviet Union during the Cold War
Various rebellions
1989 Revolutions win; begin to win freedom from communist control
Region: France
Geography of Region: Fertile Soil. Rivers, Vast resources (coal/iron)
Early River Valley Civilization: None
Early Empires: Frankish Empire
Capetian Empire
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Charlemagne, Frankish King, built first European empire was crowned Emperor of the Romans by the
Pope. Began feudalism in France/Europe
Louis XIV: Absolute Monarch. Said “I am the State” built luxurious Palace of Versailles
Louis XVI: Absolute Monarch beheaded during the French Revolution
Religion: Catholicism then Christianity
Terms associated with religion (define them)
Early Social Classes: Feudal
King
Nobles/Landowners
Vassals
Peasants (Serfs)
**Later Social Classes: Estates General
King and 3 Estates
King
Priests (1st Estate)
Nobles/Landowners (2nd Estate)
Peasants (3rd Estate) most people paid all taxes
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
Hundred Years’ War: England vs. France. Joan of Arc would rally French then be killed by English
Enlightenment: Time when people rejected traditional ideas and supported the belief of reason, or
rational thinking. Believed that people should study human nature and use reason to
discover the world around them.
Causes: Renaissance, Age of Exploration, Scientific Revolution (Copernicus, Galileo, Newton,
among others), and humanism.
Montesquieu: Branches of Govt, Checks and Balances
Rousseau: Social Contract (gov’t and people should work for the common good)
Voltaire: Freedom of Speech and Religion
Effects: French and American Revolutions led to Latin American Revolutions and Haitian
Revolutions
French Revolution:
Causes: Absolutism, Weak King, Inequality (3rd Estate paid all taxes, was majority and had no rights,
starving), Economic injustice (King, wife and nobles lived lavishly), enlightenment, American
Revolution
Storming of Bastille: Beginning of revolution
Declaration of Rights of Man: based on Declaration of Ind’ called for equal rights
Created constitution which created a limited monarchy (King’s power limited)
Robespierre: Radical Revolutionary (Jacobin) led much of French Revolution created Reign of
Terror Death by Guillotine to anyone against revolution
Napoleon Bonaparte: Military hero put down counterrevolution. Named himself Emperor of France
and conquered much of Europe. Created Napoleonic Code. Defeated 1st by Russia because
of Russian winter. Later defeated at Waterloo and exiled.
Effects: Inspired revolutions in Latin America and in Haiti, Nationalism
WWI on side of Allies-Trench Warfare destroys France
WWII-Hitler invades and controls France for much of the war
Trade Goods, partners: Industrialized and took over parts of Indonesia, Vietnam and much of Africa
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Crusades,
Takes over Vietnam, Indonesia, Canada, Conquered much of Africa
Region: Spain and Portugal
Geography of Region: Peninsula. Mountains to the East, good location for trade and
exploration, excellent farmland
Early River Valley Civilization: None
Early Empires: Roman Empire, Muslim Empire, until Reconquista (re-conquering by Christians in
15th century)
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Roman Empire (Augustus) 1st conquered Spain
Then Muslim armies from North Africa (Moors)
Reconquista Spanish Empire- Charles V- Holy Roman Emperor
Religion: Catholic
Terms associated with religion (define them):
Believed in Papal Supremacy
Inquisition- All non-believers of Catholicism persecuted.
Occurred during the Spanish Empire (and age of exploration)
Early Social Classes:
Feudal
Encomienda in the New World
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
Reconquista-Christians take back Spain from Muslim control
Spanish Empire led to exploration and colonization of the Americas, South East Asia (Philippi’)
Parts of Northern Europe (Netherlands/Luxemburg)
The War of Spanish Succession-Conflict led to dissolution of Empire
Napoleon later conquers Spain
Trade Goods, partners:
Africa/Italy/Constantinople through to Asia
Christopher Columbus to New World
Columbian Exchange-Exchange of plants, animals and diseases btw Old and New Worlds
Triangle Trade with Africa/New World
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Leader in Age of Discovery
Vasco De Gama (Portugal) 1st to circumnavigate Africa
Magellan (Spain) 1st to circumnavigate the world
Columbus (Spain) reached “new world”
Francisco Pizarro (Spain) Conquistador, conquered Incas of Peru in the Andes Mountains
Hernan Cortez (Spain) Conquistador, conquered Aztecs of Mexico
Region: Italy and Southern Europe (ROME)
Geography of Region: Peninsula, Varied with flat land, mountains, good for crops, location on
Mediterranean good for trade. Allowed people to unite
Early River Valley Civilization: NONE-Etruscans first to enter peninsula
Early Empires: Roman Empire
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Republican Government (representatives chosen by people) Senators were patricians
Julius Caesar: 48 BC united Empire after period of civil wars
Augustus: Brought Republic to an end, absolute power, but also brought:
Pax Romana: 200 year period of Roman peace
Religion: Myth Based/Polytheistic
later Catholicism
Terms associated with religion (define them):
Roman Catholicism: Center of Catholic Church in Rome at the Vatican
Papal Supremacy: Pope has supreme power over all of the Church, influence extended into political
affairs in medieval times.
Early Social Classes:
Patricians (landowners-all power)
Plebeians (everyone else – no power)
Slaves
Later Social Classes:
Emperor and Pope
Patricians (little power)
Plebeians (little power)
Slaves
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
509 BC: Founding of Republic
Republic falls: Augustus conquered much of the Mediterranean.
Causes of fall of Roman Empire: Overexpansion of empire, high taxes and barbarian
invasions lead to decline of Empire
Byzantine Empire emerged as the Eastern part of Roman Empire and survives decline. Constantine
leads Byzantine Empire-preserves Greek/Roman culture and Cyrillic Language group
Unification of Italy led by Count Camillo de Cavour and Garibaldi
Italy will take the side of the Allies in WWI but the Axis powers because of Mussolini-fascist dictator
(what is fascism?) in WWII
Trade Goods, partners:
Start of Silk Road, trade throughout Asia, South Asia, and Africa (Egypt, etc)
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Roman Empire conquers North Africa, Spain, Gaul (France), Greece, modern day Turkey and
Western part of Middle East (Syria)
Region: Russia
Geography of Region: Large, largest nation in the world, Cold, known for its “Russian Winters” also
known as “General Winter” beats both Napoleon and Hitler
Early River Valley Civilization: None; Earliest people known as Slavs
Leaders or Terms associated with early empires (define them):
Ivan the Terrible
Peter The Great-built up buildings/modernized some parts of culture
Religion: Christian
Early Social Classes:
Feudal (until 1917)
Important Political Events: (Revolutions, Wars, etc.), explain them.
Napoleon tries to conquer Russia during the Napoleonic Wars-defeated by scorched earth policy and
Russian “General Winter”
WWI-Citizens increasingly upset over continued feudal life and with communist leader Lenin
overthrows the government- withdrew from WWI
Russian Revolution (see class worksheet) –Lenin Stalin no longer Russia now Soviet Union/U.S.S.R
Stalin:
Communist Dictator; changes communism in Soviet Union,
Five-Year Plans-plans to rapidly industrialize Soviet Union, works but millions die
Great Purge-attempt to rid Soviet Union of those who were against Stalin
Cold War: U.S. vs. U.S.S.R: Arms Race, deterrent, MAD, domino theory, containment, Cuban Missile
Crisis, satellites
Soviet-Afghan War, rise of Taliban, Al Qaeda, Islamic Fundamentalism
Glasnot-openess-allowed people to express opposing views of the government-Gorbachev
Perestroika-Market reforms, changing Soviet Union from a command economy to a market
economy Russia still is trying to find its footing-still quite poor
1991-Boris Yeltsin, 1st President of Russia after Soviet Union collapses-economy is in ruins, but there
is choice!
Trade Goods, partners:
During Cold War: Eastern Europe
Important contact with other civilizations: (trade routes, conquests)
Tries to conquer much of China
Satellites in Eastern Europe, South America, helps China and Vietnam as well
Tries to conquer Afghanistan