Download Total of 4 marks for question 3 Fill in the blanks question

Reviewing the
Student Research
Booklet on Human
Organs & Systems
First Things First!!!
•
Be sure to ask questions if something
does not make sense or if you are in
doubt with what is being said
•
Remember that these questions are
good preparation for the Final Exam
which is approaching quickly
Cell Specialization &
Organization
Total out of /40
Question 1
1 mark for
showing the cell
growing in size
1 mark for showing
the cell pinching off
and splitting with
two nuclei
Total of 3 marks for question 1
1 mark for showing
the cell fully divided
into two separate
daughter cells
Question 2
Although multicellular organisms like you grow from a single cell
that divides repeatedly, their cells are not all the same. Like the
instruments in an orchestra, different cells have different
appearances and perform different jobs. Cells that are different
from other cells are said to be?
Specialized
Total of 1 mark for question 2
Question 3
Fill in the blanks question
Specialization means that the cells of a multicellular
organism must work together to support their own
lives, as well as the life of the whole individual. For
example, the cells that make up the tissue of your liver
rely on other organ systems to provide them with
oxygen and nutrients.
½ a mark for each correct blank… Total of 4 marks for question 3
Question 4
Total of 5 marks for question 4
Read over the last paragraph on page 138 and the first paragraph
on page 139 in the Science Focus 8 Textbook. Do as the textbook
asks and try to classify each of the pictures on page 139 as a Blood,
Nerve, Muscle, Bone or Skin cell.
Bone
Muscle
Blood
Skin
Nerve
Question 5
5 different advantages that multicellular organisms have over
single celled organisms. Please list the five advantages below
using complete sentences and descriptions.
1 – They can live in a wider range of environments
2 – They can grow very large
3 – They can obtain energy from a wider variety of
foods
4 – Their bodies are more complex
5 – Specializing particular functions, each cell can
perform much more efficiently
1 mark each… Total of 5 marks for question 5
Question 6
As more and more cells are added to form a living organism like a
bear or whale, the level of complexity of cell arrangement is
classified into different levels of organization. Please create a
simple 5 step flow chart showing the different levels of
organization.
Cells
Organs
Tissue
Organisms
Systems
1 mark for each correct step… Total of 5 marks for question 6
Question 7
List the four different types of tissue and give a brief description of
each.
1 – Muscle Tissue Allows certain parts of your body to move
and to perform different functions
2 – Nerve Tissue Carries signals between the brain and other
parts of the body to co-ordinate activities
3 – Epithelial Tissue Protects the outside of the body and also
covers internal structures such as
intestines
4 – Connective Tissue Connects and supports different parts of
the body, may be solid (bone) or fluid
(blood)
1 a mark for each… Total of 5 marks for question 7
Question 8
What is the next level
An organ is a distinct structure (1 mark) in the
body that performs particular functions (1 mark)
i.e. an eye to see with or your stomach to digest
food.
Total of 2 marks for question 8
Question 9
a) What is the next level of organization after “organs”?
Systems (1 mark)
b)
Plants are made up two main “systems”. What are they and
what is main role of each in the survival of the plant?
1 - Root system (1 mark) is below ground and helps absorb
nutrients and water from the soil (1 mark)
2 - Shoot System (1 mark) is above ground and collects light
to allow the plant to produce it’s own food
(1 mark)
Total of 5 marks for question 9
Question 9
Question 10
Below is a diagram that shows how cells build on one and other
to form the different levels of organization. What is the last level
on this diagram that is missing and given that the “heart” is the
organ in the second last level of organization, what would the
name of the last be?
The next level of organization
after organs is “systems” (1 mark)
The heart would be part of the
“Circulatory” system (1 mark)
Total of 2 marks for question 10
The Digestive
System
Total out of /86
Question 1
Fill in the blanks question
Living organisms require energy to survive. Like other
animals, you obtain energy from different sources such
as carbohydrates (sugars & starches), lipids (fats & oils),
and proteins. But before your cells can use any of these
energy sources for fuel, they must be processed by your
digestive system. Your digestive system is in charge of
breaking down the food you eat into parts small
enough to be used by your cells.
½ a mark for each correct blank… Total of 5 marks for question 1
Question 2
There are two main types of digestion… what are they and what
do they involve?
1 – Mechanical Digestion involves the physical break
(1 mark)
down of food into very small
pieces (i.e. chewing) (1 mark)
2 – Chemical Digestion involves the break down of
(1 mark)
large particles into smaller
particles by substances called
“enzymes” (1 mark)
Total of 4 marks for question 2
Question 3
The digestive system is actually a long tube within the body that
allows food and nutrients to pass through it. Starting with the
mouth, outline the order/path of organs that food travels
through as it passes through your digestive system?
Mouth
Esophagus
Rectum
Total of 5 marks for question 3
Stomach
Large
intestine
Small
intestine
You can see how
the digestive
systems is just
one “Long Tube”
Question 4
Total of 10 marks for question 4
The diagram below shows all of the parts of the mouth which is the
first part of the digestive track. Label each of the parts in the
diagram and follow up with a short description as to what each
one does as well as whether it helps with chemical or mechanical
digestion.
A – Teeth
B – Tongue
C – Salivary Glands
D – Epiglottis
E – Esophagus
Question 4
Total of 10 marks for question 4
Write a short description for each of the 5 parts of the mouth
1 – Teeth mechanically digest the food by grinding it and mixing
it with saliva
2 – Tongue pushes the chewed food to the back of the throat to
be swallowed
3 – Salivary Glands produce saliva which contains an enzyme
designed to chemically digest large starch
molecules into smaller sugar molecules
4 – Epiglottis is a flap of skin that moves across your trachea so
food is funneled into the esophagus
5 – Esophagus is a tube that carries the food to the stomach by
a pinching motion called “peristalsis”
Question 5
To the right is a diagram that shows how food is pushed through
the digestive track. What is the scientific name of this process?
Peristalsis
Total of 1 mark for question 5
Question 6
To the right is a diagram that shows how food is pushed through
the digestive track. What is the scientific name of this process?
Liver
Stomach
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Large
Intestine
Small
Intestine
Rectum
Total of 7 marks for question 6
Question 7
3 marks for each description
Write a short description for each of the 5 parts of the mouth
Mouth mechanically digest the food by chewing, grinding, and
mixing it. It also starts the chemical digestion process by
breaking down starches and sugars with an enzyme
found in the saliva
Salivary Glands produce saliva which contains an enzyme
designed to chemically digest large starch
molecules into smaller sugar molecules
Epiglottis is a flap of skin that moves across your trachea so food
is funneled into the esophagus… no digestion here
Question 7
3 marks for each description
Write a short description for each of the 5 parts of the mouth
Esophagus is a tube that carries the food to the stomach by a
pinching motion called “peristalsis”… no digestion
here
Gall Bladder
is just a storage container for the “bile” produced
by the liver. The gall bladder releases bile
directly into the small intestine to aid in chemical
digestion.
Pancreas The pancreas aids a bit in chemical digestion. More
specifically, it aids in the control of blood sugar levels
and the amount of sugar that circulates with the
blood.
Question 7
3 marks for each description
Write a short description for each of the 5 parts of the mouth
Small Intestine Chemical digestion continues in the small
intestine with several enzymes helping to break
down food particles further. The small intestine
is also where the vast majority of food
absorption takes place. Food is absorbed into
the blood stream through “Villi”.
Large Intestine The large intestine is the last point of food
absorption. By this point only the last little bit
of water and mineral absorption is taking
place. What is left of the digested food is
collected as feces in the rectum.
Question 8
Total of 3 marks for this question
What are “Microvilli” and how
do they work?
Microvilli are small “finger
like” projections (1 mark) that
increase the surface area (1
mark) of the small intestine and
are responsible for nutrient
absorption into the blood
stream. (1 mark)
Question 9
Total of 3 marks for this question
How do microvilli connect the
digestive system to the
circulatory system?
Microvilli and the blood
capillaries within them are
only one cell thick (1 mark) and
are this thin so that the
nutrients within the small
intestine can diffuse into the
blood stream easily (1 mark).
Question 10
Question 10 is a very long and detailed answer. It
should be easy for you come up with 20 different points
of digestion including when chemical digestion occurs
vs. mechanical as well as which organs do what and
when nutrients are absorbed.
Total of 20 marks for question 10
Question 11
For each of the terms below, explain the relationship
that exists…
Question 11 a)
Digestion & Enzymes
Enzymes are responsible for chemically breaking
down (1 mark) large food particles into smaller
ones (1 mark).
Total of 2 marks for question 11 so far
Question 11
Question 11 b)
Nutrients and Villi
The villi are found in the small intestine of the
digestive system (1 mark) and are responsible for
absorbing the nutrients into the blood stream
(1 mark).
Question 11 c) Digestion & Peristalsis
Peristalsis is the special muscle contraction (1 mark)
that pushes food through the digestive system
(1 mark)
Total of 6 marks for question 11
Question 12
Explain how the small intestine, which fits into a fairly
small space in the body, manages to have such a large
surface area to help it absorb food nutrients.
The small intestine has millions of tiny finger like
projections called villi (1 mark) that are folded up
on one and other to make up a large surface area
(1 mark).
Total of 2 marks for question 12 so far
The Respiratory
System
Total out of /54
Question 1
Fill in the blanks question
Breathing is the process your respiratory system uses to
move air in and out of your lungs. Breathing occurs
because of your rib and diaphragm muscles. When you
inhale, these muscles contract, pulling your ribs up, and
your diaphragm down. This increases the size of your
chest and lungs, pulling air into your lungs. When you
exhale, these muscles relax; your ribs go down and
diaphragm goes up. This decreases the size of your
chest and lungs, forcing air out.
½ a mark for each correct blank… Total of 9 marks for question 1
Question 2
Total of 6 marks for question 2
Please fill out the diagram below.
Air in
(1 mark)
Air out
(1 mark)
Ribs
(1 mark)
Diaphragm moves
downward (1 mark)
Ribs
(1 mark)
Diaphragm moves
upward (1 mark)
Question 3
Total of 7 marks for question 3
Please fill out the diagram below.
Alveolus
Larynx
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Trachea
Bronchus
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Bronchioles
Lungs
Diaphragm
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Question 4
Show the order in which oxygen comes from the atmosphere and
diffuses into our blood.
Mouth
Capillaries
Larynx
Alveolus
Total of 6 marks for question 4
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
You can see how
much the air
passages within
the lungs branch
off
Question 5
The special epithelial tissue in the alveoli and the blood
capillaries that surround them is only one cell layer
thick. Why is this the case and what natural process
does this speed up?
The capillary layer is only one cell layer thick so that the
oxygen and carbon dioxide gasses can cross over from
the blood and back again very quickly (1 mark) by
only being one cell layer thick, the process of DIFFUSION
is sped up dramatically (1 mark)
Total of 2 marks for question 5
Question 6
Fill in the blanks question
The air in the alveoli has a high concentration of oxygen
and a low concentration of carbon dioxide. The blood in
the capillaries surrounding the alveoli has a low
concentration of oxygen and a high concentration of
carbon dioxide. So, oxygen naturally diffuses from the
alveoli into the capillaries, and carbon dioxide naturally
diffuses in the other direction.
½ a mark for each correct blank… Total of 7 marks for question 6
Question 7
Total of 7 marks for question 3
Please fill out the diagram below.
Blood rich in CO2 comes
from the body (1 mark)
Capillary
(1 mark)
CO2 moving into
the alveolus
(1 mark)
Bronchiole
(1 mark)
Blood now
rich in O2
leaves the
lungs
(1 mark)
Alveolus
(1 mark)
O2 moving into
the blood
(1 mark)
Question 8
1 mark per blank… Total of 10 marks
for question 8
Please fill out the diagram below.
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Air
Artery
Capillaries
Alveolus
Capillary
Vein
Alveolar
sack
Red blood
cells
Heart and lungs of a smoker vs. non smoker
The Circulatory
System
Total out of /47
Question 1
Fill in the blanks question
One of the circulatory system’s jobs is to deliver the
nutrients absorbed by digestive system to each cell in
your body. The circulatory system, then, is your body’s
transportation network. Besides nutrients, your
circulatory system must also transport oxygen to your
cells and remove waste products.
½ a mark for each correct blank… Total of 5 marks for question 1
Question 2
Total of 1 marks for this part of question 2
What is the most important organ within the circulatory system.
The Heart
(1 mark)
Question 2
Total of 3 marks for this part of question 2
Please fill out the diagram below.
Artery
Vein
(1 mark)
Capillary
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
Question 3
There are three types of connective tissue involved in the
transportation of blood throughout the circulatory system. What
are these structures called and what is the blood “doing” in terms
of the gasses and nutrients/wastes carried in the blood in each of
the three structures
1 – Artery Arteries are responsible for moving the
blood from the heart to the rest of the
body (1 mark). The arteries carry blood
rich oxygen (1 mark) from the heart to the
rest of the body. Arteries work under
pressure.
Total of 2 marks for question 3 so far
Question 3
2 – Capillary
3 – Veins
Capillaries are the finest blood vessels
in the body and are only one cell layer
thick. (1 mark). Capillaries are where
the gas and nutrient exchange takes
place allowing materials to diffuse into
and out of the cells (1 mark).
Veins return blood to the heart to be recirculated (1 mark). Veins carry blood that is
full of wastes and CO2 back to the heart
(1 mark). Veins do not work under pressure.
Total of 6 marks for question 3
Question 4
Fill in the blanks question
The vessels that carry blood away from your heart to all
parts of your body are called arteries. Blood is returned
from your body to the heart in veins.
½ a mark for each correct blank… Total of 4 marks for question 4
You will notice that
the arteries are
concentrated closer to
the inside of the body
close to the bone of
the skeleton
However, the veins
are found on the
periphery of the body
closer to the skin
Question 5
Total of 5 marks for question 5
Please fill out the diagram below.
Artery to lungs
Vein
from
lungs
Vein from
body
Blood vessels in body
Artery to body
Question 5 a)
Where does the right ventricle, send the blood too & where does
the left ventricle send the blood to.
1 – Right Ventricle
(1 mark)
The right ventricle pumps the
blood to the lungs to get oxygen
(1 mark)
2 – Left Ventricle
(1 mark)
The left ventricle pumps the blood to
the rest of the body
(1 mark)
Total of 2 marks for question 5 a)
Question 5 b)
Total of 6 marks for question 5 b)
• The right half of the heart receives blood high in carbon
dioxide levels (1 mark)
• The blood is sent to the lungs from there so that CO2 can be
exchanged for O2 (1 mark)
• The blood then travels back to the heart only this time too the
left side (1 mark)
• The heart then pumps the blood to the rest of the body
(1 mark)
• The cells within the body take the O2 from the blood and in
return, deposit CO2 (1 mark)
• Finally, the blood is returned to the right half of the heart
(1 mark)
Question 6
The connective tissue that links the arteries to the veins and is
where most of the nutrient, waste and gas exchange takes place
are called the…
Capillaries
Total of 1 mark for question 6
Question 7
Total of 14 marks for question 7
Structure of the
Heart
Function of that Structure
A
Right Atrium
Receives blood low in oxygen from the rest
of the body
B
Aorta
First artery that ships blood to the rest of
the body
C
Left Atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
D
Left Ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the
body
E
Right Ventricle
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
1 mark for each correctly filled out blank
Question 7
Total of 14 marks for question 7
Where is the blood coming from/going too?
a
This blood is coming from the lungs and has been freshly
oxygenated
b
This blood is being sent to the rest of the body to supply it with
fresh oxygen
c
This blood is being sent to the lungs to exchange the CO2 for
fresh oxygen
d
This blood is coming in from the body after the oxygen has
been used up
1 mark for each correctly filled out blank
The Excretory
System
Total out of /48
Question 1
Fill in the blanks question
The body produces a number of different types of
wastes. These wastes are poisonous, and, if not
removed from the body, can cause you serious harm.
The job of waste removal, (also known as) excretion, is
done by the excretory system. The interesting thing
about the excretory system is that it involves organs
from other systems. So different organ systems interact
to get rid of wastes.
½ a mark for each correct blank… Total of 6 marks for question 1
Question 2
Getting food and oxygen is only half of the equation for
good health. What is the other half? Also, what are
the key organs in the “Other Half”?
Getting rid of wastes is the other half of the equation
(1 mark)
The key organs in the removal of wastes are the
KIDNEYS (1 mark)
Total of 2 marks for question 2
Question 3
Question 3 a)
When your cells break down proteins, they form a very
toxic compound called?
AMMONIA
(1 mark)
Question 3 b)
Which organ helps in dealing with the toxic ammonia
produced by the cells?
LIVER
(1 mark)
Total of 2 marks for question 3 so far
Question 3
Question 3 c)
What is the name of the less harmful substance that the
ammonia is converted into?
UREA
(1 mark)
Question 3 d)
Where is the less harmful urea taken to by the blood
stream?
KIDNEYS
(1 mark)
Total of 4 marks for question 3
Question 4
Fill in the blanks question
The kidneys are about 10 cm long. They are the main organs of
excretion; they act as filters of the blood, straining out unwanted
urea, water, and other salts, and they produce urine. Every drop
of your blood is filtered about 300 times per day by the kidneys.
Even though about 180 L of blood pass through the kidneys each
day, you produce only about 1.5 L of urine. The amount of urine
you produce also depends on how much water you drink. The
kidneys keep the proper amount of water in your blood. If there
is to much water, they excrete lots of water and so they produce
a lot of urine.
½ a mark for each correct blank… Total of 10 marks for question 4
Question 5
1 mark for each correct blank
Blood flows into
the nephron
from an artery
Ureter
Capsule
Urine flows into
the ureter &
then into the
bladder
U-shaped
Tube
Total of 5 marks for question 5
Question 6
Briefly describe how urine is formed starting with the
blood and where it travels to.
First, blood enters the kidney by the renal artery which
branches into smaller vessels called capillaries (1 mark)
The small filtering units are called nephrons (1 mark)
The nephrons remove wastes from the blood (1 mark)
Urine is produced from the wastes and excess water
(1 mark)
The cleaned blood returns to the veins in the body
(1 mark)
Total of 5 marks for question 6
Question 7
Fill in the blanks question
Ureters are long tubes that connect the kidneys to the
bladder. The bladder is a sac covered in muscle tissue.
As the urine enters the bladder, the bladder expands.
The bladder can store about 1 L of urine. When it is full,
the bladder muscles contract and push the urine out
through the urethra.
½ a mark for each correct blank… Total of 6 marks for question 1
Question 8
1 mark for each correct blank
Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Total of 3 marks for question 8
Question 9
Question 9 a)
One last tissue that aids in the removal of salt from
your blood stream is…?
The Skin
(1 mark)
Question 9 b)
Your skin contains thousands of these just below the
surface…?
Sweat Glands
(1 mark)
Total of 2 marks for question 9 so far
Question 9
Question 9 c)
In addition to keeping you cool when you are
overheating, what else do the sweat glands help you
do?
They help remove excess salts
Total of 3 marks for question 9
(1 mark)
The Nervous
System
Total out of /32
Question 1
To the left is a diagram representing the nerves that
travel thorough our body. What two parts within this
diagram make up the Central Nervous System?
1. Brain
(1 mark)
2. Spinal Cord
(1 mark)
Total of 2 marks for question 1
The story of
Phineas Gage
Question 2
(1 mark) for the signal
Cell
Body
(1 mark)
traveling away from
the cell body, down
the axon
Axon
(1 mark)
Nucleus
Terminal
Branch
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark) for the cell
Dendrites (1 mark)
body being at the
dendrite end
Total of 7 marks for question 2
Question 3
Please describe the shape of the cell in one word, and
then explain why nerve cells have this specific shape
One Word Description - Long
(1 mark)
Why? Because nerves need to carry a signal (1 mark)
over a distance (1 mark)
Total of 3 marks for question 3
Question 4
This is a diagram of a “reflex arch”. Please explain in five steps
what is happening in the diagram. Be sure to use the proper
terminology in your explanation and label the diagram.
Motor Neuron
(1 mark)
Spinal Chord (1 mark)
Interneuron
(1 mark)
Sensory Neuron (1 mark)
Total of 4 mark for this part of question 4
Question 4
Step 1 - Sensory nerves in your hand react to hot stimulus
(1 mark)
Step 2 - Sensory nerves send nerve impulses to the spinal cord
(1 mark)
Step 3 - Interneurons within the spinal cord immediately send
an impulse to the motor neurons (1 mark)
Step 4 - Motor neurons carry the nerve impulse to the muscles in
your arm (1 mark)
Step 5 - The muscles then retract removing your hand from the
hot element (1 mark)
Total of 5 marks for this part of question 4
Question 5
What is the point of having a “reflex arch”… why isn’t
the brain involved in a reflex movement?
Why? The brain isn’t involved because it saves time
(1 mark)
in processing the information and
making a decision. This minimizes the damage
done by the stimulus (1 mark)
Total of 2 marks for question 5
Question 6
½ mark for each correct blank
The nerves within the Peripheral nervous system can be divided
into two different categories. The Sensory nerves receive stimuli
for the environment and carry that message to the brain. The
Motor nerves carry signals from the brain to the different tissues
within the body. The Peripheral nervous systems can be broken
up into two systems again. The Autonomic nervous system
controls body functions that are Unconsciously manipulated by
the brain such as heart beat or pupil size. The Somatic nervous
system gives you Voluntary control over your movements and
muscle groups.
Total of 4 marks for question 6
Question 7
1 mark for each correct match
Based on what you have read and learned… match the following
parts of the Nervous System on the left to the correct description
on the right.
Axon
E
Dendrites
I
Cell Body
D
Autonomic Nervous system
A
Somatic Nervous system
G
Motor Neurons
C
Sensory Neurons
F
Central Nervous System
B
Total of 9
marks for
Peripheral Nervous System
H
question 7
The Quiz
•
You will be having a quiz based on all
of the information that was required
in the readings.
•
This means that anything you were
supposed to read could be on the
quiz… not just the questions in this
booklet.
•
Take the time to go over some of the
readings and understand what you
have read… get help if something
doesn’t make sense.