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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
..Background As living beings, human beings can not escape from the events of diffusion
and osmosis. Every day we see the water running when turning on water faucets or flush the
toilets. But, in fact, water is all around us more of quotswitchingquot by invisible, by diffusion
and osmosis. For example when we brew tea in hot water. Brown color of tea bags seem to
spread from the bag toward the water. Most people would think that only molecules of tea
that is being move. In fact, water molecules were also being moved due to differences
concentration between the bag of tea bags in the surrounding water. Making pickles is also
demonstrated the events of osmosis. Before soaked in vinegar, pickled vegetables Textured
dense and hard. However, once soaked in vinegar, vegetable pickled vegetables will be
mushy. In this event, the water out of the cell because vinegar is hypertonic. As well as
pickled vegetables, wrapped in plant cells by a thin membrane called the plasma membrane.
This membrane is composed of bilayer membrane that is able to selectively regulate the flow
of fluid from the environment of a cell. Plasma membrane will be detached from the cell wall
if the concentration of the fluid outside the cell higher PA or low water potential than the
concentration of fluid in the cell PA high so there will be movement towards a more
condensed molecules low PA. To make the solvent does not enter into the solution, the
energy required is called osmotic pressure TO. That can mean PA PO. To determine the
potential value osmotic fluid cells can be used with one plasmolisis method. This method
pursued by determining the in which concentration of sucrose that cells undergoing
plasmolisis . In these conditions, the concentration of sucrose is considered the same with
the concentration of the cell fluid. In other words, when the concentration of the solution that
causes plasmolisis of cells are known, then the value of the cell osmotic pressure can also
be known.
..Basic problem a. How the affect of concentration of sucrose solution in procentage of cells
that being plasmolized b. What is the value of cell concentration which causes of total cells
do plasmolisis c. What is the value of osmotic pressure of the fluid cells are calculated by the
plasmolisis method
..Purpose a. Explain the affect of sucrose solution concentration in procentage of cells which
plasmolized. b. Identifying the sucrose solution concentration that causes of total cells do
plasmolisis, c. Calculate the osmotic pressure of cell fluid by plasmolisis method.
purple. Protoplasm generally consist of a nucleus the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. as well as
some red color. cytoplasm consists of the basic ingredients that are not differentiated. blue.
Anthocyanin pigments is a complex compound consisting of pigments and sugars. such that
there is a section abaksial Rhoeo discolor leaves or onion bulbs red. Vacuole pigments
soluble in water and will diffuse out of the cell if the cell membrane is damaged due to
heating or other means. Plant cell structure Each cell contains a semiliquid material chemical
composition and structure the inside is extremely complex. Rock plant cells have cell walls
that surround protoplasts. sugars. Collectively. this membrane is actually an inner barrier
layer of cytoplasm. . caused pigment plastids. Although seen as part of the vacuole. Inside
the plant cells there are also bubblelike structures called vacuoles. attached to the cell wall
and very thin. Fluid cells in the vacuole consists of water. This cell wall is permeable and is a
protective layer. and other compounds all colloidal dissolved. However. Semiliquid material
called protoplasm which is the living material of cells. Most of the color of plants. and most of
the old red or bright red. Layer outside the cytoplasm called the plasma membrane. together
with organelles. caused by the pigment dissolved in the fluid cells in a vacuoles. Vacuole is a
region that contains fluid cells and surrounded by vacuole membrane. organic acids. yellow
and orange. Plasma membrane surrounding the living material in cells that controlling the
increase and the reduction of materials in the protoplasm. the entire content of each cell
certain socalled protoplasts. proteins. or violet.CHAPTER II BASIC THEORY .
more and more large concentration difference between the two regions in the diffusion
events. Substance Transport by membrane Transport of substances through the cell
membrane can occur passively or actively. among others . the sharp gradient of
concentration. because the substance entering certain areas and leave substance contained
in the same amount. Active transport processes require energy from the metabolism of such
ATP adenine triphosphate as the process against a concentration gradient direction. the
particles will remain move as freely as the original.. the diffusion process can take place. As
an example of passive transport processes. Each molecule moves in a straight line until it
collides with other molecules. And a difference will arise when there differences in the
concentration of one state to another. where the concentration is the number of substances
or particles per unit volume. While passively transport would occur if the following or the
direction of the which means that the concentration gradient direction from the solution of
high concentration toward low concentration solution. In addition to differences in
concentration and the random movement of particles. Diffusion can also occur due to
random motion continuous characteristic of all molecules are not bound in a solids. diffusion
can also occur because of differences in the nature. If the balance has been reached. This
process occurs without the need for energy results metabolism. or it can be said of dynamic
equilibrium occurs. but it will not happen again diffusion.. . By the concentration difference .
Diffusion Diffusion is the spread or migration of a molecular particle of high concentration to
low concentration. will cause the speed of diffusion is greater. The essential nature of the
diffusion process is that the particles as a substance diffuses freely with each other.
. compared with kimai potential of pure water at atmospheric pressure sama. The
relationship between potential water PA and pressure potential PT. Water potential is the
same thing with the chemical potential of water or chemical system. or negative. Pressure
exerted on the water or solution. The potential value of pressure can be positive. In addition
to potential water PA in a potential pressure PT osmosis also influenced by osmotic pressure
PO.. The purpose of the concentration here is the solvent concentration is water.. which in
plants can potentially arise in form of turgor pressure. osmosis is also commonly defined as
berpindahya water molecules from the high water concentration to low concentration of water
through semipermeable membrane. Osmosis is largely determined by the chemical potential
of water or water potential. zero. or units of energy. Membrane is a membrane semi
permaeble which only allows passage of water and inhibits the passage of substances
dissolved. Pressure exerted or arising in this system is called pressure potential. and not the
concentration of solute atu molecular ion in water them. Status of our ordinary state solution
in the form of concentration units. pressure units. and osmotic potential PO can be
expressed by the following relationship PA PO PT From formula above we can see that if
there is no additional pressure PT. will enhance the ability of osmosis in a solution them.
Osmosiss Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a permeable membrane in the
differential from a place of high concentration to a concentration low. value of PA
PO.potensial water and temperature will be negative if the chemical potential of water the
system is lower than pure water will be positive and potentially apbila water chemistry in the
system is greater than pure water. Therefore. so. Osmotic potential of a solution more
declared as a status solution.
a. Protoplasts which It shrinks the volume of water loss and ultimately can be detached from
the cell wall. but there are other factors which may influence it. then the water will leave the
cell until potential water present in the cell or outside the cell at large. regular events we are
familiar with the term plasmolisis. Increasing the concentration of a solution will decrease the
potential value osmotic. so Although the osmotic potential is not affected by pressure. When
the solute is not an electrolyte and hydration water molecules are not binding. OsmotiC
Pressure To determine the potential value of osmotic fluid cells. If the water potential in a cell
is higher than the potential water around the cell or outside the cell. If solution concentration
that causes cell terplasmolisis known.. then cell osmotic pressure can be determined using
the following formula With TO Osmotic pressure atm M Concentration of solution which make
plasmolized cells mol/liter T Absolute temperature tC If the cell pressure value is positive.
one of which can be used plasmolisis method. Methods plasmolisis can be reached by way
of determining at what concentration of sucrose that resulted in the number of cells that
terplasmolisis reach . . then the osmotic potential solution will be proportional to the
concentration of its molal. potential osmotic will negative. In these conditions concentration is
considered equal to the concentration of which is owned by the fluid cell.
Hydration of solute molecules. Eviden Plasmolisis At this stage. c. PO is more dependent on
the ratio between the number of solvent with the particles they contain. are a. If the cells is
then inserted into the fluid hipotonis then the water will get into the cell cytoplasm and
reexpands. Water of hydration can berionisasi with ions.b. the cells have reached the limit of
contraction. The impact of water of hydration is the solution to be concentrated. so that the
cytoplasm regardless of the cell wall and reach spherik form. . . Ionization of solute
molecules Osmotic potential of a solution is not determined by the kind of substance.
Berionisasi water with the solute particles are usually called the hydration water. Plasmolisis
Fluid cells are usually hipertonis high water potential. When a cell is placed in solution
hipertonis to the cytoplasm so that the water inside the cells will diffuse out so that the
cytoplasm shrank and detached from the wall of his cell. b. but determined by the amount of
particles ions. There are two important stages in the process of plasmolisis. molecules or
colloidal particles. and colloidal particles which contained in the solution. this event is
plasmolisis called. and the fluid outside the cell hipotonis nature low water potential so that
water will flow into the between the two cells to isotonic fluids. the event is called the
deplasmolisis. molecules. Insipien Plasmolisis At this stage cell shrinkage or contraction of
fluid from the cell wall can be detected easily by the eye of the observer.
ie by identifying the occurrence of plasmolisis insipien resulting in of plasmolized cells.
plasmolisis method can be used to determine the value of osmotic pressure of the fluid cell.
.In this experiment.
Type of research This type of research is carried out experimental research. Manipulation
Variable concentration f sucrose solution.M. . Leave of Rhoe discolor that the epidermal
tissue contain cell fluid which have purple color. because the investigation is the influence of
sucrose solution concentration on the percentage of cells that be plasmolisis. and . Watch
glass e. Sucrose solution with molarity .M. . Research Variable a. c. Sterile razor blade f.
Tools and Material a. Respon variable procentageof plasmolized cells . M.M.M. kind of
cells.M. Control Variable time. It purpose to help us observe cells which have
plasmolized.CHAPTER RESEARCH METHOD .M. b. c. . . .M. Beaker Glass mL g.
Microscope d. volume of sucrose solution. . . Pippete . magnification of microscope b.
M. . then cut the epidermal layer of colored purple with a layer of cells silet. . Taking the red
onion.dengan wrenching effort alone. Calculates all cells in one visual field.Setiap filled with
the same number of incisions and then record the start time of immersion. Make a solutionby
concentrated . Observing the changes that occurred after immersion for minutes with using a
microscope. . . . Setting up pieces of watch glass. Working Steps . . g crystal ofsucrose and
dissolving it into aquades so the volume become liter. Submerge epidermal incisions in a
Petri dish that already contains a solution of sucrose with a predefined concentration or
concentration concentration ertentu. then calculate also how the number and percentage of
cells to total cells terplasmolisis wholly..by weigh . then filled each with ml sucrose solution
that has been provided and labeled on each cup Petri based on the concentration of the
solution.
. . Result Table . . The affect of sucrose solution concentration in the number of cells that
undergo the plasmoisis. . . . Graphic . . . . Concentration of sucrose mol/L . . . . . Number of
cells Plasmolized cells Procentage of plasmolized cells .CHAPTER RESULT AND
EXPLANATION . . .
the concentration of sucrose solution is proportional to the number of cells undergoing
plasmolisis. ie .M. M.M. Concentration that causes of onion leaf cells that have plasmolisis is
at a concentration of . atm. . M Room Temperature C K Calculate of Osmotic pressure TO
sel . ie at a temperature of C or K. Analysis Tables and graphs based on observations. . In
this study.Concentration at cells do plasmolisis plasmolisis insipien . at the concentrations
The most dilute sucrose solution. ie . These results are obtained by drawing a line straight on
the Y axis percentage of cells terplasmolisis is the percentage of with Xaxis concentration of
sucrose solution that is causing terplasmolisis cell so that it will meet at a point through which
the graph. At sucrose concentrations of the most concentrated solution. In contrast. it is
known that the concentration sucrose solution affect the number of cells and the percentage
of cells undergoing plasmolisis. cell onion experienced plasmolisis. obtained the value of
osmotic pressure TO cells of . M then the amount or . the number of cells that only a . Thus.
Explanation From the analysis of data obtained that by putting a slice of onion epidermal
layer of the color purple in a small concentration of sucrose solution .
as well as the potential of the liquid in the cell is greater than the potential of the fluid outside
the cell. Discussion . This is because the concentration in the cell is greater than the
concentration outside the cell. . then the amount or percentage of cells undergoing
plasmolisis very much. We can conclude from the data that the higher concentration make
the procentage of plasmolized cells more high to. Because it decreases the volume of the
cell contents and because of its cell walls permeable.Explain why the incident occurred
plasmolisis. then there eksosmosis the discharge of water from the cell contents into the
outer membrane. then the space between the plasma membrane of the cell walls will be filled
by a solution from outside. the greater the percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis in
onion cells. Support with data you get Answer Plasmolisis is the release of the cell
membrane of the cell wall due to the discharge cell. The cause of differences in the number
or percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis is the difference in the concentration of
sucrose. Release of plasma membrane of the cell wall because of plasma cells shrink. . so
the greater the concentration of sucrose. while the slice of onion epidermal layer of color on
the concentration of sucrose solution higher .percentage of cells undergoing plasmolisis
slightly. When the plant cells onion placed in a solution that hipertonis the solution of higher
concentration than the concentration of cell contents. so there is plasmolisis on onion cells.
the concentration of the solution is directly proportional to the number of cells plasmolisis
experience. or which causes cell terplasmolisis. the more cells undergoing plasmolisis.
.CHAPTER CONCLUSION . atm . M . The higher the concentration of the solution. That is.
Plant cells are included in the solution will experience plasmolisis hipertonis . occurring in
concentration of . Plasmolisis insipien. Osmotic pressure of the fluid cell at a temperature of
C red onion is about .
. Erlangga. Fisiologi Tumbuhan Jilid . Kimball. Bandung. dkk. . W. Tjitrosomo. Salisbury. .
Botani Umum . Bandung ITB Press. Jakarta. Penerbit Angkasa. . Petunjuk Praktikum
Fisiologi Tumbuhan. . Frank. B.REFFERENCES Rahayu. J. Surabaya Laboratorium Fisiologi
Tumbuhan Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Unesa. Yuni Sri. Biologi.
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA PRACTICAL REPORT PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Determination of Osmotic Pressure of the cell fluid HENDRA ROSADI BIOLOGY
DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES .
Determination of Osmotic Pressure of the cell fluid .
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA PRACTICAL REPORT PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Determination of Water Potential on Plant Tissue HENDRA ROSADI BIOLOGY
DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES .
Determination of Water Potential on Plant Tissue .
ENCLOSURE Pict . Picture of Onion cells which undergo lasmoisis .
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