Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Regina D. Knight, PhD Student: Public Health/Epidemiology Walden University PUBH-8165-10: Environmental Health Instructor: Dr. Robert Marino Spring Quarter, 2010 Dinner with Salmonella • History of Salmonella • Sources of Salmonella • Types of Salmonellosis • Incidence and Prevalence • Prevention • Research • Identify the Types of Salmonella and Accompanying Symptoms • Name the Causes of Salmonellosis • Determine Appropriate Prevention Measures • Government Entities Involved in Salmonella Control • Become Aware of the Incidence and Prevalence in the US • Discovered by Daniel E. Salmon in 1884 • Salmonella choleraesuis – hog cholera • Gram-negative, motile bacterium •Invades the intestines or bloodstream of the host •Leading cause of food poisoning (US NLM, 2005) (Helath.google.com, 2010) (US NLM,2005) US National Library of Medicine. (2005). Daniel E. Salmon. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/medtour/vetcol.html Health.google.com. (2010). Salmonella enterocolitis. A.D.A.M. Retrieved from: https://health.google.com/health/ref/Salmonella+enterocolitis (Health.google.com, 2010) (FDA, 2009; NIAID, 2010; Klotchko & Wallace, 2008) • Food • Raw poultry, eggs, raw seafood, beef, unwashed fruit • Cross contamination • Environmental Sources • Water –untreated , stagnant • Soil – feces of infected animals • Surfaces – Kitchen and factory • Animals • Handling various reptiles, kittens, chicks, ducklings • Food Preparers • Cross-contamination Failure to wash hands US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). BBB – Salmonella spp. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966.htm National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2010). Salmonellosis. US Department of Health and Human Services: National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/salmonellosis/pages/default.aspx Klotchko, A. & Wallace, M. R. (2009, March 31). Salmonellosis. Medscape: Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview (Todar, 2008; FDA, 2009) S. typhi S. enterica • Enteric fever or Typhoid • Symptoms: • Infection in the bloodstream • Pain • Stiffening in Joints • Arthritis • Overall Systemic Septicemia • Gastroenteritis or food poisoning • Symptoms: • Abdominal cramping • Headache • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea Courtesy of CDC/Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Charles N. Farmer at Health.google.com, 2010 (Health.google.com, 2010) US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). BBB – Salmonella spp. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966.htm Health.google.com. (2010). Salmonella enterocolitis. A.D.A.M. Retrieved from: https://health.google.com/health/ref/Salmonella+enterocolitis (Klotchko & Wallace, 2009; CDC, 2009) •Sufficient amount of bacteria ingested •Bacteria becomes attached to epithelial cells in small intestine •Internalized by endocytosis •Transported to the lamina propria •Response is usually immediate •Lasts about a week •Treatment •Hydration Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ Klotchko, A. & Wallace, M. R. (2009, March 31). Salmonellosis. Medscape: Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview (Answers.com) Layers of Stomach Wall: 1. Serosa 2. Tela subserosa 3. Muscularis 4. Oblique fibers of muscle wall 5. Circular muscle layer 6. Longitudinal muscle layer 7. Submucosa 8. Lamina muscularis mucosae 9. Mucosa 10. Lamina propria 11. Epithelium 12. Gastric glands 13. Gastric pits 14. Villous folds 15. Gastric areas (gastric surface Answers.com. (2010). Lamina propria. Retrieved from: http://www.answers.com/topic/lamina-propria (Answers.com, 2010) (CDC, 2009; Todar, 2008; Klotchko & Wallace, 2009) • Major immune response •Travels through the lymphatic and circulatory systems •Invades deeper tissues •Delayed response •Treatment •Antibiotics Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ Todar, K. (2008). Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Todar’s online textbook of bacteriology. Retrieved from: http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/salmonella.html Klotchko, A. & Wallace, M. R. (2009, March 31). Salmonellosis. Medscape: Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview (Circulatory, Answers.com 2010; Lymphatic, answers.com, 20101) Circulatory System Lymphatic system Answers.com. (2010). Circulatory system. Retrieved from: http://www.answers.com/topic/circulatory-system Answers.com. (2010). Lymphatic system. Retrieved from: http://www.answers.com/topic/lymphatic-system (CDC, 2009; FDA, 2009) • 40,000 cases reported annually in the US • Many go unreported and untreated • FDA estimates 2 to 4 million cases of Salmonellosis annually • 74,000 cases attributed to amphibians and reptiles • Estimated 400 people die each year with acute cases Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). BBB – Salmonella spp. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966.htm (CDC, 2009; Klotchko & Wallace, 2009) • All people are susceptible • Greatest numbers and most severe cases are among the very young and elderly • Under the age of 5 • Over 60 years of age Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ Klotchko, A. & Wallace, M. R. (2009, March 31). Salmonellosis. Medscape: Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview (CDC, 2009) • Cook food thoroughly • Wash hands • Wear gloves • Clean preparation surfaces • Wash food prior to preparation • Use non-toxic cleaners to wash fruits and vegetables • Avoid direct contact with reptiles • Wash hands before handling an infant or the immunocompromised • Breast-feeding Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ (FDA, 2009) • Improve hygiene practices • Clean livestock and habitats • Insect control • Clean and functional meat packing facilities • Better education of food industry workers in food safety and restaurant inspections • Increase usage of pasteurized egg products • Irradiation of raw meat US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). BBB – Salmonella spp. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966.htm • Center of Disease Control and Prevention (2009) • Keeps track of reported cases, strain types, and frequency • Food and Drug Administration (2009) • Inspects imported foods and pasteurization plants • Issues guidelines for better food preparation in restaurants and food processing plants • Regulates the use of antibiotics in livestock • Regulates the sales of turtles • US Department of Agriculture (CDC, 2009) • Monitors livestock • Inspects egg pasteurization plants • Responsible for the quality of slaughtered and processed meat • Environmental Protection Agency (CDC, 2009) • Regulates and monitors water quality and supplies Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ US Food and Drug Administration. (2009). BBB – Salmonella spp. Retrieved from: http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FoodborneIllness/FoodborneIllnessFoodbornePathogensNaturalToxins/BadBugBook/ucm069966.htm (Attig, 2009) • 1984 Incident in The Dalles, Oregon • Rajneeshee cult , followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh •Contaminated salad bars with S. typhicurium • Sickened 750 people • Wanted to Incapacitate voters Attig, R. (2009,October 5). The poisoning of an Oregon town. OregonLive.com Retrieved from: http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/10/the_poisoning_of_an_oregon_tow.html (Moon & McSorley, 2009; Wigley et al., 2006). • Studies have been conducted on mouse and chicken models • Mouse model did not develop diarrhea, but contracted the typhoid form when infected with Salmonella • Discovered rapid intracellular metastasis • Spread throughout the liver and spleen • Presence of macrophages deposited Salmonella T-cells and Bcells • Body of host manufactured antibodies against the pathogen and exhibited immunity when exposed to Salmonella again • Immunity = antibodies + TH-1 cell of pathogen • Attenuated cells could possibly be used as a vaccine Moon, J. J. & McSorley, S. J. (2009). Tracking the dynamics of Salmonella specific T-cell responses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 334: pp. 179–198. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_8. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732114/pdf/nihms121430.pdf/?tool=pmcentre Wigley, P., Hulme, S., Rothwell, L., Bumstead, N., Kaiser, P., & Barrow, P. (2006, February). Macrophages isolated from chickens genetically resistant or susceptible to systemic salmonellosis show magnitudinal and temporal differential expression of cytokine and chemokines following Salmonella enterica challenge. Infection Immunity, 74(2), pp. 1425-1430. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360331/pdf/1265%2D05.pdf/?tool=pmcentrez • Caused by Salmonella - Gram-negative, motile • Two types: Gastroenteritis - S. enterica – ; Typhoid Fever - S. typhi • Affects 2 to 4 million people annually; 400 die each year • Anyone can get Salmonellosis but the very young and the elderly are more susceptible to the pathogen • Prevention - good hygiene, reduction of cross contamination via washing hands, cleaning utensils, cleaning surfaces, cooking food thoroughly, etc. • Government Agencies – CDC, FDA, USDA, and EPA • Salmonella is a bioterrorism concern because it can incapacitate large groups of people • Research shows that previous infection with Salmonellosis can create immunity in the host from future outbreaks and possibly use antibodies for vaccine production 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Attig, R. (2009,October 5). The poisoning of an Oregon town. OregonLive.com Retrieved from: http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/10/the_poisoning_of_an_oregon_tow.html Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Salmonellosis. National Center for Zoonotic, VectorBorne, and Enteric Disease. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/ Health.google.com. (2010). Salmonella enterocolitis. Retrieved from: https://health.google.com/health/ref/Salmonella+enterocolitis Klotchko, A. & Wallace, M. R. (2009, March 31). Salmonellosis. Medscape: Emedicine. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-overview Moon, J. J. & McSorley, S. J. (2009). Tracking the dynamics of Salmonella specific T-cell responses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 334: pp. 179–198. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-93864-4_8. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732114/pdf/nihms121430.pdf/?tool=pmcentrez National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2010). Salmonellosis. US Department of Health and Human Services: National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/salmonellosis/pages/default.aspx Todar, K. (2008). Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Todar’s online textbook of bacteriology. Retrieved from: http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/salmonella.html US National Library of Medicine. (2005). Daniel E. Salmon. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/medtour/vetcol.html Wigley, P., Hulme, S., Rothwell, L., Bumstead, N., Kaiser, P., & Barrow, P. (2006, February). Macrophages isolated from chickens genetically resistant or susceptible to systemic salmonellosis show magnitudinal and temporal differential expression of cytokine and chemokines following Salmonella enterica challenge. Infection Immunity ,74(2), pp. 1425-1430. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360331/pdf/1265%2D05.pdf/?tool=pmcentrez 1. 2. 3. 4. Heithoff, D. M., Shimp, W. R., Lau, P. W., Badie, G., Enioutina, E. Y., Daynes, R. A., Byrne, B. A., House, J. K., & Mahan, M. J. (2008, March). Human salmonella clinical isolates distinct from those of animal origin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(6), pp. 1757-1766. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02740-07 Wrongdiagnosis.com. (2010). Prevalence and incidence of Salmonella poisoning. Retrieved from: http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/s/salmonella_food_poisoning/prevalence.html Davis, B. (2010). Salmonellosis. YahooHealth.com. Retrieved from: http://health.yahoo.com/infectiousdisease-overview/salmonellosis/healthwise-te6320spec.html Environmental Protection Agency. (2006, July). Method 1682: Salmonella in sewage sludge (biosolids) by modified semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) medium. Washington DC: Office of Water. Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/methods/method/biological/1682.pdf