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Dr Allan Walton SCIRA - Senior Research Fellow Energy Theme Hydrogen Storage Materials and Hydrogen Processing of Materials Solid State Hydrogen Storage Schlapbach and Züttel, Nature, 15 Nov 2001 (modified) 4 kg H2 At STP 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 litres. 1 kg H2 occupies ~11 m3 at STP. 4-5kg of H2 would be required for a 400km car journey. The hydrogen storage problem is essentially one of gas compression. Mg2NiH4 LaNi5H6 H2 (liquid) H2 (200 bar) In solid state hydrogen storage, H2 is captured within the crystal structure of a material such as LaNi5. Solid state materials can offer a safe, low pressure solution for hydrogen storage. However a material has not yet been found which offers the correct wt% H2 at the correct pressure, temperature and price to meet the requirements for an automotive application. Overview of Solid State Hydrogen Storage Materials Adsorbents Observed H2 weight fraction (%) 14 12 US DOE system target 2010 10 AlH3 8 Absorbents LiBH4 Ca(BH4)2 Bridged carbon foam spillover material MOFs MgH2 LiNH2/MgH2 6 Activated carbons 4 2 Bridged IRMOF 8 Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIMS) Zeolites LaNi5 Pd Carbon nanotubes -200 -100 Mg2Ni 0 100 200 Temperature for significant hydrogen release oC 300 400 Equipment in the Hydrogen Materials Laboratory Bruker D8- XRD • 3 Gravimetric balance systems • 2 Volumetric sieverts systems • XRD with 10/100 bar gas cells and gas dosing system • Dispersive Raman spectrometer with gas cells and cryostat • Membrane testing facility • 3 mass spectrometers Gas reaction cell 10bar and 100 bar H2 Dispersive Raman Spectrometer • High Pressure reaction vessels >700bar H2 • Hydrogen processing furnaces • Resistivity measurements • Melt spinner • Magnetron sputtering system with inert sample transfer • 3 gloveboxes • Flowing gas measurements • Reactive planetary and freezer milling Gas reaction cell 1bar/100bar H2 • Confocal laser microscope with gas cells Melt Spinning of Magnesium Alloys Production of rapidly solidified amorphous and metastable ribbons in high vacuum or inert gas Slit nozzle Boron Nitride furnace tube Thickness: 20-60 µm, 10mm Sample size 5 – 10 grams Cooling rates 105 – 106 K/sec Wheel surface velocity 60m/sec 5kW induction heater Melt Spinning Facility in Metallurgy and Materials at the University of Birmingham Inert sample loading Inert sample transfer Automatic sample positioning Confocal Laser Microscopy Graph showing optical transparency vs pressure for a 65nm Pd film. Pd film valves Sample cell 77K – 873K, 10-6mBar – 100 bar H2 Pressure transducer Anti-vibration table Confocal Laser Microscopy 3-D map of a 65nm Pd film deposited onto glass . Fully de-hydrided in air 9th cycle 3-D map of a 65nm Pd film deposited onto glass . Fully Hydrided 10th cycle at 1 bar Y.Pivak, R.Gremaud, K.Gross, M. Gonsalez-Silveira, A.Walton, H.Schreuders, B.Dam and R.Griessen. ‘Effect of the film substrate on the thermodynamic properties of the PdHx studied by hydrogenography’, submitted to the Scripta Materialia August 2008. 65nm Pd hydride film on exposure to air